CEU eTD Collection Areas ofKazakhstanwiththeRequirements Compatibility ofSelectedNaturalProtected the WorldHeritageConventionfor Department ofEnvironmenta In partial fulfillment ofthe re Supervisor: ProfessorRubenMnatsakanyan Master of Environmental Sciences and Policy Central EuropeanUniversity Nominated Sites Budapest, Hungary Aida Sdykova Submitted to 2006 by

quirements forthedegreeof l SciencesandPolicy CEU eTD Collection for thefuturegenerations. in thelegislationordertomakeprotecte compatibility ofthenaturalsi which followthemainresearch,arevalu point ofviewtheWH nomination.Andfirstofall,thisis work donebytheIUCN,therearesomeuncovered further studyingandimplementati recommendations concerningnecessarychangesonth an analysisofthebiodiversitystate,havingmar Heritage. Partially theassessmentofnatural is necessary toprove thecompatibilityof th World Heritage. areas, organizedaccordingtotheUNESCO’sWorldHeritage states oftheworldunitedongrounds ofthei Thewholesystemofcreationandprotecti involved intoitswork.At the quite effective.Thissystem avoid themistakesconnectedwithi learned how toprotecttheirnaturalwealth. Havinginheritedthisbeauty,wearetobedi countries passedthroughthestageofactive attention totheeconomicdeve ThelandsofKazakhstanarerichwithnat diversity of lifeforms. Itsharedwithgiven tothepeoplebynature. usthemost Abstract Theanalysisoftheenvironmentallegisl Theeffectivelegal protection isone ofthema NaturalprotectedareasofKazakhstanhave levels. Theydeservebeing include nomination. natural sites.Theinterviewshavealsoconf shown thattheactivelegislationofKazakhstan people directlyinvolvedintoth and topointoutitsplusesminuses.Itwasal work itwasdecidedtomakeananalysisofthe moment therearemorethan160nat tes ofKazakhstanitwasdetermin was notcreatedinoneday,many e protectionofthenaturalsitesKazakhstan.Theresultshave lopment, weforgetaboutthe d intheWorld Heritage.But to on ofnewmanagement standards. aporaeueo aua eore. nappropriate useofnaturalresources. lands explorationandnaturalresourcesuse Kazakhstan canlearnfromtheirexperienceand d areasreallyprotecte ese areas withthe requirements of theWorld irmed theexistence of obstacles forthe WH r exceptional value into onesystemofprotected ation ofKazakhstanandtherecommendations, sites was done by the IUCN experts, who made siteswasdonebytheIUCNexperts,whomade does notprovidetheeffectiveprotectionof active environmentallegislationofKazakhstan ked the most prominent sites. They gave some ked themostprominentsites.Theygavesome ural resources.Andnotonlyoilandgaswere on ofnaturalareaswasdeveloped,anditis e ofthisresearch.By makingtheanalysisof gnified heirsandtosa aspects,whichareve so plannedtoholdtheinterviews withthe a great value on the local and international a greatvalueonthelocalandinternational in requirementsofWH. e sizes of the natural sites, necessity of e sizesofthenaturalsites,necessity theenvironmentallegislation. ed which changes should be done ed whichchangesshouldbedone mission andknownmoreasthe nature. Someof valuable ofitstreasures-the ural protectedareasinvarious be nominated and included it benominatedandincludedit countriesstep-by-stepwere d andtosavetheirbeauty Despite thebigvolumeof ve it.However,paying ry importantfromthe That iswhyinthis the developed CEU eTD Collection VIII. VII. ------56 6 Chapter for Conclusion Overall VI.6. ------5 Katon-Karagai VI.5. ------SLNK VI.4. ------50 Tien Shan Northern VI.3. Aksu-Dzhabagly------48 VI.2. ------47 In-situ Management Conservation VI.1. ------47 management – conservation sitesofKazakhstan Natural VI. ------45 5 Chapter for Conclusion Overall V.6. Katon-Karagai –an extension of V.5.. IV. World Heritage and the Requirements to the Nominated Sites ------12 Sites------12 Nominated the to Requirements the and Heritage World IV. III. II. I. ------abbreviations of List ------contents of Table Abstract ------Title page ------Table ofcontents: X. IX. Sary-Arka:Steppes and Lakes of V.4. ------31 Tien Shan Northern V.3. ------26 Shan Tien Western the of asapart Aksu-Dzhabagly V.2.. Asian region -- the Central a partof as Kazakhsites V.1. ------21 value – biodiversity sitesofKazakhstan Natural V. Sites------14 Nominated the towards Requirements Main IV.2. Heritage the World of history the of overview Short IV.1. Annex (figures and pictures) ------91 ------91 pictures) and (figures Annex ------References

LiteratureReview ------9 3 ------Methodology Introduction ------1 Results Interpretation ------75 ------75 Interpretation Results Interviews ------72 Legal Environmental Protection in Kazakhstan ------58 Conclusion and recommendations ------82 ------82 recommendations and Conclusion Golden Mountain of Alta Northern Kazakhstan------Mission ------12 i into Kazakhstani ------36 ------41 ------21 ---- i --- ii -87 -87 iii 52 iv iv 3

CEU eTD Collection H World Heritage UnitedNationsEducational, Sc WH WorldCommission on WCPA-UNEP UNESCO Outstanding UniversalValue UnitedNationsEnvironment Pr UNEP-WCMC ManandtheBiosphere(a SLNK Steppes WorldConservationUnion PA OUV MAB and IUCN ICOMOS International Lakes Counc List ofAbbreviations WorldWide FundforNa WWF Protected Areas Centre of NorthernKazakhstan il onMonuments andSites rtce ra fUE Protected AreasofUNEP ture /World Wildlife Fund programmeofUNESCO) ientific andCulturalOrganisation ogramme –WorldConservationMonitoring CEU eTD Collection (hereinafter –UNESCO)organize (hereinafter –IUCN)orUnitedNationsEduca Nowadays, internationalorganizations,likeInte common strategyofconservati Degradation oftheenvironment isone ofth in thetwenty-firstcentury.Cons I.Introduction Therefore, inthisworkitisaimed todete protected territoriestotheWorld Heritagerequ TodayKazakhstanhastenrese WH orWorldHeritage)Listof propertiesforming partof protection asanecessaryconditionforinclusion into the WorldHeritage(hereinafter–either confirmed itseagerness towardsimplementation of In1994Kazakhstanratified theWorld Herita World CulturalandNatural Heritage(hereina on the9 protection, conservation manageme environmental protectionofthese territories, local specialists,which,however,resulte Nowadays, thereare some resultsfrom theactivity usually requiresbothtime andchangesinth since 1994.Preparationoftheterr natural heritageoftheworld(Babakhanova parks withatotalareaof 1,456,597hectares,and theo development oftheprotectedterritories. th placeinthe worldforitsterritory, canplayan important roleinenlargement and on ofnaturetheglobal, ervation ofecosystems, therefore,isaforegroundtaskinthe itories fornominationandfurther globalsystemsofprotectedte nt andbiodiversity value. Theresearch has no purposeto rves withatotal d innon-nomination ofthesites. 2005). However noonesitehasbeennominated2005). However e traditional system of including themost important aspectsoflegal irements byanalyzingthecurrentstate ofthe rmine thelevel of compatibility of thenational fter –theConvention).Thereby,state rnational UnionforConservationofNature tional, Scientific and CulturalOrganization e main challenges whichthe humanity meets newinternationalstandardsofenvironment of theinternationalexpe ge Conventionconcerning theprotection of retically eachofthem canbeapartofthe area of1,165,552hectaresand9national cultural andnatural heritage. regional andnationallevels. rritories. Kazakhstan,standing inscription intotheWHList environment protection. rts intheregionand CEU eTD Collection Theworkalsoincludes thecommon overviewof thenational protected territories from the pointofviewtheirpotential Theresearchisdevotedtospeciallyprot Categories IandII,asthemost highlyprot certain criterion,whichistobereachedbythe discuss iftheWH nomination is The main tasks oftheresearchareas follows: - - - - -

to giverecommendations to make aconclusiononthebaseofcomparative analysis to compare thelegalprotectionandmanagement of thesites with natural andmanagerial to consider thenominated territories from th to analyzetherequirements of good for Kazakhstan ornot:theWH goodforKazakhstan nomination israthera value as theWH natural sites. the WorldHeritageConvention ected andsuitablefornomination sites. state aftertheratifica ected territoriesonly,whichcorrespondtoIUCN e main aspects,suchaslegal,scientific, tion oftheConvention. those requiredbyWH CEU eTD Collection information canbedistinguished: Themethods ofresearchusedinthiswork the useofqualitativedata,takenfrom thedocum II. Methodology Firstofall,according to theWH requirements, itwasnecessary biodiversity oftheprot the mainstreamsforstudying. Thedatawasgathered andanalyzed according the recommendationsofWHmentioned in Thearea of theresearch lieswithinthe st Therefore, partiallytheresearchisbasedon protecting bodiesofKazakhstan, andtouchessu international organization of UNESCOwithits World Heritageprogram andtheenvironment interviews information referstotheprimary sources. and descriptivematerial onbiodiversityvalue data usedin theresearchincludesWH data ------

the informationprovidedby the interviews withthepeopleinvolved the publishedliteraturesources sites byspecial services, lega environmental policy,whichwouldincludepl biodiversity value,includingintegrityofth the official Internet sites ected territoriesandtodetermine theirvalue Among themain requirements of thepeople involved l protectionandmanagement. the studyingofseconda the separatechapter,itwasdecided to of nationalprotectedareasKazakhstan.The udies of institutional systems, represented bythe , the information ofIUCN,thelegislativebase , theinformation e sites,uniquenessoftheirecosystems; ents andinterviews.The followingsourcesof refer tothequalitativemethods. Theyinvolve ch spheres asenvironmental legislation. to themain tasks oftheresearch. Based on anning programs, maintenanceofnatural the WH, therewere determined: . ry data.Thesecondary to look at the state of to lookatthestateof highlight CEU eTD Collection contact numbers,emails). Theinterviewswereperformedeitherbyte contact information wasprovidedbytheRegional the contactedpersonsdidnotanswerandit interviews. Partially the data wasreceived bye-ma issue, veryimportant. Partiallythe data Secondly, used inthis research there arethefollowingones: Thelegislativeactswere,conditionally,divide direct relevancetothePAs;2) Speakingabouttheenvironmental legislat research tried to answerthefollowing questions: ------and SubsurfaceUsers”,January 27,1996 Decree bythePresident oftheRoKauthoriz Decree bythePresiden Law oftheRoK#593-II“Onprotection,reproduction and use of fauna”,09.07.2004 Water Resources CodeoftheRoK#481-II,09.07.2003 Forest CodeoftheRoK#477-II,08.07.2003 Land CodeoftheRoK#442-II,20.06.2003 territories” #175-III,07.06.2006 Law oftheRepublicKazakhstan(hereina what programs/strategies areus what bodiesareresponsibleforimpl what WH requirements theycover what legislativeacts/lawsare the conservationmanagement t oftheRoKauthorized as Law#2350“OnOil”,June28,1995 theoneswhichgiveadditional used forthePAsprotection ed inthesphereofPAs was impossibletoconductaninterview. ementation ofthislegislation on conservationmanagement wascoveredbythe of thesites was determined asoneseparate lephone orduringthe il, other –from thewrittensources: incase if ion ofKazakhstanconcerning thePAsthis ed asLaw#2828“On Mineral Resources Ecological Center(l d intotwogroups:1)theoneswhichhave fter – the RoK)“On data.Amongthele ganized meetings. The iterature sourcesand specially protected gislative acts CEU eTD Collection There arealsootherlegislativ in thepresent research. Besides, adraftoftheEnvironmental Code(her ------

10.11.2000 08.07.2003 Reserved Fund, ReferredtotheObjects the SpeciallyProtectedTerritories”,08.09.2003 Resolution oftheGovernment oftheRoK and RareLandscapesonthete Decree ofthePresiden Law oftheRoK#567-II“AboutCommunication Means”,05.07.2004 Law oftheRoK#160-I“Onenvironmen Law oftheRoK#85-I“Onecologicalexpertise”,March18,1997 Resolution oftheCabinetMinisters Protected Naturalterritories of Resolution oftheGovernment oftheRoK#746“AboutApprovalListSpecially and AllocationofSpeciallyProtectedNatu Resolution oftheGovernmentRoK#1692“AboutConceptDevelopment ofthe 2007-2007”, 13.10.2006 Development oftheSystem Pr ofSpecially Resolution oftheGovernmentRo ofthe Protection andMaintenanceofHistoricala Resolution oftheGovernment oftheRo 19.08.1994, andsome otherresolutions Convention onBiodiversitybytheRoKand e acts,whichrefertoprotecti t oftheRoK#474“AboutMeasur rritory ofKazakhstan”,11.06.2004 the Republic Significance” #746, 19.07.2005 related tothisissue. einafter –theEnvironmen tal protection”,July15,1997(Table1) K #990“AboutApprovaloftheProgram # 910 “About ApprovalofLandTransferto # 910“About of the RoK # 918 “About Approval of the of theRoK#918“AboutApproval K #673“AboutApproval ral territoriesofth nd CulturalMonuments, otected Natural territories of theRoKfor of GlobalandRepublicSignificance”, Implementations ofitsCommitments”, on ofnaturalsitesaswell: es on Conservation of Unique es onConservationofUnique e RoKtill2030”#1692, tal Code)wasanalyzed Objects of Natural Objects ofNatural of theRules CEU eTD Collection were asfollows: description ofthesituationwith executive bodiesforthelandstransfer. factors andinterestsof territories fortourism developm six months periodtoworkoutthemeasures on on theterritoryofKazakhstan” president oftheRoK#474“AboutMeasureson they add orharden the measures on protection other legislativeacts. the interconnectednessofvariousla telecom networkswithintheprotectedareas.Sec (Paragraph5,Article31).So,firstof of theRoK” objects onthelandsofsp Communication Means” itis said: “…construc Thelegislativeactsfromthesecondgroup areas andhumanactivities. Inadditiontothesecondary dataand thelegislative acts,therewas usedtheinformation received from problematic points Onethebaseofresultsreceived from value, conservationmanagement andlegalprotection,itwas possible Specially ProtectedTerritories”, this resolution Some legislativeactscontainedthe ofthe Resolution oftheGovernment oftheRoK# Besidesthelaws,therewasdone the interviews. and onthisbase the localpopulation”. ecially protected natural areas is Itwasrather helpful for theresearch asitgavethepractical Forexample, intheLawofRoK#567-II“About ent andrecreationtaki thenaturalsites. Severalinte contains thefollowingorderfo to givetheconclusionsandrecommendations. ws. Almost allthestudied legislative actshavereferences to the analysisofresolutionsandorders 910 “AboutApprovalofLa tion ofthetelecommunication network andits information onauthorizedstatebodies.Suchas assigns therightsofth coverthequestionsoninteractionofprotected ond ofall,itrefersto rational useofthespec Conservation ofUniqueandRareLandscapes of naturalsites. Forexample, Decreeofthe studying thesethreemain issues:biodiversity all,thislawputstherulesfor construction of ng intoconsiderationthesocio-economical performed accordingtotheLandCode rviews tookplace.Contact persons r thegovernment: “… withinthe theLandCode showing e parliament andlocal ially protectednatural to extract themain nd Transfertothe , assometimes CEU eTD Collection larger sitewhich willcorrespondwiththerequ have beenasked: Theinterviews weretaken inthetime and (Ogar, Begembetov)orbytelephoneDemilova, 2) 1) external knowledgeonthecurren Therewerealso thequestions ofrather 4) 3) 2) 1) - - - - -

(Ogar, Begembetov) What wouldyourecommend todo for thenominat What isyouropinionaboutthe the most prominent sitesforWH, however, Committee ofKazakhstan,whichwasworkingundertheguidanceUNDP,in2000,as Begembetov) -ThePAsdescribed inthiswork wereallconsidered by theNomination measures/preparation of PAsfortheWHnomi Are thereareany projects/plans/progr Emkibaev, Chelishev, Begembetov) What measures aretakeninyourPA toprotectandconservetheecosystems? (Demilova, sites? (Ogar,Begembetov) Is long-term planningincludedintoth Do youagreewiththerequirements ofIUCN D.E.Emkibaev, DirectorofAlma M.A.Demilova, DeputyDirectorofNaurzum Natural State Reserve; A.Chelyshev, SpecialistofKaton-Karagai State NaturalNational Park; DirectorofIle-AlatauStateNationalA.A.Begembetov, NaturalPark; N.P.Ogar, aparticipant of theWH t situation withtheWH nomination oftheKazakhsites: nomination oftheKazakhstan’ ty StateNatural Reserve. nomination committeeinKazakhstan; e currentwork (all) ofPAs? irements onintegrityoftheWH? (Begembetov) theyarestillnotintheList. Emkibaev, Chelishev).Thefollowingquestions place comfortable fortheinterviewedpersons ams onimprovementofconservation a complementary character,aimed togive nation? (Demilova,nation? Emkibaev,Chelishev, on joiningothersitesforcreationofone ion oftheKazakhstan’snaturalsites? s naturalsitesasthe WH CEU eTD Collection

work inthesphereofprotectionPasandto Another aim ofthesequestionswastoget theprofessionalopinionofpe 4) 3) missed whilestudying theliteratu conservation management ofth national protected areas withthe confirmed theexistence of additional circumstances, which result inincompatibility of the

(Begembetov) What isdoneinIle-Alatau forimprovementofthesite’senvironmental protection? larger sitewhich willcorrespondwiththeWH Do youagreewiththerequirements ofIUCNon e severalPAsofKazakhstan. re sources. The information received duringtheinterviews WH standards.Italso put highlightthemoments requirements onintegrity?(Begembetov) joining othernatural some light ontheissuesof which couldbeprobably ople involved intothe sites for creation one sites forcreationone CEU eTD Collection Ministry ofEnvironment onpreparationofPA from themeetings of the Nomination Committee WH List.From thisaspect,theissueisconsid of KazakhPAsandconservation ma published in2000(Beknyazov).That’swhythec Thereisalmostnoliteraturedevotedtopo usually touchesupontheviolati prepared byIUCNandUNDP. management orinternationalappr Thereisabigscopeof literature aboutth time, themajor part of itisdevotedtothe III.LiteratureReview Thisresearch usessecondarydata,including: results, which intheir turn giveaspecial value to thiswork. - - - - - articles andbooksongeneral a scientific surveys doneby theexpertson the legislative actsofthe Republicof Kazakhstan World Heritagemission articles fromtheofficialsite ofUNESCO,toge Guidelines), etc Implementation oftheWorld C Heritage texts oftheofficialdocuments, suchasth ons ofregimes ofPAs. Additional information canbefoundinmass media, which oach toPAsprotecti nagement havebeen made acco nd specificenvironmental issuesrelated ered alittlebyIUCN(IUCN2005)andinthenotes biodiversity, whiletheissuesofconservation forWHnomination, th e Convention,theOperat tential nomination ofPA (Baitullin 2000).Andther e domestic PAs inKazakhstan. Atthesame onclusions concerningthelegalpreparedness natural protected territories ofKazakhstan onvention (hereinafter – the Operational onvention (hereinafter–theOperational ther with other related sites, devoted tothe on are lit up only in separate reports on arelituponlyinseparatereports rding to theselfresearch eir status, which was eir status,whichwas s ofKazakhstaninto ional Guidelines for ional Guidelinesfor e isareportofthe to thesubject CEU eTD Collection of workdonebyIUCNandlocal biodiversity ofthenaturesites.Theregiona subject. Theinformation from theseworkswasused Kovshar, Ivaschenko2000),arebasedonpers written byBaitullinalone(Baitullin 2000)ortogetherwithot (UNESCO 2002). be potentiallyusedasadvantagesfortheirinscription. several nature sites. Besides, itpoints outthemain significant features of thesites, which could (2000), whichrefertothecurrentperiodoftime Reserve” byKovshar(1972);there Among theusedliteraturesourcesdevotedto Cover oftheWestern TienShan”byPavlov on thePAsofKazakhstan,topoint which tookplaceinAlmaty, wasusedtounderstandiftherear UNECSO siteandlinks toit.Thedatafrom implemented intheWH sitesinothercountr Besidestheabove-mentioned data,therewere the Operational Guidelines andtheConvention.Th Speakingaboutlegalprotec data onmeasures ofprotectionandrestrictions administrative regulationofthePA previous chapter.Thelawsandotherlegalact The mutual connection betweensome legislative ac legislation ofKazakhstan,analyze experts, itaddednewknowledgeon the legal acts related tothe issues of PAsandtheir protection. s protection,measures ofcrimin out whatsiteshavethepotenti were usedtheworksbyBaitu tion itwasrequiredtolook l overview(IUCN2005)includedthewholevolume ies (UNESCO2006b,c,d),take ofviolationsonthe theUNESCOreportonregionalworkshop, (1980) and“Aksu-Dzhabagly.Guidanceforthe onal experienceandd . Thescientificdata ere wereusedthedataonsuccessfulprojects s, usedinthiswork, devoted toeither intheresearch inthepart devoted to the the biodiversitythereare,e.g.“Vegetation usedliteraturesourcesonWH,including ts used inthiswork is explained in the e some specialrecommendations her famousauthors(Baitullin, al for nomination asWH sites territory ofPAs. llin, KovsharandIvaschenko al responsibility or additional al responsibilityoradditional throughtheenvironmental the stateofbiodiversity mentioned inthebooks, eep knowledgeofthe n from theofficial CEU eTD Collection was ratherwideanddiverse. were notanalyzed before, andthescope of literature, including theenvironmental legislation, development. However, inthis work there was on protectedareasis increasing, inconnec Kazakhstanandisbecoming anthropogenicpressure ofinterestnew onefor onlynow,whenthe Notabigquantityoftheliterature onPAs, nomination andadoptedconservationmeasures, isexplainedbythefactthat were preparedforinternaluse. Alatau StateNationalNatureParkResults State NationalNaturePark”(Chelyshev2006)or Therewerealsomaterials represented bytheemployeesofparks,for example, the report ofA.N.Chelyshev“PerspectivesScientif

(Vinogradova 2006),which an attempt touseallthe existing sources, which tion withtheurbanexpansionandtourism thepresentationofV.P.VinogradovaonIle- ic andResearchActivity intheKaton-Karagai and the issuesrelatedtotheirprotection,WH and the are notpublished,but this theme isquitea CEU eTD Collection heritage (UNESCO 2006e). Sites (hereinafter -ICOMOS),thepreparationof adraftconventiononthe protectionofcultural Consequently, UNESCOinitiated,withthehelp oftheInternationalCouncilonMonuments and the needforcountriestocooperateinorderprotectandconserveworldheritage. important itisfor the globalsociety toprotec not consideredthemain achievement. Thepr international community,representedbysome 50states(UNESCO2006e).Buteventhiswas moved todrygroundandreassembled. Theexpend international safeguardingcampaign, theAbuSi expected tobefloodedafterthedam wasopera (UNESCO 2006e).Theworksthreatenedtheancien AccordingtoUNESCOthenecessity offorma finally acceptedin1959afterthedecisionof IV.WorldHeritageandtheRequirementtoNominatedSites –World Heritage).Itconsistsofvarious or adoption oftheConvention ledto Eventually,asingle textwasagreeduponbyallpartiesconcerne 1972, theWorld HeritageConvention was adopted Later, theconservationofcu Conference onHuman Environment proposals foritsmembers. Th the International Union for Cons scenic areasandhistoricsitesfo of whichwastostimulate internationalcooperati White HouseConferenceinWashington, D.C.called IV.1. Shortoverviewofthehistor r thepresentandfutureof th ese proposalswerepresented the establishmentof World ervation ofNature(hereinaft in Stockholm(UNESCO2006e). ltural sites wascombined withthose of nature. In 1965 a ganizations, governmental bodiesand agencies,non- t unique national historic y oftheWorldHeritageMission oblem withthe ancient temples showed how tional. Asaresult constructing the Aswan High Dam inEgypt HighDam constructing theAswan on toprotect‘theworld's superbnaturaland by theGeneralConference ofUNESCO.The mbel andPhilaetemples weredismantled, iture ofthecampaign wasreimbursed bythe t temples situated in the valley, which was t temples situatedinthevalley,whichwas for a‘WorldHeritageTrust’,themain task lly protectingcultural andnaturalsiteswas e entireworldciti er -IUCN)developedsimilar to the1972UnitedNations Heritage Program (hereinafter of UNESCOlaunchingan al monuments andproved d. On16November zenry’; in1968

CEU eTD Collection naturalheritage assistance and prof The tasksof theWorld Heritage are to: international organizationsactasadvisoryparties. of the UNESCOalsoparticipates inthework World Heritage,theCommittee,Bureauand Secretariat wereestablished.TheDirector-General Convention, theOperationalGuidelinesand world’s culturalandnaturalheritage.Thewo governmental organizations andlocalcommunities - naturalheritage(UNESCO ƒ ƒ conservation ƒ ƒ onthestateofconservation ƒ ƒ protectionoftheirnaturalandcultural heritage ƒ ƒ outstandinguniquevalue forinclusionontheWorld HeritageList,which

encourage internationalcooperationinth encourage participation of lo support StateParties' publicawareness- provide emergency assistanceforWorld help StatePartiessafeguardWorldHe encourage StatePartiestoestablish mana encourage State PartiestotheConventionnom encourage countriestosigntheWorld HeritageConventionandtoensurethe essional training 2006, WorldHeritageCentre) theirWorldHeritagesites cal populationsinthepreser of theWorld Heritage. IUCN,ICOMOSandother Heritage sitesinimmediate danger rk oftheWorld isbasedonthe Heritage Rules ofProcedure.Toperform thetasksof e conservation of our world's culturaland e conservationofourworld's gement plansandsetupreportingsystems ritage propertiesby building activitiesforWorldHeritage all unitedbytheideaofconservation ofthe is thelistofprotecte inate siteswithintheirnational

vation oftheircultural and territories of the d providing technical territory CEU eTD Collection Table 1): property nominated fortheinclusionshouldmeet one Convention identifiesnaturalher OneoftheobjectivesConventionis implementation of international rule Guidelines. Formany includingKaza countries, TheConventionisthemain mechanism regulatingtheworkofWorld Heritage Mission. It identifies the main standards for nomi OutstandingUniversalValue ofNaturalSites According totheOperational Guidelines (Cha outstanding universalvalueofth • • • • •

IV.2. Main Requirements towards theNominatedSites aesthetic importance; or including therecordoflife, significantongoi N(viii) N(vii) natural sites value from thepointofview constitute the habitat of threatenedspecies geological andphysiographicalformations formations, whichareofoutstandi natural features of landforms, orsignificant geomorof landforms, point ofviewscience,c view; containsuperlativenatural beoutstandingexamples representing or precisely delineated naturalareasof consisting ofphysicalandbiological itage asfollows(Article2): onservation ornaturalbeauty. eir sitesandidentifythem unde s onconservingnaturalheritage. of scienceorconservation; ng universalvaluefrom aesthe phenomena orareas ofexce phic orphysiographic features;or pter II.D.,paragraph77) khstan, theConventionprovidesguidancefor nating territories together withthe Operational of animals ofoutstandinguniversal andplants ng geologicalprocesses to assistapplyingcount ormoreofthefollowingcriteria(seealso major stagesoftheEarth's history, and preciselydelineatedareaswhich outstandinguniversalvaluefrom the formations orgroupsofsuch r oneofthecategories.The ptional naturalbeautyand tic orscientificpointsof , anaturalheritage ries toconfirm the in thedevelopment CEU eTD Collection reduce itsuniquenessonanationallevel. the inclusionitselfdoesnotmake anysitemore “Conditions ofIntegrity”(Opera Natural sites proposedas WH sitesmusthavean Paragraph88 oftheOperational Guidelines statesthat“… wholeness andintactnessofthenaturaland/o unique orvaluable,tobeincluded, Thedisadvantageisthathavingalreadyiden criterion, theConventionreduces N(x) Criteria N(ix) Criteria N(viii) Criteria N(vii) Criteria Attributes are judged againsttheone ormore Criteriathat should: properties nominated forinscriptio • • -

Integrity universal valuefrom thepointof of biologicaldiversity,incl N(x) ecosystems andcommunitiesofplantsanimals;or processes intheevolutionanddevelopment of N(ix) include allelements confirming th containthemost importantand beoutstandingexamplesrepresentingsi Outstanding Universal Value Value Universal Outstanding ecosystems /species / habitats Best natural Best ecologicalfeatures Best example of Earth's history beauty Very best phenomenastunning/ Table 1.AttributesforNomination(OperationalGuidelines) tional Guidelines, ChapterII.D., the possibilityfornewlypropos i.e. to beprotected onan international level. Atthe same time n shouldsatisfytheconditions of in situ in uding thosecontaini view ofscienceorconservation. eir outstandinguniversal value significant naturalhabitats for the natural site chosenmust comply with. “Outstanding Universal Value”andmustfulfill 93) Conditions of Integrity Complete set offeatures (Chapter II.E, paragraph 92) (Chapter II.E, paragraph 95) Viable populations / migratory routes / protected areas continue (Chapter II.E, paragraph 94) 94) paragraph II.E, (Chapter continue Integrated and linked elements (Chapter II.E, paragraph Sufficient si r culturalheritageanditsattributes valuable for theloca gnificant ongoingecologi terrestrial, freshwater,coastalandmarine terrestrial, tified otherareas,belongingtoacertain ng threatenedspeciesofoutstanding ze / allowing long term processes to longze to term/ allowing processes paragraph 87).Theseattributes integrity isameasureofthe ed areas,whicharenotless integrity. l people,anddoesnot in situ cal andbiological Thismeans they conservation ”. All CEU eTD Collection paragraphs 91-95). survival ofviablepopulationsthese wide rangingspeciesshoul geographic provinceandecosystems For criterion(x)onlythepropertieswhichcontainmost providing alongtermconservation etc. Criterion(ix) samples patterns,deposition ofcutting andcoloniza and interdependentelements However,itisalmost impossiblenowadays Fornaturalsites,accordingtoParagra Guidelines, thebiologicalprocessesandlandf Themaintenance oftheoutstandinguniversal authenticity dependsonthe Forexample, thepropertiesunder natural beauty.Propertiesundercriterion(v separate definitionofintegrity. human influence canbepresentedtoacertain from director indirect anthropoge UNESCO 2005). - -

Protection andManagement suffer from adverse effectsofdevelopment and/orneglect which conveythesignifi be ofanadequatesizeto ensurethe complete supposes thatthepropertiesshouldhave d belargeenoughtoincl , i.e.an“iceage”siteshouldin protection andmanagement cance oftheproperties nic influence.Usuallysitesareinadynamic state.Inthiscase, oftheecosystems andthe biol can beincluded.Forthiscrit criterion (vii)shouldinclude iii) shouldcontainallormost ofthe species (UNESCO2005,OperationalGuidelines, orm featuresshouldberelativelyintact. extent. For eachcriterion,(vii–x), thereisa ph 90, Subchapter II.E of the Operational ph 90,SubchapterII.EoftheOperational tofindaplaceuntouc tion, likepioneerstages ofplantsuccession, representationofthefeaturesandprocesses ude themost criticalha value,theconditions oftheWHproperties(Paragraph 96, a sufficient sizeandthe clude theglacier,th diverse faunaandflora ogical diversitytheyprovide. erion, e.g.asitecontaining areas hed ornotsuffering bitats toensurethe of integrityand/or maintaining their e snowfieldand key interrelated components ofthebio- CEU eTD Collection to thefollowing format, containingsectionsdevotedto:

Suchfactorsas“common boundaries” ofthePAsareveryimportant from thepointof view ofprotection.Paragraph 98ofChapterIIstat management regulatory, legislative, contractual, plannin AccordingtotheOperationalGuidelines,pa monitoringprotection, management and documentation andcontactinformation While value, itsboundaries should includesufficient ar conditions forpropertiesinscribedontheWH istheir List help tocreateaneffec either improve theconservationorreducefact conservation andthemonitoringprogram. protectionmeasures Correct andmanagement can issues identify howthesitewillmeet thestanda have descriptivecharacter; ------

According totheOperationalGuidelines, monitoring protection andmanagement state ofconservationand fact justification for inscription description oftheproperty identification oftheproperty signature onbehalfofth contact information documentation ”. Without thesemeasures thesitecannot the identification of theproperty, its desc tive system ofmonitoring. the stateofconservationandf e State(s)Party(ies) ors affectingtheproperty aretheissueswhich donotrequirespecialresearchand need attention. Here the protection and management needattention.Heretheprotectionandmanagement g, institutionaland/ortraditional protection and rds oftheWHastheydetermine boththestateof ea adjacenttotheareaof outstanding universal

the nominations shouldbe ors affectingtheproperty,andalsotheycan es that “… to protect the property’s heritage es that“…toprotectthe property’sheritage ragraph 132, Chapter III.B, one of the main ragraph 132,ChapterIII.B,oneofthemain be includedintotheWorld HeritageList. protection ription, justification for inscription, actors affectingtheproperty,its , whichincludes“long-term preparedaccording CEU eTD Collection nominated property,important view added layerofprotectiontotheproperty.This complementary legal and/or customary restrictions should beprovided Presenceof bufferzonesisalsorequired 103, “ Thisstatement isimportant from thatpoint of view, that three PAsstudied in thiswork have commonboundarieswith management zones,onlysome ofthemcan Guidelines). Paragraph102statesthatif necessary protectionfortheirheritage,aspe value”. Itisnecessary tomention thatth as asupporttothepropertyand Without thesedocuments anomination cannotbeconsideredcomplete. According toparagraph plan shouldalsobeprovided assurances ofimplementation other factors,itcanincorporat that does notpointouttheexacttechniquesormethods documented management system, asperpara management plan.Each nomin to inscription. Heritage Committee should approve anymodifications tothebufferzone,whicharesubsequent the absence ofabufferzoneth how thebufferzoneprotectspropertyshould management system canvaryaccording to differentculturalperspectives, resources and Wherever necessaryfortheproperc Management ”. “Abufferzoneisanareasurroundingthenominated propertywhichhas , according totheOperational Guidelines, includes, firstofall,a . Sometimes amanagement system isattached tothenomination. other naturalsites. its protection.Paragraphs105states aplanarenecessaryaswell e nominated territoryshouldbe ated territoryshouldhave e traditionalpracticesaswell s andotherareasorattributes satisfy thecriteriaforinscription. onservation ofthepr e PAsareto have theirownboundariesproviding r paragraphs100-101(UNESCO2005,Operational graph 108.Speakingaboutmanagement, theWH PAs withcommon boundarieshavedifferent should include the immediate setting of the shouldincludetheimmediatesettingof also beprovided”AndParagraph106saysthat for goodprotection.AccordingtoParagraph placedon itsuseanddevelopment togivean , whichshouldbeadoptedonthesites,itsays . Thirdly, a managementplan operty, anadequate presented inastatement. World that arefunctionallyimportant (paragraph110).Secondly, that“aclearexplanationof a detailedanalysisof buffer zone orother

CEU eTD Collection plan canbepresented. cannot beprovidedatatime Ifthisisthecase,a ofnomination. accordance withparagraph 115oftheOperationa providing itsprotectionandconservation - anaccountable,transparentdescriptionof - capacity building - theallocation of the - theinvolvement ofpartnersandstakeholders - acycleofplanning,implementation, m - athoroughsharedunderstandingofth the following elements: 111, ChapterII.FoftheOperationalGuidelines gives the legal statustoPAs,itconfirms theestab the environmental legislation.Itestablishesth However,theterm “protection” isverybroa work, theattentionispaid tothelegal protectio monitoring andfactors determine themaintenance oftheOUVandinte TheanalysisoftheWH requirements hass the PAsareconsidered asthemost important elements of compatibility of thesites. They A cycleoflong-termand day-to-day actionsfo It canguarantee the fulfillment ofthefollo implementation ofprotectivemeasures, creationof scientific centers,monitoringprograms, etc. it createsthebasefordevelopment ofother management istoprovideeffectivepr protection. Besides,thesetwo necessary resources affecting thepropertycanbeinfl terms are very muchrelated w otection (paragraph109,UNESCO2005a). e propertybyallthestakeholders onitoring, evaluationandfeedback wing pointsofArticle5 (UNESCO 16/11/1972): howthemanagement system functions (ChapterII.F.,paragr e legalbaseforgoodconservationmanagement, it n. ThelegalprotectionofPAsisrepresentedby effectivemanagement systems shouldinclude r thenominated propertyshould be included, lishment of integrated natu aspects, suchasmanagement, controlover l Guidelines, amanagement plansometimes hown that the protection and management of hown thattheprotectionandmanagement d andincludesvariousaspects.Here,inthis grity ofPAs.Thestateconservation, uenced bypropermanagement and State Partymust indicatewhena ith eachother.Thepurposeof aph 112).However,in ral sites,etc.Intotal CEU eTD Collection 4. 3. 2. 1. As aresultoftheanalysisWHConvention 5. their protectionandmanagement. say thatthemain requirements towardsthenatu

threaten itscultural ornatural heritage development ofscientificandtechnicalstudies cultural andnaturalheritage setting upspecialservicesresponsibleforthe integration oftheprotectionsite community life adoption ofageneralpolicy,givingthecultural andnaturalheritageafunctioninthe conservation andpresentationofthe establishment or development of with anappropriatestaff national orregionalcentersfortrainingintheprotection, national cultural andnaturalheritage s intocomprehensive planningprograms ral sitesaredevotedtotheirOUVandintegrity, protection, conservationan and the Operational Guidelines,itispossibleto and theOperational andresearchtocount eract thedangersthat d presentationofthe CEU eTD Collection resistance oftheecosystems towardsthehuman expansion. a kindofbiggerprotectedcentre which usuallyappearsatthesites’borders,reducedinthiscase.Absenceofsomecreates borders search offoodandsafeplaces.In enlarged territory automatically increases the ar of view,integratingindividualsitesincreased TheRepublicofKazakhstanissituated neighboring countriesoftenshare V.NaturalsitesofKazakhstan–biodiversityvalue • • • • • included intheWH ListinCentralAsia, independent reviewofpotentialnaturalWH sites international experts.Oneoftherecommenda Central Asiancountries:Kazakhsta Academy ofSciences,Almaty,Kazakhstan.Forty FromNominations 16-18December 2002,aUNESCOre onWorld Naturaland Guidelines, Paragraph88b).Though countries, separatedbypoliticalborders,as oneintegratedarea standards oftheWorld Heritageitisrequired

Itchan Kala(=theold centre Kunya-Urgench inTurkmenistan the StateHistorical andCultural Park Petroglyphs withintheArchaelogical the Mausoleum ofKhojaAh V.1.Kazakh sitesasapartof med inKazakhstan Yasawi ofKhiva)inUzbekistan teraction ofecosystems isless , artificiallyremoved from th n, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan, and interrelated ecosystems. Theref Mixed HeritageinCentral Asia"washeldattheNational this ispolitically theCentralAsianregion "AncientMerv"inTurkmenistan all ofwhichconcern Landscape ofTamgaly inKazakhstan tions from workshopwastheneedforan the tions chancesforconservatio ea for inner safe migration of the species in in CentralAsia.Currently, there are eight sites to consider the protected areas of different to considertheprotectedareasofdifferent in theCentralAsianregion;asaresult participants includedexpertsfrom thefive challenging, from an gional workshopon"Possibilitiesof cultural heritage: e bufferzonesand increases the interrupted byhumans’ activity, (UNESCO 2005,Operational ore, inordertofollowthe n ofbiodiversity.An environmental point CEU eTD Collection Asia whichareofglobalsignificance. As seenfromTable2,variousauthorshaveid basedonresearchdonebytheIUCNandlocalexperts. Asia” (hereinafter–theIUCNReview) Central Asia(UNESCO2002)andtheIUCNreport“World HeritageThematic StudyforCentral resulted inproductionofrecomm sites, whichhavepotentialfor Naturalsitesareunderconsideration.Duri considered reportsonthecurrentstatusofecosy • • • West Eurasian Taiga West Eurasian seven BPsarealreadyrepresentedinWH Sites and spansevenBiogeographicalProvinces(hereinafter –BP)(IUCN2005;Table3).Fouroutof Thechances forinscriptiongrowiftoconsid IUCN: thefiveCentralAsian countriesalllieen mentioned in * -sources the originalsource(IUCN2005) (IUCN2005) Central Asia Table2:Ecosystemsof the Turanian,Pamir-Tian-ShanHighlandsa

Internal water basins Internal water Mountains Coastal ecosystems Cold winterdeserts endemism) Forests (incl.mountain forests withhighlevelsof Wetlands, lakesanddeltas Steppes Ecosystem Udvardy Biogeographical Province Samarkand, CrossroadsofCulturesinUzbekistan. the HistoricCentreofSh the HistoricCentreof Table 3: Udvardy BPs in Central Asia andexisting WHSites(IUCN2005) Table 3:UdvardyBPsinCentralAsia Name Bukhara inUzbekistan akhrisyabz inUzbekistan being protectedastheWorld Heri endations andcommentsendations onthecurrentstatusofsitesin nd theAralSeaarenotonWHList. No. ofWH Sites tirely within the Palearctic Biogeographic Realm tirely withinthePalearcticBiogeographicRealm 3 entified several ecosystems situated inCentral in othercountries,but

stems oftheregion,theypaidattentionto ng theworkshopmeetings theparticipants er thesitesaccording tothe requirements of IUCN 2003 The HighCoast(S)* Laponian Area(S)* x x x x x x x tage sites.Mutualcooperation Names of WH Sites Names ofWH three provinces,namely WWF Global Ecoregions* x x x x

CEU eTD Collection Aral Sea Pamir-Tian-Shan Highlands Altai Highlands HighlandsCaucaso-Iranian Pontian Steppe Turanian According totheProgram on Territories oftheRoKfor2007-2009,thereare1 Inthisworkthere are threesitesmentioned, whichrefe the Pamir-Tian-Shan Highlands,namely the Worldview ofUNESCOandthe HeritageCommittee. means thattheimportance ofnomin Although representationofallUdvardyBPsin * -Ro=Romania,Ru=Russia,Ru Altyn-Emel StateNational NaturePark the Western TienShanregion,andtheIle-Alatau StateNationalNature Park requested togiveprioritythepreparation heritage ofoutstandinguniversalvalueisund the sites.Accordingto Paragr nomination according to theprinciples ofoutstandi Convention, thesitesofunderrepresentedbiogeographicalprovi Udvardy Biogeographical Province Name aph 60aof theOperational Guidelines, “StatesParties whose / M=RussiaMongolia,SSweden ation ofunderrepresen Development of theSystem of Specially Protected Natural , bothsituatedintheNothernTian-Shanregion. No. ofWH Aksu DzhabaglyStateNatureReserve of theirTentativeLists Sites er-represented ontheWorldHeritageListare 1 1 0 2 0 0 07 naturalsitesinKazakhstan(Table4). WHsitesisnotan ng universal value of thenatural heritageof ted sitesisquitebigfrom thepointof Western Caucasus (Ru)* Western Caucasus Danube Delta(Ro)* Virgin KomiForests (Ru)* Uvs NuurBasin(Ru/M)*

Golden MountainsofAltai(Ru)*

r totheunder-representedareaof Names of WH Sites Names ofWH nces havemore potentialfor and nominations”, which objectiveoftheWH unitedwiththe , situatedin CEU eTD Collection areas small wooded steppe with droughty Moderate- forest-steppe Southern And 5sitesunderCategory Iand according to IUCN,and9sitesunder the category categories. Thereare10 sitesunder the catego protection due totheirsizes andadministrativ Nowadays,therepublichasseveralprotecte situated invariousgeographicalzones(Table4). Total zones set vertically represented with clearly Mountains Southern desert Desert areas) of somesteppe representation desert with Semi-desert (or steppe Deserted steppe Dry steppe Moderate-dry steppe Droughty steppe droughty Moderate- Zones Zones Table 4: Objects of Specially ProtectedTerri Table 4:ObjectsofSpecially “zapovednik” reserves – reserves Nature 10 5 2 1 1 1 ------National natural parks 1 5 9 3 ------

II belongtothemountainous zone,whilethereareno sites “reservat” reserves – reserves National 2 2 ------

e protection measures distributedaccording to ry of“naturereserves”,whichisCategoryI As wesee,theyhavenotthesimilar level of monuments tories within the Geographical Zones Zones withintheGeographical tories of“nationalparks”, Natural d territories of different legalstatuses, 26 19 3 1 2 1 ------“zakaznik” reserves – reserves Natural 18 55 10 4 9 1 4 5 1 2 1 - Category IIofIUCN. “zapovednaya Protected zones – – zones zona” 5 2 3 ------

Total 107 31 26 11 10 4 9 3 5 1 2 5 CEU eTD Collection value, management, areexamined inthiswork. prominent. Foursites,consideredfrom thepo territories, itwasdecidedtopayspecialattent improvement oftheprotectionsites.However, givingashortoverviewofalltheprotected ones, whichwerenotsuggestedfor nominati National Park)* Themap of theseterritories is given inth is thetablewiththese sites. Thisresultedinvariouslevelsofprotec zones werechosenforpreliminary nomination asmore protected. steppe withsmall woodedar under thesecategoriesamong desertsordroug Each of thesiteshasitsownhigh-valued Park) Kazakhstan ( Extension of Altai GoldenMtsinto (= Steppes andLakesofNorthKazakhstan Emel State NationalNaturalPark" ( Northern Tyan-Shan (= Aksu-Zhabagly statenaturalreserve *- sites suggested as one protected territory by IUCN by *- sitessuggestedasoneprotectedterritory

Saryarka Aksu-Djabagli) " * ) Katon-Karagai National Site Name Table 5:SitessuggestedaspotentialNaturalWHsitesinKazakhstan

Ile-Alatau State Altyn- eas andforest-steppe. 1 1 i

Natural Value ion tothosewhicharerecognizedasthemost on. Andnomination isonlyanotherstagein int ofviewbiodivers ii hty steppe,orbothamongmoderate droughty 1 1 1 tion. Andthesitesofmountainous andsteppe

e endofthework(Fi importance, locallyand

iii 1 1 1

iv 1 1 1

Suggested UNESCO UNESCO gure 1,Annex). Andhere by 1 1 1 1 1 ity, size,conservation

globally, eventhose Georgraphical

Mountains Mountains Mountains Mountains Steppes zones zones CEU eTD Collection north-western endoftheTalassky Alataurang from thesouth-westernendofth and biodiversityvaluehasagr Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan andUzbe already well-representedintheWH biologically linkedthroughthemovement of and Uzbekistan(Table 6).Manyareactuallyc TodaytheWesternTienShanrepresentsa ofthebordersKazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan Man andBiospherereservessituatedatthejunction experts, whoconsideritastherichest (IUCN 2005).AndAksu-Dzhabaglywasregardedas together withagroupofotherreserves,aspart IntheprocessofpreparationdataforWH,IUCNrepresentatives andthelocalexperts were considering theAksu-Dzhabagly StateNatureReserve(hereinafter–Aksu-Dzhabagly) Geographical Location: Biogeographical Province: Asia Note: *-MABreserve;**firstprotectedareainCentral Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Country Table 6:Main featuresofprincipalprotectedareasintheWesternTienShan(IUCN2005)

V.2.The Aksu-DzhabagliStateNatureReserve Aksu-Dzhabagly StateNatureReserve Aksu-Dzhabagly Chatkal Reserve Besh Aral State Nature Reserve NatureReserve Besh AralState Manass WildlifeRefuge Chandalash WildlifeRefuge Sary-Chelek Reserve Sary-Chelek Ugam Chatkal NationalPark Thesesevenprotectedareaslieatthejunctionofthreecountries- Pamir-Tian-Shan Highlands(Table3) Site Name eat potentialforinclusion.

e Chatkal'skiy RangeinUzbekist kistan -inthewestern Tien list,atransboundaryWHsite for animal andplantspecies(IUCN2005). ofalargerareas e inKazakhstan (Aksu-Dzhabagly), andextend ontiguous; others are closely clustered and are ontiguous; othersarecloselyclusteredand mobile species.Althoughmountain sitesare complex of national pr complex ofnational Management akeysiteinthecluster,byIUCN Category IUCN IUCN Ia* Ia* IV IV Ia Ia II

upporting common ecosystems Shan mountains.They stretch of trulyspectacularlandscape an (ChatkalReserve) to the Designated 01/01/1975 01/01/1979 01/01/1975 01/01/1990 1926** Total Date 1947 1959 otected areasand two Area (ha) 822,571 574,600 75,094 15,000 63,200 35,809 35,000 23,868

CEU eTD Collection the snowcover canremainfrom thee at 1,200m.with amean Thefrost-fr of656mm 75,000 ha(primarily –29,000ha)(IUCN2005) Biosphere Reserve covers23,868ha(including covers 57,360ha(45,160 Area: established in1926(Ivaschenko2006) ofEstablishment: Date andHistory 41º47'N, 71º54'E (Map1) Coordinates: Reserve). eastwards tothenorth-easternslopes oftheCh temperatures are37.9°Cand-21°C,respectively. meanmonth, July.Atlowaltitude, annualte during thecoldestmonths of Climate: Carboniferous age,with falls canbefoundontheterritoryofsiteas altitude lakes,e.g.Sary-Chelek Physical Features: Altitude: Land Tenure: earths. canyon, withthedepthof500meters (Baitulin2000) deeply entrenched valleys.Aksu-Dzhabaglycont Approximate area822,571ha.TheChatkal Varyingwithaltitudeandlocation,temper Aksu-Dzhabagly –1,110meters, Sary-ChelekReserve–4,247meters (IUCN2005) Aksu-Dzhabagly42º30'N, 70º10'E; Chatkal41º08'N, 69º Mostlystate-ownedbyKazakhsta Thereservesencompass theridgeandspursofChatkal'skiy Range,high thin deluvialandeluvialdeposits, ha coreareaand12 January andFebruary,upto at 2,000m, numerous riverbasi nd ofDecembertothemiddle ofMarch. Aksu-Dzhabagly isthe first protected areainCentral Asia, well.TherearerockyoutcropsofDevonianand mperature is11.5°C.Maximum andminimum ee periodis 190-200days.Atmedium altitudes ains amagnificent landscape oftheAksuRiver n, KyrgyzstanandUzbekistan. ,200 habuffer zone),whilsttheSary-Chelek Annualprecipitationvariesfrom 680-900mm, a coreareaof18,080ha).Aksu-Dzhabagly– atkal'skiy RangeinKyrgyzstan(SaryChelek Mountains BiosphereReservecomponent ature changesat1200meters from -16°C . Thesoilsofthesitearevariousbrown which lieonshallowbedrocks,and ns. Thehangingglacierswithice 20-25°Cduringthewarmest 59'E; Sary-Chelek CEU eTD Collection Juniperus turkestanica Rivervalleysarecharacterizedbytugai-type vegetation belts: in anaturalorsemi-natural st Vegetation: AccordingtoBaitulin(2000),thesitecont growing intheCentral Asian mountainous re schools abouttulips,etc. community, toprovidetechnicalsupportthe in Nowadays,theconservationmeasures aretake a specialproject. Theaim oftheprojectisto Inspectors oftheparkcannotcope People from thelocalcommunitiesthrow the in theRedDataBookofKazakhstan.Thesebeautif Aksu-Dzhabagliiswidelyfamous forsixki territory ofthebufferzone.Twothem, sogdiana, (Pavlov 1980) species ofplants,including40tr Pistacia vera Abies semsnovii regia - - -

. Andtherearealsothewoodlands alpine steppe species) forest/shrub (mostly juniperandhardwoodwith mountain Turanian-typesemi-savanna (Table2), Acer turkestanicum Uninhabited, exceptthe Ugam ChatkalNatio , andmountain steppes.Highlandareashavemeadows. Thereare1,100recorded . South-andwest-facingslopessupportsclerophytic,includinggrovesof , J. semiglobosa , Crataegus turkestanica, ate. Naturalvegetation inthereserves consists of three main withallthepeople , andJ.seravschanca ofmagnificent ancientspruce Tulipa greigii ees andshrubs.Some 72arerareandendemic gion. Aspertheclassi flowers duringtheirblossom time inspring. holdaninformational courseforthelocal spectors, tomaintain educational programs in ains 19endemic highplantspecies out of64 nds of tulips growing inits territory andthe ul flowers areunder threatof degradation. who visittheparkin n withthehelpofIUCN,whichorganized

thenotablepresenceof wildfruittree Malus kirghisorum and nal Park,theseprotectedareasremain landscapes. Juniperforestscontain , anddeciduous treessuch as Tulipa kaufmanniana,areincluded Picea schrenkiana fication givenbyPavlov greatquantities. andwalnut Juglans andfir Prunus Prunus CEU eTD Collection small settlements. Reserve containsmore than2,000petroglyphs(IUCN2005) Fauna: (Baitulin 2000). Seseli setiferum,Scutellariaflabellaria,Ugamiaangrenica, species are according todifferentclimatic zones. Locale 2800 (3200),alpine–above2800,thereserverepres 1300 m.a.s.l. (meters abovesealevel),Turani (1980), whichdividesthesiteinto Local HumanPopulation: Karasau, 2,000m.a.s.l., intheChatkalReserve.Moreover, Ancient drawingsdating1000-2000BCwerefound onthecliffsalongTereksayRiverin Cultural heritage: brown bearUrsusarctos,snowleopardUnciauncial 54 (Baitulin2000),mammalincluding characteristic speciesinhabitthearea, Europe, NorthernAmerica, CentralAsia(Kovsha mixture ofdifferentfortheirgeographicback five fish;insectspeciesaccount and blackstorkCiconianigra booted eagle himalayensis andchukarpartridge species (255 subspecies)havebeen r Menzbier's marmot Capreolus capreolus,TienShanargali Manyyearsofzoologicalresearchshowthat Prenanthea mira,Tulipadubia,Thesiummi Hieraeetus pennatus Besidesthenaturalheritagesite Marmota menzbieri Among thereservesonlyUgamChatkalNationalParkhas some . Therearealsoatleastninespecies ofreptile,twoamphibians and around5000species(Kovshar1972) , sakerfalcon fourvegetationbelts,situated Alectoris chukar,aswellgoldeneagle ecorded, includingHimalayansnowcock Ovis ammon karelini (endemic totheWesternTienShan).Over240bird an steppe–1300-2000(2500),sub-alpine2000- ground species,whichinhabitthelandscapesof Falco cherrug xperts indicate thatthe most threatened plant r 1972).Atleast42,accordingtoothersources ents auniquecombination ofplantspecies thefaunaofWesternTienShanisa , Eurasian lynx lynx , Eurasian carries veryimportant historicaldata. nkwitzianum, Malusniedzwetzkiana, , Asiaticibex , lammergeier and

vertically:semi-desert –800- Aksu-Dzhabagly StateNature Dryopteris mindshelkensis Dryopteris Lynx lynx Capra sibirica species such as the speciessuchasthe Gypaetus barbatus Aquila chrysaetos Tetraogallus , roedeer , and ,

CEU eTD Collection heritage undercriterionN(x) Currently, expertsconsidertheWestern Tien 2000). Foramore accurateevaluation ofpotential of exceptional natural beauty andaestheticimpor (IUCN 2005).Some localexpertssuggestinclusionof for scientificresearch,consideredthatAksu-D TheCommission onNationalProtectedAreas proposedthatChatkalReservewould qualify undercriteriaN(vii)andN(x), andThorsell andHamilton,delegatedbyIUCNin2002 management ofwaterresources,isvery coming from the streams of thepark.Theconservation of thesite,whichwillprovide acareful ofpeopleandtheirhealthdependdirectlyonwater style Thelife reserve. ofthe border the at that Aksu-Dzhabagly streams providewaterfor river canyon,compose theuniquevalueofsite variety ofrareandthreatenedspeciesplants Conservation Value: Theuniqueness ofthesiteis 200 Ecoregion"MiddleAsianmontane woodlandsa Biogeographic Province.Ithashi globally threatened) characteristic ofthecurr populations ofmost ofthelargerfauna(many such Criterion N(x): Biodiversityandthreatened species requires goodarguments whichcanbe ach for inclusionofthesiteunder mixed categoryfor from theSaks’speriodtillMiddle Age(Ivas its territory anancient “stone ga of MiddleAsiacentrefor Relativelynotwellutilized,theWester plant diversity(CPD). (IUCN 2005;Bekniyazov2002). llery”, createdbymany generations gh numbers ofendemic plants,andislocatedintheMountains confirmed withthefactthat important forthesepeople(IUCN2005) ieved only withfurther studies. ently un-represented Pamir-Tian-Shan Highlands and animals. Beautiful landscapes, like the Aksu andanimals. Beautifullandscapes,liketheAksu chenko 2006,P.24).Andthusthereis apotential one village,withapopulationof2000,situated zhabagly meritedinclusion asamontanesite tance” -fortheAksuriver canyon(Proceedings cultural andnaturalheritage. Butthisstatement Shan, including Aksu-Dzhabagly, asnatural too.Asforitssocial asthesnowleopardandTienShanargaliare nd steppe”.Besides,Ak Aksu-DzhabaglyunderN(vii)asan“area The WesternTienShanhaslarge,viable of thesitefurther researchisrequired. n TienShan isaharbourofrich it isincluded into the Global of ancient “artists”, starting significance,itisknown su-Dzhabagly hason CEU eTD Collection (hereinafter –Almatinskiy Alatau StateNationalNature Park(hereinafter Emel); while the southernsitewouldbeacluster consistingofthecon Range. Itsnorthernsiteconsists TheNorthernTienShanhasapotentialfor Having allthefeatures of integrity,itrepresents onegeographic region of theZailiyskiy Alatau central part oftheZailiiskyAlat mountain range.Almatinskiy lies25km eastofAl Geographical Location: Biogeographical Province: Ile-Alatau borders Kyrgyzstan, and inthe Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Shan. Itsboundaryfollows theLeviyTalgarRive conservation ofalargergroupspecies,repres the valueandsizeofIle-Alatau,Almatinskiy andAltyn-Emel unitedtogetheralreadyallows Tien Shan,theNorthern TienShan canbenominat on aninternationallevelandstrengthensthech Western TienShan,theclusterof potential sitetomake atransbounda Country

V.3. NorthernTienShan Table 7: Main features of the principal protected areas in the Northern Tien Shan intheNorthernTien Table 7:Mainfeaturesoftheprincipalprotected areas

Altyn-Emel Nati Ile-Alatau NationalNaturePark Almatinskiy Nature Reserve Altyn-Emel is situatedonthenort ) (IUCN2005;Table7). Site Name Pamir-Tian-Shan Highlands(Table3) onal NaturePark

of Altyn-Emel StateNational Na au Range,whichisthe southern sitesonlyraisesthevalueofbiologicaldiversityareas ry WH sitewithprotectedarea ances forinclusion.AndoppositetotheWestern enting theuniquefloraandfaunaofregion. –Ile-Alatau) andAlmatinskiy Nature Reserve maty, theformer capitalofKazakhstan,inthe ed without joining sitesof neighbor states, as r inthewest,Pravy TalgarRiverinthe nomination asonerelativelycontiguoussite.

Management future itmight bepo Category IUCN IUCN Ia II II hern slopesoftheDzungharAlatau ture Park(hereinafter–Altyn- Total s inKyrgyzstan.Similar tothe borderoftheNorthern Tien establishment establishment Date of 1996 1961 1996 tiguous reservesofIle-

ssible toextend this Area (ha) 407,419 169,627 164,450 73,342

CEU eTD Collection Ile-Alatau containsAlmatinskiy inthevery and Ile-Alatau,situatedontheplaceofZailiyskiy site wastransferredtoKapchagayskiyHunting the areaof17,800ha,wasincludedinreserve, State NatureReservein1961.Between1966and designated astatenaturereservein1935,butceasedtoexist united, wouldcoveraround407,419ha(IUCN2005). Area: ordinates ca.43º09'N 77º49'E Coordinates: TalgarandEsik(Babaev1990). towns ofKaskelen, northern borderswiththelarges distance fromthewesttoeastis32km. north, andintheeast,ridgeseparatingvalleysofIssykJurgenRivers.The (IUCN 2005). which ultimately drain intoLakeBalkash.Soils rangefrom degraded chernozems toblack earths resulting fromintenseerosion.Itincludesstretc Physical Features: at thepeakofTalgarMount Altitude: Land Tenure: Date andHistory ofEstablishment: characterized byanetworkofpeaksculminating in Mountains andconsistsof gorges upto700m AlmatinskiyReserveform deep. reaching 2,500m high(Picture 1,Annex).Ile-Alatau Almatinskiy -73,342ha;Altyn-Emel -169,627; Ranges from approximately 1,000m inAtyn- State-owned Almatinskiy -43°N,78°E Altyn-Emel consistsofsandyplains ain inAlmatinskiy (IUCN2005) the northernZailiisky AlatauandtheIllisskyDepression, t conglomeration, consisting of the city of Almaty and small t conglomeration, andsmall consistingofthecityAlmaty Almatinskiy wasfirstestablishedinMay1931and ; heartoftheterritory(Dzhanyspaev2006) Altyn-Emel -43º57'N 78º38'E; Ile-Alatau-co- Ile-Alatau, surroundingAlmatinskiy,sharesits Ile-Alatau, hes ofthefast-flowingTalgarandIssykrivers Reserve. Altyn-Emel wasestablishedin1996; 1983 Kalkanymountain semi-desert zone,with NationalNatureParkwasestablished in1996. togetherwiththe'Singing Sands'. In1983this Mt.Talagar,andhasst

contains mountains, numerous glaciersand s partofanorthernridgetheTien-Shan Emel and1,100m inIl , steppe-coveredfoot Ile-Alatau -164,450.Th

1951. Itwasre-establishedasa rongly dissectedrelief hills andmountains e-Alatau to4,973m e entiresite,if CEU eTD Collection Vegetation: lastsfo precipitation is830-870mm.Snowcover number offrost-freedaysvariesfrom 145in 4.3°C inJanuaryto18.1°CJuly,andonthemountains from -9.7°Cto10.6°C.Theannual 6.8°C inthevalleysand0.8°Conmountains. Temper Climate: One of the remarkable Oneofthe sightsofIle-Alatau (Picture 3,Annex).Schrenk’sspruce, stony landscapesaredecoratedwithsa encounters Mushketov’s atraphaxis,Turkestan coniferous forestzonelie mixed distingui forests, slopes, livesforupto250-300years,andat diameter ofuptotwometers. Thistree,remarkab Armeniaca apple 3,000-3,600 m.a.s.l.,meadows areinterspersedwith and forest grasslandsconverge.Onecanseeherefeathergrasses meadow steppe,situatedat1,300-2,600 m.a.s.l., whereconifers, number ofrecordedplantspeciesis634,includ mountain steppe,shrubstands,spruceforesta the lackofvegetationisonlyavisiblefeature. evergreen scrub endemic species(IUCN2005). vegetation typestoAlmatinskiy, andupto1,200 species have beenrecorded, including and63shrubs.Ile-Alatau 13trees, containssimilar Festuca ganeschinii Malus sieversii ConditionsintheNorthernTienShanar , Crataegus InAltyn-Emel vegetationtypesinclude Juniperus turkestanica, , Rosa , honeysuckle . At2,600-3,000m.a.s.l. thereisthesub-alpinebelt,supportedwith , Artemisia Picea schrenkiana ksaul forests(saksaulisatypi Lonicera altmanii , Geranium steppeandmixed grasslands the valleysto90onmountains.Meanannual the upper tree-line, for up to 600. Below the theuppertree-line,forupto600.Below r 160-190daysandisusually60-80cmdeep. shrub maple, Yanchevsky’scurrant, Caucasian nd alpineandsub-alpinemeadows. Thetotal shed bytheirrichdivers In some places thedesert isreplacedwiththe ing 27endemics. Almatinskiycontainsforest- , Myosotis le for the abilitytogr rock outcrops. Other species present include rock outcrops.Otherspeciespresentinclude e continental.Mean ismountains coveredbyspruceforests species ofplants,in the peculiarDzunghari ¸ canreachaheight of45metersanda andrepresentative , GentianaandCobresia Stipa capillata trs n h vles ay from vary valleys the in atures mixed forest,grasslandsand cal forCentrlAsiatree),but . Inthealpine zoneat ity of species. Here one ity ofspecies.Hereone annual temperatureis ow onnearlyvertical cluding 46rareand , an deserts,where Phleum phleoides s ofthegenera . Some 950

CEU eTD Collection amphibians, 8fishandatleast1,500insects(IUCN2005). recorded includegoldeneagle of alltheworld’sknownapple Tien ShanargaliandAsiaticwilddog Phoenicurus erythrogaster grosbeak chukar barbatus amphibians and28fishes.MammalsinAlmatinskiyincludemarmot vulture Martes foina kulan Fauna: carcas, andSiver’sapple tree 6 also hasbarrowsandburialgroundsfrom theEa Bronze andIronAge,includinganumber ofbarro Cultural Heritage: Altyn-Emel includes191historic/ snow leopard isarare visitor tothe red deer Tien Shanargali montane speciessuch assnowleopard researches oflocalexperts,Altyn-Emel supports 70speciesofmammal, in (Picture 2,Annex),stoat Clethrionomys frater th -8 , sand orgoitred gazelle th centuriesA.D.andpetroglyphs founds6kilo Accordingtodataprov Alectoris chukar Gypaetus barbatus , goldeneagle Cervus elaphus Mycerobus carnipes andmarbled polecat Ovis ammonkarelini , birchmouse Aquila chrysaetus . Of thepasserines, there arewhistling thrush , roedeer Mustela erminea andibisbill . Ile-Alataualsosupportsadi Malus sieversii andGuldenstadt's andblue-headed Eversmann's redstarts varieties (Vinogradova2006). Aquila chrysaetos Gazella subgutturosa ided byIUCN,basedontheRedBookofKazakhstanand Vormela perugnusa Capreolus capreolus Sicista concolor Cuon alpinus Ibidorhyncha struthersii ; andlowlandspeciessuchaskulan high mountains. Birdsincludelammergeier Uncia uncia , Himalayansnowcock , stonemarten , which is considered by some experts the forefather , whichisconsideredbysome expertstheforefather rly IronAge,stonemonu , Barbaryfalcon ws andburialgrounds.AsforIle-Alatau,it , 148speciesofnestingbirds,10reptiles,2 , TienShan brownbear , wolf . Eurasian otter arealsofound.The155speciesofbirds meters tothesouthofTurgenvillage. and Asiaticibex Martes foina cultural monuments, fromtheStone,

verse fauna: 47 mammals, including Canis lupus . Therearealso Tetraogallus himalayensis Falco pelegrinoides , Eurasianlynx Lutra lutra Marmota baibacina , maral Myiophonus caerulens cluding populationsof ments datedfrom the Capra sibirica Ursus arctos Equus hemionus 25 reptiles,four Cervus elaphus , stonemarten Lynx lynx Gypateus Gypateus , bearded , vole , vole . The , and and , , CEU eTD Collection prevent thepartsof thesitefr descending from alpineregions together the sites encompass thefull rangeof them endemic(Baitulin2000).Thusthejustifi They becametheharbor ofanextraordinary divers Central Asianhabitats,includingastheydothe Conservation Value: (Proceedings, 2000). Archeologists havediscoveredtheremains of Itissupposed byThorsellandHamilton, IUCNexperts,mentioned intheregional overview (IUCN2005),thatitmay benecessaryto Criterion N(x): Biodivers desert reptilesandkulan. Ecoregion aswell,andcontains many faunalandfloralelements associatedwithit,suchas montane woodlandsandsteppe".Itisadjace Biogeographic Province.Thewhol (CPD). Itissituated within the curren half oftheproposedsiteisloca high numbers ofendemicplantsaswell.Some floral andfaunaldiversityincludesarelativel Togetherthese three pr ity andthreatened species om becoming ecologicalislands. tosemi-desert (IUCN2005) ted intheMountainsofMiddle e sitelieswithintheGloba tly un-representedPami otected areasspanalmost thecomplete rangeof nt tothe"Central AsianDeserts"Global200 of thespeciesarementioned above.Aboutthe ecosystems from thehighmountains todesert. cation foraserialnomination wouldbethat oldsettlements attheBigAlmatyRange northernTienShanspeciesandhabitats, ity ofhigher plantsandvertebrates, many of y highnumber ofthreatenedspecies.Ithas : establishaconnecting TheNorthernTienShanWHsitehashigh l 200Ecoregion"MiddleAsian Asia Centreof r-Tian-Shan Highlands corridor inorderto Plant Diversity CEU eTD Collection 2006). Kazakhstan parts ofSaryarka. Naurzum) Kurgaldzhinskiy(h and SaryarkaorSLNK,isasuggestednatural Nowadays, twomain reservesofNorthernK rest oftheterritory.Kurgaldzhino appearedas which containspineforested area closing wasconnectedwiththeideaoforgani established in1959,butactuallyitstartedtowo rk asareserveagainin1966.Thedecisionson Dates andhistoryofestablishment: Createdin1931,Naurzum wasclosedin1951and re- and Sypsyn(38,720ha),allunitedsurrounded 191, 381hectares,includingthreebigpartslike Kurgaldzhino (Kovshar2006),andtwokilometers Area: Coordinates: Kurgaldzhino-51°N,68°E,Naurzum -52°N,64°E Geographical location: Biogeographical Province: Kazakhstan zone. Kazakhstan. Kurgaldzhinolieswithin Country

Kurgaldzhino has V.4. Saryarka:SteppesandLakesof

Naurzumskiy Naurzumskiy State Kurgaldzhinskiy Kurgaldzhinskiy Stat Table 8: Main features of the principal protected areas ofSaryarka Table 8:Mainfeaturesoftheprincipalprotectedareas 258,963 hectaresofthearea,whichincludestwolakes,Tengizand Kurgaldzhino andNaurzum aresituatedinthenorthernpartof Site Name PontianSteppe(Table3) Nature Reserve

e NatureReserve s. Laterin1976,itwas decided to ereinafter -Kurgaldzhino) Stat thesteppe zone.Naurzum issituatedintheforest-steppe Naurzum (139,714hectares),Tersek(12,947ha) zation offorestproducingfarm onitsterritory, azakhstan, namely Naurzu a result of active development of virgin lands, NorthernKazakhstan(SLNK) withtheareaof116,726.5hectares(Bragin

zone aroundthem. Naurzum hastheareaof Management site. Itdoesnotexistasanentire Category IUCN IUCN I I e NatureReserves,canbecome

Total establishment establishment addapartofsteppeto the Date of 1931 1968

mskiy (hereinafter – Area (ha) 450,344 191,381 258,963

CEU eTD Collection deposits forKurgaldzhino is200-350 millimeter +44°C insummerto-49°C,althoughtheseareth of frostfreedaysis131peryearapproximately. 0, withtheabsolutemaximum of+41.6°Cand because ofthedryclimatethis lakes also enlarge insize. Buttheirareaanddept the leveloffloodingdepends Height flowtoandconcentrate,whichresultsinbigriverfloodsthespringtime. Especially Korgaldzhin Hollow,wherealltherivers betwee Physical features: Altitude: Land Tenure: lakes andasurroundingzone,whentheuniquevirg created. Thesizeofthesitehas beenchangedseveral times sincethe ecosystemswhich startedin1950’s.Toprotecttheoriginal from degradation,Kurgaldzhinowas Fauna: winter andsummer periods.Theaveragetemper Climate: Naurzum lieswithintheTurgaiHollow mainl sites comprise akeystopoverpoi 350,000 nestingwaterfowlandtheNaurzum million (IUCN 2003)or0.5million (UNEP-WCMC2003).Afterrainsthese lakessupport 10 million 2003)waterbirds,among (UNEP-WCMC th consequently (Bragin2006). biggest rivers oftheareaareDana-Bike TheKorgalzhin-Tengiz lakes arecapable 304-420 meters abovethesealevelinKurgaldzhino. the climate for bothsites insharpcontinental, withbigtemperaturefluctuationsin All thelandsofthesere Kurgaldzhino is in therelief area of the lowestpart of theTengiz- geographicalzone(Kovshar2006) nt andcross-roadsonthe followi on Nura,themain ri serves arestate-owned. and Sarykopalakes250,000(IUCN2003).The minimum of-45.7°C(Bragin2006).Thenumber and Naurzum-Karasu, 58and85kilometers s, andforNaurzum –233ontheaverage. n theKazakhLowHillsAreaand Kokshetau ature inNaurzum comes to+2.4degreesabove e extreme indexes(Kovshar2006).The levelof In Kurgaldzhinothetemperature canvaryfrom ofsupporting 15-16million (IUCN2003)or5- h canbereducedsignificantly inother seasons in landsarestillou y. Itcontainswooded ver ofthearea.In em flocksofgeeseestimatedem at2-2.5 ng migratory flyways:Siberia t ofitsterritory. n. Today,itincludestwo lands and steppe. The lands andsteppe.The the same period,the CEU eTD Collection extend theNaurzum reservesectionofSLNKtoincludeanextra1,000km biogeographic province.Toimprove theconserva lands preservedfrom degradati Naurzum totheheritageofglobalsignificance. belong Therearenotsomany regionsofvirgin Conservation Value: lives inthesteppesofprotectedarea. SLNKisalsoinhabitedbymany endemic speci For example, Europe (IUCN 2005). - Central/SouthAsia;Siberia present-day landforms, itcouldnotbe accepted under this criterion. necessary to establish theglobalsignificanceof th evidence presented byan officiallyrecognizedbody, likeanomination committee,e.g., whichis attract attentionwiththesimila purpose visitedthispart of Kazakhstan,whichcannotbeconsider articles ontheInternetsites, containingthele preserved intheregionisalsogi 2003) acceptedthehighlevelofnaturalness with Thenomination stated thatthesiteisth graminaceous steppe’betweentheBlackSeaandAltaiMountains.IUCNevaluation(IUCN andgeologicalfeatures Criterion N(vii):Earth'shistory steppe liefurthereast.They fo the absolute sizeofthesteppe.The fewreserves on theWH List.Theintegrityand with onesiteintheDanube Deltaonly. If nominated, this site willbethelargest steppe reserve that itbelongs tothe Pontian Steppe Biogeogr Saiga tatarica Beingapartofuniquesteppeandfo , orsaigaantelope, whichisnowaCritically Endangered species, rm theMongolian-ManchurianSteppe rity ofopinionsvisitors.Unfortunately, thereisnoconvincing on. Anotherpointstatingforcons - Eastern andCentralEurope;S ven inthereport ofBaitullinetal(2000). Therearealsosome functionality ofste tters ofdifferentpeople,whooccasionally or on aphical Province (Table3),which ispresented e bestremaining example of‘humus-building that doincludesubstantial areas of natural tion ofthesiteKaza e sitebecauseofitsgeological settingor in the site. The evidence of wild nature in thesite.Theevidenceofwildnature es, some of whichareendangeredaswell. ppe ecosystems inSaryarkaarelinkedto rest-steppe ecosystems, Kurgalginand ed asfullyreliablesources,but candinavia -Siberia -Eastern ervation valueofSaryarkais . Buttheylieinadifferent 2 khstan hasagreedto (IUCN 2005). CEU eTD Collection criterion. region inordertocompare thesitetootherimportant evaluators consideredtherewasaneedtodeve southern Europe totheir breeding placesin conservation ofmigratory waterfowlasthey Kazakhstan areofinternational for inclusionofthewholesiteonWHList. the lowclayhillsofTersek impressive andcolorfulsightfromtheair,wh ThoughtheIUCNevaluationshowedthatthis (ix), thedescriptiongiveninth Criterion N(ix): Superlative natural phenomenaof for objectiveassessment. complex wet/dry cycles. However, theevaluatorsconsidered thatthe siteneedsfurther studying significant scientificinterest.Th Accordingtostudiesmade byIUCNcomm the lakesofsitewiththei Criterion N(viii):Ecologic Decision 27 COM8C.6ofthe 27thmeeting of paid attentionparticular representatives visitedthesite Committee in2003,whichiniti Despite thefactthatSaryarkawaschosen it hasnotbeennominated yet. IUCN's evaluation(IUCN2003)statedthat Criterion N(x):Biodiversity ly tothelackofinformation (IUCN2003).Asare sult ofthisevaluation, al processes /ecosystems: andthreatenedspecies r seasonaldynamics ofhydrology,ch inAugust2002andiden Unit wereconsidered e IUCN Review statesthatthe e diversefloraandfaunaofth importance andmay beofoutstandinguniversalvalueforthe Itwasproposedin2002andconsidered bytheWH ated IUCNseparateinde ich isdifficulttoappreciatefromtheground.Only stopoverontheirwayfrom Africa,Indiaand lop amore comprehensivethematic studyforthe theWHCommittee in June/July 2003was undermany categoriesasapotentialWH site, Western andEastern Siberia.However, the issioned (IUCN2003),itwasconsideredthat naturalbeautyandaestheticimportance.

areas withinthis territo to beofOUV.However, thewetlandsof sitecannotbeevaluatedunderCriterion tified anumber ofconcerns.Theexperts e wetlandshaveevolvedthrough wetlands ofSaryarkaprovidean emistry andbiologycanbeof pendent evaluation.IUCN northern andwestern ry inrelation tothis thisisnotenough CEU eTD Collection comparison with 2003. separateareas, However,asweseefromthecurrentdata,TersekandSypsyn,whichwere are nowpartsofNaurzum (Bragi WH Committee in2004. The nomination wasnotre-submitted byKazakhstan fo implementation program demonstrating thecommitment StatePartyto: ofthe made. Itpostponed theconsiderationof of theWorld Heritage,itisalso tohavepotenti SLNKappears (IUCN 2003). under-represented inWHsites(thesecond-least territory the substantialareasof criteria N(x) for selection asaWH site. Toassu biological diversityandforitssteppe - -

protecting theinterv link theTersek andSypsynoutliers toanextendedmain Naurzum NatureReserve by upgrade theSarykopaWildlifeReserveto ening corridorsofunmodifi recommended fortheState Party to steppe, partoftheTemperate Grasslandbiome thatiscurrently n 2006),whichmeans thereisso al tomeet theoutstanding universal value for itswetland re thepreparednessof diversity. Potentiallyitcanbeconsideredunder nomination "untilade NatureReserveprotectedstatus represented biome afterColdWinter Deserts) ed steppe"(WHC2003,171pp). ed r consideration at the28thmeeting ofthe addtotheexistingprotected me action in thisfield tailed actionplanand site tothe requirement

CEU eTD Collection operational (Starikov2006) Resolution onorganizationofKat Russian World Heritagesite,“Golden Russian KatunStateBiosphereReserve. Itcanal Mountains of transboundary Kazakhstan,andcouldform a biosphere territorytogether withthe Katon-Karagai StateNational Nature Park(hereinafter –Katon-Karagai), islocatedintheAltai creation oftheseareasby theKazakh government as lake ofKanas),andinMongolia– the AltaiTavnBogdNationalPark. special zone“PlateauUkok”. OntheChineseside In Russia,these include theKatunStateBiosphere (Figure 2,Annex),eachofwhichhaveestablished its almost unspoilednature.FourstateshavepartsoftheAltaiM “Altai”inMongolianmeans “goldenmountains”. were amazed with its untouched bright beauty. And Land Tenure: Category: IUCN Management Kazakhstan. Area: Date andHistory of Establishment: Coordinates: Geographical Location: Biogeographical Province: with biodiversityconservati Recently theKazakhgovernment created832,000 come underIUCN management categoriesIand II, 637,000 ha(Starikov2006),whichmakes itthebigges V.5. Katon-KaragaiStateNationalNaturePark Approximately49º00'N, 87º00'E. State-owned North-eastern partofKazakhstan AltaiHighlands(Table3) on astheiraim. TheWorld W Accordingtoparkdata, itis on-Karagai. InJuly2001the Mountains ofAltai”(Chuprova 2006) In1998 thegovernment ofKazakhstanadoptedthe so become thebasisfor theextension of the thereistheNationalPa their own partsasprotected national reserves. Reserve, situated atthe Russianborder,anda today, they continuetoimpress visitors with a "GifttotheEarth".On meaning thatthey willbestrictlyprotected ha ofnewprotected Thefirstexplorers,visitedthisarea, classified asIUCNCategory II. t protectednaturalareain ildlife Fundhasrecognizedthe ountains withinth park was created and became park wascreatedandbecame rk ofKhanasi(atthe

e oftheseareas,the areas, allofwhich eir territories CEU eTD Collection and itbelongstonature(Ecosystem 2006). course, nottotwostates,butfirstofall,pe 4506 meters high.Thismountainis with asnowcover,which remains insummer t Altai themountainofBelukha(the mountain is 2006). beauty waterfalls.One of thebiggestisKokkol inflows ofKatunriver.Theyflowthroughtheterri there arealso Kara-Kaba,whichistheright-bank in Karagai for200kilometers, thetota to formation ofacomplexriversystem. Bukhtar annual level ofprecipitationvariesfrom 600to standing one from eachotherforhundreds or ev formation ofvariousmicroclimate zones,whichundergeneralconditionscould befound glaciers, big temperature fluctuations withtheco where Mongolian steppe, semi-desert andWest Si determines theprevailingofsh South Altai(Starikov2006). on formation ofclimate intheregion,onprec kilometers. Togetherwiththe glaciers ontheother thickness oftheseglacierscomes to84meters On theterritoryofnationalparkthereare Kokkol waterfall,thethermal Rakhmanov’s Springs Physical Features: Altitude: Climate: ThegeographicalpositionofKa Here issituatedoneofthemost beautifulandthehighestmount IncludestheKazakhsideofMtBelukha,Bukhtarminskoe Lake,the arp continentalclimate. Inth l lengthoftheriveris405 “shared” withRussia.Standing ton-Karagai inthecenterof ople whocome herespeciallytolookatthiswonder two bigglaciers,among 60 ipitation level and phonological processesinthe ipitation levelandphonological 1800 millimeters. Thehigh precipitationlevelled oo: “beliy” in Russian means “white”), which is oo: “beliy”in Russianmeans “white”),whichis approximately. Andthelengthcanreach3-4 en thousand ofkilometers (Starikov 2006).The called sobecauseofitswhitecolorexplained mplicated system ofaircirculation resultedin ma riverflowswithin waterfall, whichis80meters high (Starikov side oftheborder,they beria continental climates meet. Influenceof tory oftheparkforming magnificentintheir flow ofIrtyshriver,Tikhayaonethe , aspurrunningwestfrom theUkokPlateau. e whole,theregionisplace meters. Amongthebiggestrivers on theborder,itbelongs,of giantcontinent of Eurasia the territoryofKaton- haveagreatinfluence of differentsizes.The ains ofSiberiaand CEU eTD Collection (Marmota menzbieri),e.g., it still exists in the most unexplored pl dog argali are listedin theRedDataBookofKazakhstan. Fauna: changes undernottypicalconditions on forestsastheseareas,representingtheSiberian Asia. Hereonecanhaveaconvenientresearchon extreme conditions ofcontinental climate andinfluence ofhot airmasses coming from Central Vegetation: extension wouldqualify underthesame criterionthat theRussianWorld Heritagesite,namely: Conservation Value: of degradationthepark. development oftheterritory.Atsame time, through theterritoryofpresentpark.This f Cultural Heritage: TheNorthern(Golden)Branchofth ( the areasin Russiaand Kazakhstan, butalso water-wet landareasintheAltaimontane system. incompleteness oftheworkstheypointedoutthat the soillayersscientistswerestudyingcha ( elaphus L altaicus. Ursus arctos L. Mosehus mosehiferusL.) canbefoundbythetracesleftat Cuon alpinus Ovis ammon Theabove-mentioned forestsarehome to360 The parkisinhabitedbymountaingoats(Caprasibirica .), Siberiandeer (CapreoluspygargusPallas)liveheretoo.Verycareful Kabarga In 2003intheareaofth Larch, fir,cedar,juniperandSiberianfur-t ), lynx( (VU),thelastinformation aboutthisanimal referredtothe1960’s.Probably, Itisconsideredthat“theGolden Lynx lynxL. live withintheprotectedarea(IUCN2005). (VU),Menzbier's marmot Marmotamenzbieri

e YazovoiLake therewereheld ) andmany otherendangeredspecies,like of adifferentgeographicalzone. aces. Birdsinclude theAltaisnowcock inChinaandMongolia the tourism activityshouldnotbecome thereason Globallythreatenedspeciesinclude theAltai influenceofclimate an nges ofclimatic periods.Despitethelogical theYazovoiLakereferstomostancient taigavegetation,arevery act canbeofgreatinterestforthefurther species ofvertebrates, ofwhicharound40 ree sharethete Mountains” WHsitecouldunitenotonly e GreatSilkRoadwaspartiallygoing themountain foots.Brown bears research works:byanalyzing (IUCN2005).TheKazakh Pallas). Reddeer( rritory offorestsunderthe d anthropogenicfactors (VU)andAsiaticwild sensitivetoallthe Menzbier's marmot Tetraogallus Cervus CEU eTD Collection Besides,thesitehascultural national park,isalsoapartofculturalheritage(Chelyshev2006) the Global200Ecoregion"Altai-Sayanmontane forests". Golden Mountainsislocatedinth species innorthernAsia,anumber ofwhichare Karagai represents an importantand original ar Criterion N (x):Biodiversityandthreatenedspecies

e Altai-Sayancentreofplantdiversity(CPD). value:thenecropolisofBerel, rare andendemic. extensionofthe Theproposed ea ofbiodiversitymontane plantandanimal : AccordingtoIUCN(2005),Katon- situatedattheborderof the It isalsowithin CEU eTD Collection going, e.g.Orcanbeusedforsele original forthenext sub-species, and thuscanhe SLNK Ile-Alatau, Altyn-Emel andAlma-Atynskiy Aksu-Dzhabagly conclusions andtoconsolidateth neighboring sitesand tocreatetransboundary sites, ForAksu-Dzhabagly, Ile-Alatau andKa However,therearesome obstaclesforeachsitewhichdonot allowthem tobenominated now. Inconnection with thisthere are some re stabilizing factor intheprocessofclimate change. AndSLNK,e.g.,istheareaoftemporaryre places andfoodforhundredsofspecies.Besides, scientific research, assome ofthespecies,likeSiver’sappletree, remain thehabitats for rare a found more thanoneoutstandingfe criterion. Itisconnectedwiththediscussionsbetweeninternat AsonecanseefromTable9,allthefourPA are compatible withinternational standards. Ak Katon-Karagai be included intothe WH, thesitesneed international level. They already received the pote into consideration.Itdoesnotmean thatth Based ontheanalysisofabovestatedinformation itispossibletomake thefollowing V.6. OverallConclusionforChapterV Natural Protected Area Natural ProtectedArea al .OVo aua rtce ra fKzksa Table 9.OUVofnatural ofKazakhstan protected areas nd endemic species.Theyalso representaninteresting areafor em intoonetable(Table9). ction andreproductionofspecies. ature forthesesites.Beingnot some changestobedone(Table9). N N N N N N N N x x ix viii vii x x vii : Bestnaturalhabitats/insituecosystems /species : Bestnaturalhabitats/insituecosystems /species : Bestnaturalhabitats/insituecosystems /species : Bestnaturalhabitats/insituecosystems /species : Best ecological features features : Bestecological : Very best phenomena: Very / stunning beauty best phenomena: Very / stunning beauty : Best example of Earth's history ofEarth'shistory : Bestexample commendations ofIUCN, su-Dzhabagly andSLNKreceivedmorethan one e sitesdonotdeserveto lp toexplainhowtheprocessofevolutionwas ntial criteria, buttoconfirm theircriteria and ton-Karagai itwasrecommended tojoin wetlands ofSLNKplayabigroleas s obtainuniquefeaturesofthesites,which it isnecessary toprovide theintegrity of sidence formigrating birds,whichgives ional andlocalscientists,who Malus sieversii OUV very wellexploredthesesites which shouldbetaken beacceptedonthe , considertobe CEU eTD Collection connected with themain bodyofth recommendation ofWHforSLNKwasperfor of thestatusSarykopa which hasbeenalreadyappliedforthenomination, needstodevelopanactionplanonupgrade site: the sitecontainsan ancien Dzhabagly itisalsounclearifthesitecanbe ecosystems, Paragraph88oftheOperationalGuidelines(UNESCO2005a).ForAksu-

t “stonegallery”whichhascultu Wildlife Reserve. Asitwasalreadymentioned another e reserve.Allthesi nominated underthemixed ca med: the Tersek andSypsynoutlierswere tes requirefurtherscientificresearch. ral value. AndSLNK,asasite tegory orasanatural

CEU eTD Collection methods ofecosystems ofremediation or hunting,ontheterritoriesofreserves; conservation measures; 3)inspector performed separately and toge programs onincreaseofth Under theconservation management inthis section thefollowing issues areconsidered: 1) environmental planningisdone,whatprograms orpl management inthefourPAsandtopointoutwh likelegal,butinthischap forms ofprotection, 2005a), i.e.conservationiftospeakabout protection” (UNESCO 109 oftheOperationalGuidelines,“…thepurpos management isanimportant item WH for sites,a order toimplement conservationmeasures Theterms “management” and“conservation” ar speak aboutPAsasfartheiraimistoprovideconservationofecosystems ofOUVandin VI.1ConservationManagement In-situ VI.NaturalsitesofKazakhstan Besides,the preliminary res the most ofthesitesKazakhstan.Anditwasd said inthetextofWWF,devotedtocons into consideration the constantlychanging inne goal, i.e.totheconservationandsupportofbiologicaldiversitynaturalresourcestaking “… Managementofspeciallyprotectedareas e territories,creationof“green ther withforeignorganizations,which aim toimprove earch donebyIUCNre s’ services, which control illegal activities,such asloggings’ services,whichcontrolillegal or reproductionofspecies,etc. ervation ofprotectedareasinRussia(WWF2002) 4) programs/projects onimplementation ofnew they needtobemanaged. Theconservation at kindofconservationmeasures aretaken,what r andouter conditions ofthisactivity,”–was –Cnevto aaeet –ConservationManagement ter, itisplannedtolookattheconservation necessary element. Asitisstatedin Paragraph ecided toconfirm ordisprovethisstatement. ans aredevelopedwithin e ofmanagement istoprovideeffective is activitydevotedtothemainstrategic e tightly connected witheachother ifto vealed theabsenceof management in corridors”; 2)research works, ecosystems. Thereareother thesites,etc.

CEU eTD Collection reserves havebeenusedfor Forestry and HuntingFacilities(hereinafter-Co Biosphere ReserveinApril1978. Aksu-Dzhabagly State NatureReserveinKyrgyz scientists (Ba plots andmeteorological stations species, suchasthemarmot andsnowleopard.Thesitehasequippedlaboratories,experimental being conducted,includingthestudyofbiology re-afforest themountains, especiallythenut-tr dynamics ofthearea,includingan Western Tien-Shanaswell.Curr Scientific of sitesunderCategoryIa(IUCN2005) activities specific predetermined routes,accordingtotheinternational standards co Accordingtothematerials presented by conservation threats, together withover-collection of firewood insome areas. Ugam ChatkalNational Parkissettledandcu Belongingtodifferentstates, the ChatkalReservein Uzbekistan isalreadytw was suggestedtoallowvisitsonlybyspecialar scientific work, 18security,and tenge annually(about2400 USD).Among the42employees 5perf 3,124,000 tengeforsalaryof42employees. Touris Aksu-Dzhabagly hasa As thesiteappearstobepopularamong VI.2 Aksu-Dzhabagly itulin 2000). budget aretakingplaceinAksu-Dzhabagly hunting andgrazing,forminera of4,664,000tengeperyear(1USD=125 tenge) including 9 logisticsandtransportation. ent researchisfocusedonst stan, andwasdesignatedaspa inventoryoffloraandfauna,ondevelopingtechniquesto atitsdisposal. the reserveshavedifferent ltivated. Over-grazingandhuntingarethemain mmittee ofForestry) ofKazakhstan. Partsofthe ee forestareas.Thereis the nomination committee(Proceedings,2000) rangement. Andvisitors inned asa'cluster reserve' withSary-Chelek t activitiesbringtothisparkaround302,000 wood-producingplantsandofrareanimal isunder supervision oftheCommittee of Accommodation isalsoavailableforthe tourists , topreserve the wildlife habitats it udying ofcomplex structureand protection andothernaturalsitesofthe rt oftheChatkalMountains l prospecting,whilepartof orm administrative tasks,10 nnected withprotection regimes. Forexample, otherresearchworks must beguidedalong CEU eTD Collection conservation measures. Here,Kazakhstan canlo authorities. Itneeds additional efforts andtime, operation shouldbeactivated.Th communities shouldbecontrolled improve management, restrict huntingandput as itisseenfrom theabove-mentioned character Dzhabagly inparticular,thefurtherpromotion oftheterritoryas

Conclusion. Despitethe naturalvalue of thesite is initiativeshouldcome from thelocalside,supportedby forover-grazingbycattle.Inte ok attheexperience ofothercountries. butthe results canguarantee improvement of tourism intoamore organized way.Local istics, itneeds some initiative inorder to s oftheWesternTienShan,andAksu- aWH site is required. Forthis, rnational transboundary co- CEU eTD Collection which isworkingonthe Scie management planafterthe mutual work with park zoneanditssurroundings. Accordingtothe mudslides, whicharetypicalformountain regions, hunting andlogging (Vinogradova 2006). Accordingtodata receivedfromtheadmi DirectorofIle- A.A.Begembetov, Another aspectwhichshouldbemore aptly Atthesame time, forexample, inIle-Alatauthe iodide andcalcium intheireverydaymeal, birds intheparkweretakenaswell.The the NationalAcademy ofScienceRoK.Speci biological medicines with in2002,accordance protection. Thisincludespestmanagement, in park. Theteam of the parkisworkingoncu unjust, yetitshapedconservati ordinary people, onlysome elitemembers couldvi articulated byAndreiGubenko(2006),intheprev the same areaintherecr increased too. Ifthecapacity ofthe parkaccordi protection ofwildlife, of thisissueisthat,providingequalaccessto Nowadays, withthenumberofin VI.3 NorthernTienShan,namelyIle-AlatauandAlmatinsky . Themanagement planshouldalsoinclud

andcreatespecialzonesfor tourists. eational zoneonecanregisterthe presence oftenspersons.As ntific and Technical Justification for thisplan. on efforts towards a relatively mi arelatively towards on efforts creasing visitors,thesemethods Alatau, therearesome conser the EcoprojectLtd,an environmental company, expertstakecareoftheanimal byaddingsalt, and providinggrass ng totheold planis0.5 personperha,todayon cluding amass treatmentofwildtreeswith ltivation of thewildplantspecies andtheir nature,theparkteamshouldorganize consideredinthemanagement planis al measures onincreasingthepopulationof and foreseepossiblewaysofprotectionthe the recommendations ofthespecialistsfrom ious times, thenatureparkswereclosedfor director ofthepark, sit them. Thismay beperceived associally nistration ofthepark,particularlyfrom anthropogenic pressure e instructionsforcatastrophes,e.g. nimal useofnaturalresources. are inappropriate. Another side are inappropriate.Anotherside vation measures takeninthe Ile-Alatau willhavea grain forherbivores ontheparkhas illegal CEU eTD Collection forest areatherewerecreatedtwo budget determined bytheGovernment. be asource ofincome. Besides, allthe natural Thereisno summer campforchildrenandseveralhousingsrent conservation, andanimal reproduction. Accordingtodatagivenbythedirectorof Ile-AltauPark,therearearound116inspectors responsible for annually theactionplansformeas D.E.Emkibaev, Director ofAlmatinskiy,told term planonconservationofecosystems orpr Atthemoment there isnoactive cleaning ofstreams from wastes of thepark(Picture4,Annex).Twentypersonsareresponsibleforsanita voting. the management among theoldemployees, without of employees itispossibletocrea the current management asitbri of threenaturalsitesin management plan,whichisbeingpreparednow department ofecologicaleducationwascr are organizedforstudents,whomake theire Conclusion. security

exact budget,itisknownonlythatIle- To increase thechances ofnominationitisalsorequired tohave a to onesuggestssome administrative ofthepark.Therearespecial facili ngs joiningof supervising positions. Perhaps, toavoidreduction , sanitarylogging,planting,etc.Tenpeople te ajointteam withpreservationofthesalaries,andtochoose security points atthe TalgarRa ures takenincaseofillegal research eated, with1pers xperiments necessaryfordiploma works. otection measures. However,thePA worksout according to AA.Begembetov, director. accordingtoAA.Begembetov, Joining sites, mentioned inthisworkandnot,havea being doneinthearea,al bringing someone from outside,byresultsof ed forthesummerperiodaswell. Bothcan that atthemoment thereisnospeciallong- ties for the inspectors ontheterritory on ofthestaff. changes, whicharenotwelcomed by Alatau containson hunting, logging. To protect the hunting, logging.Toprotectthe vine andattheIssykLake.The ry measures, including though some facilities are responsiblefor its territoryone CEU eTD Collection conservation ofbiodiversity. wetlands protectioninKurgaldzhinonowadays.Probably,thiswillresu Development Program isworkingonaprojectconnectedwiththe (hereinafter–UNDP) biodiversity, according tothelegi regime of protection. They cannotbeusedfor

Besides,toimprove theconservationof corridor wascreatedbetweenKurgaldzhinoa Development oftheTerritory,whichforeseesth Theteam ofthereserve followedtheWH requirements statedinDecision27COM8C.6 of the27thmeeting oftheWH Committee ( and after installation of wastewater treatment fa Karaganda SyntheticCaoutchoucPlant,whichwasthemercury dischargesource,wasinspected AsitwasstatedbyM.A.Demilova, Deputy negative effectsofmercury po Accordingtotherecommendationof assessment part;3)planningpart. Science on08.11.2006.Itconsistsof3parts,written160pages: 1)descriptivepart;2) 2011. ThisplanwasapprovedbytheCommittee of (UNESCO 2006f). should “maintain theexistingnatu Having thestatusofstatenaturereserves VI.4 SLNK slation ofthe RoK. Agroupofexpertsfrom theUnitedNations llution intheNuraRiver areeliminated. Thelocalplant, ral flowsintheNuraRivera nd Naurzum, whichoccupies159000ha. UNESCO 2006f)andworkedoutthePlanon cilities nodischargesaretakingplacenow. e conservationmeasures fortheperiodof2007- , KurgaldzhinoandNaurzumobtainaspecial any otherpurposesthan the PAsecosystems, an WH Committee theenvironmental services Director ofKurgaldzhino,nowadaysthe Forestry andMinistryofEducation nd depositsofmercury pollution” lt inimprovement of ecological“green” scientific studiesof CEU eTD Collection 385,068 ha(Starikov2006). their conservationandrepr mammals inKaton-Karagai. Asaresult there weredeveloped themost perspective measures on institutes thereweredonework economic activityofthelocalpop accommodate around120 persons,andotherfacilities zone ofrecreationalusehasth Anotherzonehasalessstrictregime,wh activity are permitted. Forthese purposes, the zone wasdivided into twosub-zones. Thesub- zones” fromtheothersideofborder. of neighborcountries,whichfor protection regime, anyeconomic when activityispr In2003theresearchworkson vegetationcover the expertscouldgiverecommenda various regimes andinventoryworksinthefloraa created Department ofScienceandTourism, wh According toA.Chelyshev,SpecialistofKa measures onprotectionof theparkfrom illega Localpeoplearemostly occupiedwithca The Altaihoney iswell-knownin regime and includestheterritoryofRakhma Farmers donotkilltheanimals, asthey diseases. The medicines producedfrom themara Within theterritory of Katon-Karagaithere aretwozones. Onehasthereserves’ VI.5 Katon-Karagai oduction (Chelyshev2006) e territoryof107,173ha.Itborders s onstudyingoftheterritorialdistributionandquantitybig tify protectionofthesiteperf Kazakhstan foritstasteandused ulation controlledbythepark tions on protectionofthevegeta tions takethehornsonly(Ecosystem 2006) l logging andhunting.InKaton-Karagaitherewas nov’s Springswiththesanatorium,whichcan ich isresponsible for ecosystems monitoringin ere some types ofeconomic andrecreational ttle farming, maral farm nd faunafields.With thehelpofleading l hornsarefamous indifferentcountries. ohibited. Itborderswiththenaturereserves ton-Karagai, theydevelopannualplansof for tourists. Andanotherzone isusedfor were started.Bytheendoftheseworks, orming the function of “buffer orming thefunctionof“buffer team. Ithasth tion cover.Specialvalue of asamedicine for different withthezone ing andbee-keeping. e territoryof ofreserve CEU eTD Collection tasks: conservation measures takenonplace.Atthemo Life Fund.With theorganizationof ecologic andeducationalactivityecotourism. implementation ofconservationmeasures onthete the RepublicofAltaiandKazakhstan. Theaim It wasdevotedtothedevelopment of meeting, whichwasheldonJuly7,2005,inthevill step indevelopment ofthecommon strategy of thesetwo reserves became theinternational Site being considered together withtheRussian studying. Thiscooperationisimporta development ofjointmeasures inthesphere Theparkworkstogether withtheRu of newspecies,notonlyfortheparkbut the final report wasinthe sectiondevoted tomy “Ounce” in thesphereof joinedscientific research works.Theparkis planning together with (Global Observation Research the internationalRussian-Kazakh-Austrian expe - - - -

support toresearchworksdoneontheterrit development ofthetourism activities w unemployment intheregion contend withillegalhunti fires forest fight Form July2005Katon-Karagaiiscoopera The logicalcontinuation of this event became in AlpineEnvironments). thetransboundarysite,itwouldbepossibletostrengthen

ng andlogging,causedwith nt aspotentiallyKaton-Karagaicanbenominated asaWH transboundary cooperation the Eastern Kazakhstanregion(Chelyshev2006) ith involvement ofthelocalpopulation cological researches,whichresultedindiscovery ofenvironmental protectionandbiodiversity KatunStateBiosphereRe Themeeting wassupport dition performed with the GLORIA Program dition performed Program withtheGLORIA ory ofKaton-Karagai(Ecosystem 2006) ment, theteam oftheparkhasseveralmain ssian KatunStateBiosphere Reserve on of themeeting wasthediscussion ofjoint rritories, development of age ofUst’-Semain of ting withtheCzechpublicorganization participation of thepark’s specialists in oftheprotectedterritories the increasedlevelof ed bytheWorldWild the RepublicofAltai. serve. Animportant scientific research,

CEU eTD Collection And therefore,themanagement ofthesitedoes different environmental policies, difficulties causedbythe interesting geopolitical territory isconsidered. between thestates-these arethequestionswhich na be performed, whowilltaketheleadingposition Russian site. Ajoinedsitewillrequire aswellone management body.Howthemanagement will legal protection. AndtheKazakhstan part, in case guidance and,ithasadoptednewstandardsconcer both sidesoftheborder.TheRussianpart legislative bases, which couldprovide anadequate management planfortwo statescanbecomplicated uniting ofKaton-KaragaiwiththeRussian Gold 2005), buttherearesome politicalandmanagement Also,Katon-Karagai requiresdeeper resear World Heritageifconsideredasanextension Kazakhstan andCzechRepublic. “Ounce” toprepareyoung expertswhocouldfurt

Conclusion. Itisbelievedthatthemanagement of different levelsofconservation of theterritoryisalreadyunderUNESCO not conform theWorld to Heritagestandards. of theGoldenMountains en Mountains.Forexamplethecreationofone and howtheresponsibilitie position ofthesite,wherefourcountries with ning theconservationof of nomination, willneed tocatchupwiththe attitudetoconservationoftheterritoryfrom her work onconservation ofecosystems in ch onplace.Itcouldbenominated by the as itwillrequiretheestablishment of equal constraints, whichmay createdifficultiesfor turally appear assoon astheideaofaunited suchaprotectedareamight encounter management havepartsinit. ofAltaisite(IUCN the site,including s willbe distributed CEU eTD Collection creation oftwozoneswith differentregi zone for tourism activitiesinAksu-Dzhabagl the sites interpretprotection measures intheir provide effectiveprotection(UNE conservation management. InPara protected territoriesofKazakhstanthe As aresult oftheresearch devoted tothe Thissection is aimed tointegrate the received conclusions on each site,which follow the descriptions inChapterVI,andtopickupt VI.6.OverallConclusionforChapter 6 Thenaturalareasconsidereda Katon-Karagai SLNK Alma-Atynskiy Ile-Alatau, Altyn-Emel and Aksu-Dzhabagly Natural Protected Area Natural ProtectedArea - -

conservation measures takentofu recommendations ofWH/IUCNforupgrade

Table 10. OUV and recommendations of WH/IUCN ofWH/IUCN Table 10.OUVandrecommendations ute res Further eomnain o WH of Recommendations Further studies Creation ofa transboundary site (UNESCO)/IUCN (UNESCO)/IUCN pollution mercury in theNuraRiveranddepositsof maintain the existingnaturalflows outliers status Reserve Upgrade of the SarykopaWildlife the sites establishment ofacorridorbetween Creation ofonesiteor,atleast,

transboundary site Probably, creationof a the rightcriterionandcategory SCO 2005a).However,asonecanseefrom theabovewritten graph 109itissaidthatthepurposeofmanagement isto bove (Table10)havedifferenta earch fordetermination following tableappeared.Itshows: mes inKaton-Karagai. ofprotection lfill theWH/IUCN recommendations hose which refer tothe conservation management studyingfourspecial own way,asforexample, arrangement ofspecial y, controloverillegal hunting inIle-Alatau, thecurrentstatusofPAs, measures development ofcommonconservation State Biosphere on Reserve Cooperation with theRussianKatun 000 (159 ha) between Kurgaldzhino and Naurzum Creation ofa“green”corridor has beenidentifiedanddestroyed eliminated, thesourceofpollution inNurais Mercury pollution The studiesareperformed. no initiativeoncreationof a jointsite According totheIle-AlatauDirector: create acorridor No information onany attempts to recommendations according toWH(UNESCO)/IUCN Conservation MeasuresFulfilled No information WH/IUCN recommendations. pproaches towhatiscalled CEU eTD Collection regime, etc(UNESCO2006d). zones, mostly devotedtotourism, workonconservationof wildspeciesinthezone ofstrict plans, which, asfor WH sites, include multiple tasks connected with activities inthebuffer authorities (Gubenko2006).Asaresultthewerenorequirements fordetailedmanagement visitors inthe sites,which wereopenmostly for scientific workandsomerepresentatives of the in Ile-Alatau,withcontroloverillegallogg Kazakhstan. Eco-tourismisnotpopularyet.Soth past, accommodationsnearthenaturalsites,in considered alreadyasaprotectionmeasure. The protection measures taken.Buttheapproachwas Conservation management isnotnewforthenatura using ofnewconservationmeasures canbeexplai there aresome changes, aswellforKaton-Kara AsweseeforAksu-Dzhabaglyand Ile-Alatau no information onimprovement ofthesites’ transboundary cooperationwith it isnecessarytofindanotherapproach.In special regime fortheinneruntouched territories. need management plans,whichwouldinclude protectivemeasures inth interest ofpeopletolocalnaturalsitesonecan conservation measures. Atthisisonlythebeginning,takingintoconsiderationgrowing as Katon-Karagai.InSLNKtheexperts additional source offinancing. Perhaps, this site they workontheirmanagement plan.Aksu-Dzhabag for twoneighboringsites,toupdatescientificda Nowadays, peopleworkinginnaturalreserves theRussiansiteinordertowo ing andhunting.Ordinarypeoplewerenotoften from UNDPareworkingondevelopment of conservation management. However,forSLNK suggestthattheprotectedterritories willsoon willalso cooperate with tranboundary reserves Katon-Karagai, e.g.,theytrytodevelopthe frastructure –thesearequitenew thingsfor e main protection measures wereconnected,as different. Thecreationof ned byhistoricaldevelopment question. ofthis ta, todeveloptourismtogether.InIle-Alatau, gai. Thereasonsofsuch tourists activities were notdeveloped inthe l reserves andparks,therewerealways some (plus Altyn-Emel andAlmatinsky) thereis understandthatthetime haschangedand ly tries toattract touristsin order to have rk outjointconservationmeasures e recreationalzonesand aprotectedzonewas apassive attitude to CEU eTD Collection effective implementation ofsuch status, cannothaveanyrights,be stable conservationofecosystems. Without the Thelegalenvironmental protectionisconsid requirements for theWHsites.This canbeexplai the integrityand/orauth against development andchangethatmight negati InParagraph 98of the Operational Guidelines measures atnationalandlocallevelsshouldassurethesu VII.LegalEnvironmentalProtectioninKazakhstan standards forenvironmental protection. is connectedwiththeactivetransferto specially protectedterritories.Nowadays,the Thefirstperiodindevelopment ofthenationallegislationwasin1991-1996,when Kazakhstan adoptednewlegislativ Thischapterisdevotedtothestudyingof Ecological Fund andtheWorldBank, biodiversity oftheWestern Tien Shan andthe natural territories wasstarted within theInte legislation ofKazakhstan. (FAO 2006). Since thentherehavebeen donea “Enhancement andHarmonization oftheLegislati project TCP/INT/2903of theUnitedNationsFo (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,UzbekistanandTajiki stan) participated inimplementation of the the Western TienShan.Lateron,thefouroutof The workondevelopmentofnewforms oflegisl enticity oftheproperty.StatesPar measures”(UNESCO 2005a). e system oftheindependentstate,includingfirstlawon which wasalsodevotedtoc protected from theviolations,etc. legislation goesthroughthesecondperiod,which rnational projectofTACISonconservation market economy withth Central Asiantrans-boundaryprojectofGlobal legal justificationthe od andAgricultureOrganization (FAO), called ned bythefactthatonlylegislationcanprovide vely impact theoutstandinguniversalvalue,or strong andweakaspectsoftheenvironmental on Specially Protected Natural territories” fivecountriesofth great jobinthesphere ofenvironmental ered inthis workasoneof themajor it is said that“Legislative andregulatory ation inthe sphereof specially protected rvival oftheproper ties shouldalsoassurethefulland onservation ofbiodiversity PAs cannotconfirm their e Central Asian region e CentralAsianregion e useofinternational ty anditsprotection CEU eTD Collection Natural Territories”. protected naturalterritoriesis use offauna” references tothislaw.Forexample, will have the legal force inKazakhstan. Howeverthe (Resolution #918),theWorldHeritageConve (Law #176-1),theConventiononbiodive #84), butnot ratifiedyet,theMontrealprotoc by Kazakhstan.Among them theKyotoProtoc protection, whichresultedinsigni territories), lastversionof Theenvironmental legislationonprotectednatu by theLaw“AboutSpeciallyProtectedNaturalTerri local legislation. Specially ProtectedNatural subsurface withinthe specially Mineral ResourcesandSubsurfaceUsers”,27.01.1996 RoK onSpeciallyProtectedNatural Territories”. Thereis thereference in water objectsofthespeciallyprotectednaturalterritoriesisdone Natural territoriesofth Code, resolutions,like,e.g.,Resolution“AboutA information toit,theyare:th acts, which strengthen thestatementsof legalizing therightsofprotected Several otherlegislativeactshaveconnectio Water Resources CodeoftheRoK#481-II,09.07.20.03 , 09.07.2004.ItstatesinArticle18,“Thepr e RepublicSignificance”#746. Territories” (Article 11-1). which wasadoptedonJuly7,2006.Itisthemain legislativeact e Constitution,Administrative and doneaccording totheLawofRoKonSpeciallyProtected protected territories isdoneaccording to theLawofRoKon ng orjoiningdifferentinternat areas andtherulesoftheiruse.Ithasrespondents,legal Law oftheRoK#593-II“Onprotection,reproduction and the Lawonprotectedterritoriesandaddnew ol towhichKazakhstanhas joinedon 30.10.1997 rsity, approvedbyKazakhstanon19.08.1994 ol, which was signedon12.03.1999(Resolution ol, whichwas ntion, ratifiedon29.04.1994,etc.Theyhaveor ns withtheLawonprotected territories via pproval oftheList tories” (hereinafter–theLawonprotected priority inthesphere ral territories isrepresented, first of all, , aswell.Itstatesthat“theuseofthe otection ofanimals onthespecially ional conventionsandprotocols Criminal Codes,Environmental , Article109:“Theuseofthe accordingtotheLawof of PAsisgivento the SpeciallyProtected Law #2828“On CEU eTD Collection legislation aredetermined bythelaws. Forest Code mentions the functionsoftheGovernment, Protected Natural Territories”. consideration ofadministrative Article 13itsaysthat“Thecompetence ofth Committee ofForestry)anditsterritorialbranches,alsothelocalexecutivebodies”.In cultivation offorestsconsists by theGovernment oftheRoK”. environmental crisis andwithinthespecially prot Thestatebodiesinvolvedintothedevelopm “1.The speciallyprotected naturalterritoriesar state bodies,performing thestategoverningin state environmental expertise. protected natural andcultural territories isgiven bythePresident of theRoKonbaseof the oil productionoperationoffshore,in protected natural territories, andalso thejustifications for the creation of theseterritories”. expertise isdonefor:8-1)theschemes ofdeve territories for givingthem aspeciallegalstatus the objectsofecological expertise therecan be the statereservedfund.2.Thetype which haveaspeciallegalregime ofprotecti conservation anduse…aresetupbyth ProtectedNaturalTe Law oftheRoKonSpecially

Law oftheRoK#160-I“Onenvironmentalprotection” Law #2350“OnOil”,June28,1995 Forest Code Law oftheRoK#85-I“Onecologicalexpertise” oftheRoK#477-II,08.07.2003,Article11,saysthat“The system ofthe of the Government of the RoK, the responsible body (the oftheGovernment oftheRoK,responsiblebody(the 2.Theorderoftheoperations violations inthes s ofthespeciallyprotectednatu thezonesofenvironmentalcr e legislationofKazakhstan”. , Article49,statesthat“1.Thegeneralpermission on on, whichprovidesconserva e responsiblebodyanditsbranchesincludesthe e thelands,waters,fore lopment andlocationofth ected natural andcultural territories isapproved ”. Article 14: “Theobligatory stateecological rritories. 3.Theorderofformation, regimes of thesphereofprotection,remediation and phere…of theLawofRoKonSpecially thematerials ofthecomplex researchofthe ent andimplementation oftheenvironmental , March18,1997,Article6:“Among , July15,1997,Artic ral territoriesaresetupbythe offshore,inthezonesof isis andwithinthespecially sts andsubsurfaceareas tion andremediation of e netofthespecially le 67, states le 67,states CEU eTD Collection republican value; objects ofthestatenaturalreservedfund ofrepublicanvalue; 2) therightofpossessio 1) developmentofthebasi protected naturalte Thedetailedcommitments oftheGovernment territories. The competence oftheGovernment of administrative violationsonthespecia the Committee of Forestry andthelocal branches connected with thecontrol overthe natural territories; funds givinggrantsonpreservati - thelistofinternationalandstateorganizations, thenongovernmental - thebordersandakindofmode ofprotection purpose inespecially protected natural territories; - theorderofcarryingoutcompetitions onconstruction ofobjects - conductingthestatecadastreofesp realization of adjustable tourism andarecreation; - therulesofgrantinginrentgroundareasterritorystatenationalnaturalparksfor networks onrepresentation - theprogramofdevelopments of - thelistofobjectsst - thelist of specially protected natu 4) thestatement of: 3) definitionoftheauthorizedbodyinfi territories; rritories concerns: ate naturalreservedfundofrepublicanvalue; n, usingandmanagement ofspecially c directions of astate policy inthe of theauthorizedbody; system ofspecially protected natural territories and ecological on ofabiodiversityanddevelopment ofespeciallyprotected ral territories of republican value; ecially protectedna lly protectednaturalterritories. eld ofspeciallyprotec Republic Kazakhstan inth territoriesofthestat aredetermined inthe Law on protected tural territories; field ofspecially protectednaturalterritoriesand ted naturalterritories; tourist andrecreational e naturesanctuariesof organizationsandthe e fieldofespecially protected natural CEU eTD Collection Regional bodies,situatedinrela territories, whichareoccupiedwiththequestions also performs rulingoverregionalandcentral carrying outspecialexecutiveand who, intheirturn,reporttotheabovesetbodiesand control theprotectionservices,includingmana management, itisresponsibleforscientificwo AsweseethefunctionsofGovernment questions. The Governmentcancreatespeciallyprotect 7) theinternational cooperation inthe field 6) creationandexpansionofes territories ofrepublicanvalue; all categoriesinthecases connect 5) grantingandwithdrawalof minerals ontheterritory of state natural protected areas; - specialecologicalrequirements forgeological Kazakhstan andthe natural territories, assigned onitbytheConstitutionof theRoK,laws,legal certificates of reproduction anduseoffauna(exceptforafish and otherwateranimals) AccordingtoResolution #310,theCommittee authorized bodywithinthelimits mentioned ForestCode,butbyResolution#3 Thecontrol onplaces isperformed byinspect branches oftheCommittee ofForestryandHunt 7-10). present Resolution. the groundareas,includingbyrepayment, from groundsof the pecially protectedna tively bigtowns,andcentralbodies of thecompetence oftheMinistry ed withcreationandexpansionofspeciallyprotectednatural supervising functionsinthefiel of especially protected rk andthelevelofprotectiononanaturalsite 10 oftheGovernment oftheRoK06.04.05. ing, whichisauthorizedbynotonlythealready bodies,accordingtotheLawonprotected ofspeciallyprotectedterritories onplaces. arequitebroadand tural territories of republican value; studying,investigationandextractionof gement teams workinginthenatural sites, participate inthede ors, whoaretheemployees ofthe local of Forestry isthedepartment and the ed territoriesandcontrolovertheir natural territories. d ofaforestry,protection ofAgriculturetheRoK, , situatedinsmallertowns, include many important cision making (Articles and speciallyprotected . It CEU eTD Collection landscapes; ecological net,ensuringconservationandrec which needlegaljustification. resources offauna,aconditionandactivity 3) maintenance ofthestatecontroloverprot biological diversityandobjectsof 2) preservationandrationaluseofresourcesve territories; and useoffauna(exceptforafishother 1) maintenance ofrealizationastatepolic hunting facilities.Theprimary goalsofCommitteeare: natural territories; 6) responsibilityforviolations 5) paidusageofspecia 4) usageof specially protected territories for scientific, cultural, educational, tourism purposes; 3) conservationofthestatenature-p 2) regulationandcontrolin 1) development ofthesystem of Law statesthemain principlesinthe sphereofspeciallypr nature parks,consideredinthiswork,alsodete Firstof all,theLawonprotected territories givesthestatustoprotectedterritoriesas state-owned propertyand identifieswhichareas can Speakingabout themain legislative actsdevote the responsiblebodies,itisnecessarytopointout The committee has territorial bodies -regional lly protectedterritories; the sphereofspeciallyprot of the legislation of theRoKin specially protectednaturalterritori specially statenaturalreservedfund; rotected fundandnaturalecosystems; ection, reproductionanduseofwoodresources specially protected natural territories. y concerningforestry,pr overy ofthebiodivers rmined asspecially protected. Article 3of this getative andfauna, water animals) inspecially protected natural if theyconsidersome beconsideredasspeciallyprotected. The ected natural territories; d tothespecially protected territories and territorialmanagements offorestryand otected territories: the sphereofspeciallyprotected es asabasecomponent ofthe of theWHrequirements, otection ofreproduction ity, uniqueandtypical also preservationofa CEU eTD Collection Guidelines. (IUCN 2005).Andwhicharerequ rehabilitation oftheheritage”. measures necessary forthe with Article5ofthe Theprinciples oftheLawonprotectedte aspects, whichintotalseemtoprovidegoodbase forthenatureprotection.Theycorrespond 9) internationalcooperation 8) accesstotheinformation inthe sphe protected territories; 7) participationofpersonsandlegalentities Besides,themanagement of thelandandim important issue of theallocation of So,itisfoundoutthatthemanagement of guaranteed asitisseenfrom thereportingofIUCN(2005). Administrative CodeandArtic 2). Andlookingthroughthesele Law referstoAdministrative CodeandCriminal In caseofviolationthisArticletheLawon AccordingtoArticle8ofth responsible forworkingoutofmanagementplansthespeciallyprotectednaturalterritories Nowitisnecessary tofind outif therearele like management plans,e.g.,whichweredetermin management planningforspecia contain anymeasuresofadministrativeor ot Criminal CodeoftheRepublicKazakhstan, WH Convention, whichsaysabout“ WH Convention, in thesphereofspecially les 277-294ofChapter11,called lly protectedterritories identification, protection, conservation,presentationand identification, protection, gislative acts,onecanfind e Lawonprotectedterritories, ired accordingtoparagraphs108,109oftheOperational buffer zones re ofspeciallyprotected territories; devotedtodifferent in decisionmaking sphereofspecially inthe protected territories,aswellforanyother,the Code oftheRoK(Paragraphs2and3Article . Accordingtonewarticle oftheLand Code, her typesofpunishmentincaseabsence ed astheweakside plementation of punitive measures there isan rritories arequitebroadandincludemany PAs isdescribedinthelegislation,butnot protectedterritories gal justifications for someseparate points, . …taking theappropriatelegal… that Articles 240-306 of the that Articles 240-306ofthe the CommitteeofForestry is “Ecological Crimes”, ofthe types ofviolations, for Kazakhnatural sites do not . CEU eTD Collection specially protected territory Territories” of27.02.2004. “About theRightsofAttachment activities, which is confirmed bythisCodea other purposesbutforconservationoftheirwild and privatizedbyanyone,asth which saysinParagraph2that“ Paragraph 103.Sothelegislatio the World Heritage towards thenominated territori the currentLandCodeandLawonprotectedte 123 oftheLandCode,paragraph3.Thecreationbu recognized asnotcausingharmtotheecosystems Private housesandlandplotscanbepurchasedforst by theexecutivebodiesofregionallevel,andshoul Protected Natural Territoriesa “About ChangesandAmendments toSome Legi Article 123, some considerationsfromthemanagement side. significance” places ontheterritoryofnaturalsites,whic territories”; Article42,paragraph3,pointsoutthat“ scientific, culturalandtourismactivitiescanbe TheLandCodereferstotheLawonprotecte onprotectedterritories, “… use ofprotectedlands.AccordingtoArticle39theLaw Among theprotectivemeasures therecanbe requirements onbufferzone. the creationofbufferzonesislegally . Which exactly significance . Thisamendment wasdoneaccordingtoLaw oftheRoK#176-III nd Forestry”,07.06.2006.Thesizeof ey arethepropertyofstate” the landsofspeciallyprotected (Ransom) ofLandsforCreation n onspeciallyprotectedterrito it isnotstatedinthete xt, probably,thereshould be nd byResolutionoftheGovernment ofRoK#240 h donotcauseharmtotheecosystemsofspecial organized by the management team of these organizedbythemanagementteamofthese rritories, correspondswiththerequirements of nature and for scientific, cultural, tourism of thespeciallyprotectedterritories,Article slative Acts of the RoK on the Specially slative ActsoftheRoKon d benotlessthantwokilometers inwidth. es stated inthe OperationalGuidelines,in the tourismactivitycanbeperformedin recognized asnecessaryconditionforany mentioned Article122 d territories for detailedexplanation of the ate needsorcanbeleftiftheiractivityis ffer zones,aswellotherrestrictionsof . Theycannotbeusedforany territories cannotbeoccupied of SpeciallyProtectedNature the bufferzonesisregulated ries correspondswiththe of theLandCode, The CEU eTD Collection rules. 42.5-85 USdollars,andthereforeitis according to Law№ Theusualadministrative punishmentforviol comes to5-10 monthly calculationindexes Asitwasmentionedalready, Makinganalysisofthecurrent of animal oranyotherviolationsagainstnature only. death mentioned before,thelawdoesnotforeseemeasur protection, theydonoplayabigroleascanbeus Itcanbeconsidered asquitesofttowards years imprisonment canbedescribedasveryst death (Article286)and5yearincase imprisonment forcrim fortheperiodof8years stricter punitive measures connectedwithth Apropos,thebiggestpunitive measure in calculation indexes,whicharetakenfrom largele over theperformance environmental ofthe legislation. and Criminal Code.Theiranalysisisveryimporta of thesuggestedcode,it issaidthatthereshouldbe“targetparameters’determining thestateof to thestandardization in thefield of specially pr zones. ItispossibletoaddtheEnvironmental the Lawonprotectedterritories, weak sides.Among thestrongsides,asitwasalr mass deathofwildspecie involve aseriousharm tohuman health 88-III“OntheStateBudget”of s aresubjectforadministr the ruleaboutmanagement plan there arerespondingle easierinallsensesforaviol of human death(Articles277-279,283-285). legislationitisnecessary and iftheydonotinvolvehuman death. Code, whichincludessome newpoints,referring es involvingmass infectionofpeopleandhuman (hereinafter –MCI)(oneindex=1030tenge, otected natural territories. Namely, inArticle 24 eady mentioned therearethemain principlesof rict. From thepointofviewenvironmental ed onlyifahuman deathisinvolved,asitwas nt astheycanshowth gal entities. TheCriminal Code contains some violations orviceversa:measures including5 e environment protection, thestrictest is es stricterthan200-50 the Administrative Codeis200monthly ative feeat200-500MCI 22.11.05),whichis5150–10300 tenge/ ations oftheenvironmental legislation gislative acts,suchasAdministrative to speakaboutitsstrongand ator topaythanfollowthe s, the justification of buffer s, thejustificationofbuffer e mechanisms ofcontrol 0 MCIpenaltyincase , iftheydonot The casesof CEU eTD Collection where theeconomic activityonthe territoryof naturalsitesisrestrictedfullyfornational it contradicts withthecurrent legislation permitted to perform economic activitiesonthe territory of national parks orreserves. Therefore, 6, Article221);“ identification of rules.Exactlyitsays, “ considers responsible statebody. 2005a). AsitisstatedinArtic Anotherstrongsideisconnect monitoring overthenaturalsites state bodyforthesepurposesis sustainable development. Asitfollows from the have toachieve theparameters, which willbeset upaccording tothe international standards on environment inthespecially protectednaturalterritories Thearticledoesnot consider if this isa Article 221).Andsome otherrequirements aregivenaswell. protected naturalterritories,itisnecessa exploration andproductionofoilon Environmental Code,whichwillcome intoforceinthemiddle of2007.Article221 saysabout ecological expertise,thePresidentandGovernment. Thesame statement isdoneinthe Buttherearesome sidesintheenvi weak “On Oil”,Article49,whilemaking environmental policyofthestate. or others,as itwouldbehelpful for environmentalists todetermine thetendencies inthe international standardsandwhichmethodswillbe the oilproductiononthei dump ofwasteinwaterobjectsandsubsurface isforbidden le 141oftheEnvironmental C , requiredbyOperationalGuidelines, Paragraph132(UNESCO theGovernment, it however, theterritoryofspeciallyprot r territory aspossible references tothespecially When constructionofoilwellsisconductedinspecially ry toapplyonlythe ed withthees (Articles43-47oftheLaw Law on protected territories,themostsuitable Law onprotected used.Whetherthere willbeWHparameters ronmental legislation.Forexample, theLaw national reserveornationa tablishment of . Accordingtoit,thenaturalsiteswill storage freetechnology after the permission of thestate

ode, thereshouldbeaspecial is nowherementioned which ected naturalterritories with protected naturalterritories, on protectedterritories), the united system of the unitedsystemof l park,asifitis ” (Paragraph7, ” (Paragraph CEU eTD Collection reserves. the most probableseems tobeconnectedwithth hunting isperformed sometimes illegally. Thesituat the naturalreserves,includingspeciallyprot nature oftheAlmatyregion(Shelepova2006).Itisaboutdegradationenvironment in case ofproblems withotherlegislativeact threat ofindustrialexploitationas territories inthearticl natural reservedfundofrepub Thisarticlecouldappearautomatically asawa production alreadyperformed ontheCaspianSea,wh connected with needsoftheloca reserves andpartiallyallowed 2006). Atthesame time, theaver Thesalary ofpeopleworkingintheforestry 2006 itcomestoaround 20,000tenge,whichisequa Thelackof effectiveness is screen, sometimes readinthenewspapers,like representing thelocalforestry facilitiesandthe Government. Besides,therearetwoparallel same time theCommittee of Forestry is controlledbytheMinistryofAgricultureand Anotherweaksideofthelegislationis executive bodies Committee ofForestry. hierarchy amongtheregionalandcentralbodi Government. Thedecisionmaking cantakeal , wheretheGovernment andtheCommittee ofForestryworktogether,atthe e automatically putothersites,whic l population,notwiththeactivity age salaryintheoiland gas sectorcomes to100,000tenge(781 lic significance.Butmentioni on theterritory of national parks, which means activities itgivesapossibilitytooilco confirmed withthereal life cases, sometimes seenon the TV s, whichprohibitexploitationofthiskind. local authorities,perfor ected naturalterritories,wheretheloggingand es andamongtheGovernment,Ministry e personalinterestsoftheemployees ofnatural ong time, asitrequiressubordinationofthe systems oftheregionalexecutivebodies: thearticledevotedto establishment ofthecomplicated system of ion canbeexplained indifferent ways.But isoneofthesmallest inthecountry.For y togivelegalstatusoilexplorationand ich isrecognizedasan l to156USdollar(Agency ofStatistics h alsorefertothiswidegroup,under mpanies torefertheCodein ng speciallyprotectednatural ofindustrial ming thefunctionsof the degradationof object of the state objectofthestate enterprises. CEU eTD Collection protection of thesites into co policy, givingtheculturalandna which weredoneinthelegalprotection. Inadditiontotheabove-mentioned discussion active environmental legislation of theRoK,ther indexes) (Administrativ the punitivemeasures donotexceedthementi illegal activities as atthe additional source of income. Especially,if there isnostrict control and production sector.Sopeople,work ofStatistics2006),andthemarketUSD) (Agency pricesareorientatedontheworkersofoil according totheLawonprotected territories Speakingaboutthefirstpoint,thereisa AccordingtotheConventi the problems offorests.Thereis (in Kazakhmeans Land”),adoptedwith “Green unemployed peopleandsolvetheproblem with unemployed, and8.0%-from 25to29.Sotheprogram shouldreducethenumber of during realizationoftheprogram, 8.8%ofpe level ofunemployment among theyouthisratherhi inspection services,andpubliclear In thisway, youngpeople workinthePAsand also involveotherrepresentative protected naturalterritories. people forthetreesplanting.Specialattention in As forPoint2,sayingabout integrationof sites intoacomprehensiveplanning program, Programs andStrategies e Code,Article252). mprehensive planningprograms”. Organizing theworkwith alackofyoungspecialis s ofthesociety,whomore orle tural heritage a function in thecommunity life; 2) integrate the ns aboutproblems protected naturalterritories. ofspecially on, Article5,“…AStatePart ing intheinspection oned level(payment of5-10monthly calculated new environmental program “ZhasylEl” called degradationofwoode help torecultivate damaged landsandperform Decree 632,whichaims toattracttheyouth the Government oftheRoKadopted anew e issome information on theprogressivesteps ople ofagefrom 20to24arepermanently gh: accordingtothestatisticalresearchdone thisprogram ispaidtoconservationof about weakandstrongsidesofthepresent ts inthisarea,and services, can potentially look at some services, canpotentiallylookatsome young people,theprogram experts ss informed aboutthisprogram. y should:1)adoptageneral d landsbyhiringyoung at thesame time, the CEU eTD Collection the aim ofenlargement ofthearea of 19.08.94bytheCabinetministers oftheRoK.In Kazakhstan ontheConventionConservationof thousand hectaresandthustocr create anet of thereterritories infuture. country, whichwillprovide betterconservation protected natural territories in alltheclimatic zones oftheRoK fund andnatural/culturalheritage territories oftheRoKfor2007-2009” program, called “TheProgram ofDevelopment of protected natural territories till financial year.Inthelongterm theProgram c 2008 –2009canbeamended inaccordance withth budget andwith9.3million tengeduetointernationalgrants.Thebudgetoftheprogram for analysis ofthecurrent stateof give them thestatusofspecially tl osresm ignaes still conservesome virginareas. attention willbepaid tonatural sites situated specially protectednatura There isanexample ofCanada,whereaccording to protected naturalterritoriesofdifferentcategoriesandtypesduring2007-2009 objective is toset up The aim ofthe Program is Realization oftheProgram willbesupported with147.81million tenge from thestate One of theobjectivesof thisprogram isto a multistage establishment ofenlarged andnewlycreated specially l territoriescomes to8.4percent(ParksCanadaAgency2004). Special , whichcorrespondwithIUCN 10 protectednaturalterr the territorial protection of bi eate thetotalareaof to conservethebiodiversity of percentormore toachievethelevelofsome othercountries. by developmentofasystem of speciallyprotected natural territories willlet thestateto (hereinafter –theProgram). . Anotheraim is in thedesertregionsand of ecosystemsaccordingto onsiders enlargement oftheareaspecially determine themostimportant natural sitesand Biodiversity,adoptedwithResolution#918 theSystem ProtectedNatural ofSpecially itories. Thiswillbe the text of theProgram, thetotal area of e Law“AbouttheStateBudget”foreach 1.8 percentofthewhol thesame resolution itisalsostatedthat to enlargethe total area ofspecially categoriesIandII,for1,258.66 odiversity intheRoK.Another the objectsofnaturalreserved specially protectedterritories semi-desert regions,which done onthebaseof thecommitments of . e territoryofthe CEU eTD Collection initiative onthelocal level working groupwhichcouldarrangetheterritories.Somainproblem isseenin process, itisnecessary torestart theworkofnomination committee ortoorganize anew Heritage Thematic StudyforCentralAsia”menti materials, prepared bythenomination committee, wereused fortheIUCNreport“World seminar onthestandardsofevaluationsites forthenomination process.Afterthat,some International organizationstook studied protectedareas.N.P.Ogarwasthefirs standards. This information isratheradditional other reasons fordelayinthe preparationof Theinterviews mentioned inthis chapter They areaimed toviewthesitu VIII.Interviews sites? International requirements canbeusedtost experience instudyingthenatura natural sites ispositive. Asabiologist and amember of thenomination committee shehad the WHsites? netvst otnesinii eerh and incentives tocontinuescientific research N.P.Ogar, alsostatesthat theworkof Fund incaseofnominationtheterritories. an argument infavourofadditionalfinancingcan be aguaranteedsupport oftheWorld Heritage 1. 2. N.P.Ogar saidthat theissueof nomination needs, Perhaps, the work on promotion of the sites should be sponsored by the state budget. As sitesshouldbesponsoredbythestatebudget.As Perhaps, theworkonpromotion ofthe What isyouropinionabout What wouldyourecommendtodoforthenominationofKazakhstan’snatural Nataliya Petrovnatoldthatheropini . ation oftheWHnomination from an activepartinthenominati l areasbyherselfandagrees the committeewasstopped in2000.Thereareno thenominationofKaza rengthen theexistingsystem ofprotection. t interviewedperson.Here the KazakhPAs according totheinternational And themember ofthenomination committee, to preparethesitesfor nomination. Revisingthe and cannotcharacterizeth oned above.Butforfurtherdevelopment ofthe were performed during on the nomination oftheKazakhstan’s first of all,initiative from thelocal side. on necessityoftheirprotection. on process,i.e.,IUCN helda anotheraspect:therecanbe khstan’s naturalsitesas areheranswers. the personal meetings. the personalmeetings. e situationfor allthe the lackof CEU eTD Collection professional staff. forestry belongstothesectorwithlowest tourism, itcanalsohelptoincrease thesalariesofstaffandattractnewemployees: the from theWH will,of course,behelpful for de not themostimportantissu there are positive changes inlegislation and management, but different from issue ofenvironment protection WH sites? natural sites.Toorganizethe mostly withthepractical dailyquesti course, some monitoring in-situ,organizedbyth provide continuantconservationof it ismore important tocreate more protected areas asnowadays theirquantity israther small. looksatthedevelopmentA.A.Begembetov ofnatura Kazakhstan sitescouldcooperate sites? negative results of join practical side oftheWH ofimplementation sites. Forthesepurposes,theexpertsintraining probably, thereshouldbesome main requirements, whichshouldbeperformed. studying ofthewholesystem ofnomination ofthe Nowadaystherearenospecia The trainingcenterscouldbeestablishedonth 1. Whatisyouropinionaboutthenomination 2. Whatwouldyourecommendtodoforthe Abai Abdrakhmanovich saidhefindsthejo

ing theWHList. e fortheparkatmoment work oftrainingcenters,ther practical experiencebasedonpersonalresearchinotherWH biodiversity of thenatural sites, ons, thenwiththedeeperresearch. l actionstakenforthenomina withinternationalorganiza requirements. Theyshouldstudythepositive and incomes ofthepersonnelandthereislack centers shouldvisitothersites,andlookatthe Something likewhatisdoneinthiswork,and e localmanagement teams, butitisconnected velopment of infrastructure inthe zonesof aspect, one can cometo theconclusion that World Heritage sites,withidentificationof l sitesfrom thelocalpointofviewand says e baseofactivescientificwork doneinthe ining ofWH ve sites . Additional financing,whichcancome nomination oftheKazakhstan’snatural of theKazakhstan’snaturalsitesas e shouldbeagreatjobdoneon the scientificwork is notorganized tion of Ile-Alatau. But the tion ofIle-Alatau.Butthe tions inthisdirection. ry perspective,but , which could . Thereis,of CEU eTD Collection different partsoftheparktogetreports the herbivores. Everyweekthedirectorhimself the unwillingness of the presentdirector toshare make thesite more compatible withthe WH re parks, i.e.withAlmatinskiy NatureReservean A.A.Begembetov could notagree withthenecessity one largersitewhichwillcorrespondwiththeWHrequirementsonintegrity? WH nomination isnecessaryandcanbebenefici Theinterview withthedirector of Ile-Alatau showed thatthere can bearguments against the nomination ofthesitesinform requi they arereplantedintotheforest.Theemployees special pieceoflandinthepark,wheresome rare Inspectors controlthe areatoprevent illegalac protection? require more personnel.Andasitwasmentioned working placesincaseofjoiningsites,thou There could alsobeaconcernabout thecurren not readyforcardinalrestru agree withhim. Probably,thetraditionalmethods of rather skepticalonthedecisionaboutjointsite. infrastructure andattractionofnewtourists. receive additionalfinancingfrom theWHFund, 3. Doyouagreewiththere 4. A.A.Begembetov toldthatnowadaysthereisastrongsystemofsecurityinthepark. A.A.Begembetov What isdoneinIle-Alatauforimpr cturing ofthesites. quirements ofIUCNonjoining on the current stateoftheprotected area. red byWH.AlthoughA.A.Begembetov agreedthat d Altyn-Emel NationalNaturePark,whichcould quirements. Probably,thiscanbeexplainedwith gh thisisjustasuggestionandjointsitemay tivities likehuntingand harvesting. Thereisa speciesoftrees arepl of theparkorganizesp t employees ofthepark,whocanloosetheir which willallowimprovement oftheexisting before, includedintheWH List,thesitecan his positionwiththedire al for thenaturalsite workseemtobemore stable and peopleare visits all theinspectors’ units,situated in of joining of Ile-Alatau with two other ofjoiningIle-Alatauwithtwoother And, perhaps,otherparks’directorscan ovement ofthesite’senvironmental other sitesforcreationof anted. Afterseveralyears ecial feedingtroughsfor s ofKazakhstan,heis ction ofothersites.

CEU eTD Collection main issues arecollaboratedandtheoverall biodiversity, legislationorcons detailed discussions for eachissue ofcomp in incompliance for some issuesof thenatural there areweakandstrong sidesinthe environm Theresearch,includingthecurrentenvironm results, data providedbythePAsspecialists and takenfrom thewritten sources,has shownthat IX.ResultsInterpretation Mercury pollutionMercury inNura iseliminated,thesource reproduction of bigmammals aretaken; 1) In Katon-Karagai: (Tulipa greigi tulip argali,Greig’s (e.g., endangeredspecies Many (Malus sieversii), appletree endemic (e.g.,Siver’s species Many Katon-Karagai)Dzhabagly, transboundary sites(e.g., Aksu- Can createunique Saryarka) steppeof scientistsplaces(e.g., Still unexploredby zones (e.g.,Katon-Karagai) climatic include ecosystemsofquitedifferent One sitecan Provinces (Table4) Belong tounderrepresentedBiogeographical kaufmanniana world, but new fortheEastKazakhstanregion) werediscovered(not new inthe species ofFungi 2)

Table 11:CompatibilityoftheSpeciallyProt the measures onconservation the measures and as a result of scientific research new research ofscientific result as a )) ), Kaufman’stulip( saigaantelope( Advantages conservation management compatibility Saiga Tatarica ervation management aregivenin with the WH requirements with theWHrequirements natural compatibility Tulipa

icsini ie Tbe1) discussion isgiven(Table11). )) ental protectionofKazakhstanandthisresulted ental liance ornon-compliance inthe sphereof Kurgaldzhino) fornomination and should beextendedtouniteNaurzum Saryarka extended(e.g., needtobe Some territories No information oninitiative tocreatenewjoint someProbably, ofspeciesarenotdiscovered yet Reserve) andRussianKatunStateBiosphere (Katon-Karagai sites Potential barrierinjoiningtransboundary 2000) (Tarnetskaya private sector Active exploitationof surrounding areas bythe change andcandisappearduetoglobal warming the most Karagai, are vulnerableonestoclimate taigaforestsinKaton- like Uncommon ecosystems, sites with theinternational standards. More ected Natural TerritoriesofKazakhstanected ental legislation of Kazakhstan, interviews Disadvantages relevant chapters; herebythe

CEU eTD Collection other environmental issues. young specialistsonconservationmanagement and inorder Czech “Ounce”) to perform trainingsfor Cooperation withinternational organizations(like conservation measures Biosphere Reserveondevelopmentofcommon Katun State Cooperation withtheRussian Kurgaldzhino andNaurzum (159000ha corridorbetween Creation ofa“green” of pollution has beenidentifiedanddestroyed Among strongestpointsthere is the determined bythegeographicalpositionofsitesand requirements areseveral“plu onOUV,there Iftospeakaboutnaturalcompatibil environmental legislation Setting upthepunitivemeasuresonviolationof regional branches andtheGovernment,withalltheir Forestry and legislativebodiesbetween theCommitteeof of executive theroles Setting upinthelegislation of forests totheProgram onattractionofthe problems youth of thearePAs territories united into one network andenlargement ofnewprotected Program establishment on Creation ofbuffer zones on Biodiversity andothers Ratification oftheWHConvention, the Convention used asaweakpointcharacterizing thelack times, whichleaveanopportunity to considerthatthereareundi legal compatibility ofscientificinit ses” and“minuses” statedbelow. the suggestedrichness ofthewildlifeforms ity, whichmeans compliance withtheWH actions for alongerperiod,thereisnopublishedplanof thereisnoplan Program isplannedfortwoyears; ofpossibility oil productionontheir territory consideringthe protectedterritoriesby specially Environmental Codeputsunderstressallthe though there are annualaction plans. of thesites, No long-termplanningforsome andAltyn-Emel Almatinskiy sites forIle-Alatau, than tofollow a penalty thelaw Easier topay implementation oflegalrequirements but in-situ theinspectorisresponsiblefor maker istheGovernment,where thefinaldecision verticalsystemofexecutivebodies,Complicated quite aweakexploitation iative intheregion. scovered species,butcanbe tillthepresent CEU eTD Collection Games inChymbulak, theskiingareainIle-Alatau(Lifintsev2006). connection withtheplansofth for theanthropogenicfactor, park. However,itwasimpo The visitto Ile-Alatau confirmed theexistence of severalconstructions ontheterritory of the under theinfluencefrom theprivatesector nominated. the sites, has a greatvaluefo status ofspeciallyprotectednaturalterritories. authors, mentioned inthiswork,like,e.g.,KovsharorStarikov. Besides,itisprovenbytheir relict taiga forests situated within the area of Katon-Karagai, represents Besidesthereissuchafactoras Andonemore weakaspect PAs. the question of landpropertyasthe joinedsi namely Katon-KaragaiandRussian There are also Asitwas stated inthearticlebyTarn Accordingtothereceived information therearemany The uniquenessoftheecosystems ofthefour sites, namely Aksu-Dzhabagly and ajointsite Russian FederationandKazakhstanha regulatory legalbase.Itisnot which shouldbeprotected(Table11). belong tothenon-presentedTurani It wasconfirmedin Katon-Karagai orSLNK that potential constraintsinjoiningoftwotransboundarysitestogether ssible tomake sure if these facilities belong tothepark ornot. As it isobviousthatinfuturethepark r the local and international co e municipalauthoritiestoorga the aim ofthisresearch,butit , alreadymentioned, isthe an unusuallocationoftheecosystem an BiogeographicalProvince. KatunStateBiosphereReserve,duetopoliticalbordersand ve differencesintheirenvir insufficient representativeness , some areasarealreadyoccupiedbyprivateowners. te willneedacommon semi-deserts, containingra etskaya, thelandsof Ile-Alatauare From thepointofview ofIle-Alatau,Altyn-Emel andAlmatinskiy, studied siteshasbeenconfirmed byvarious thescientificresearches areperformed, as lack of scientific information onthe endangered andendemicspecies nize theAsianWinter Olympic mmunities and deserves to be mmunities anddeservestobe shouldbementioned thatthe willbeexploredevenmore in onmental legislationbases. management andcommon : two out of four potential : twooutoffourpotential re andendemic species. onthe example ofthe of biodiversity, eachof periodically , , CEU eTD Collection strengthen thesecurity of thesites. plans couldforeseethedegradationofareassu country withintensivelydevel growing consumption ofnaturalresources.For K should beplannedforseveralyearsinadvance, worsened ecologicalsituationa Republic Katon-Karagai, there isorga implemented betweenthePAsinRussiaandKazakhs between Naurzum andKurgaldzhino. recommendations (UNESCO2006f);theyhaveal For example, elimination ofmercury discharge Discussingtheconservation management inth mention that some oftheWH requirements, stat is possibletorelyonthestatement made byIUCN for theothersites,therewasnoconfirmation from express thewillingness tocooperate. Unfortunately,theinformation onconservation of Aksu-Dzhabaglyand Altyn-Emel (part of thepotentialNorthernTi According tothecontact long-term managementplansarequite measures. more effective. Karagai andRussianKatun Alatau alsodidnot the biodiversityofecosystems ofthePAsinK on trainingofyoungspecialists AccordingA.Chelyshev,atthemoment give resultsonthere State BiosphereReserve. nized acommonprojectwith“O oped explorationandproductionofoilgas. Themanagement nd fastdegradationofecosystem persons andinformation representedbyIUCN(IUCN2003), searches performed. searches performed. New commonmeasures a neweventfortheprotect areas : thiswillhelpto improve theexistingconservation rrounding the natural protected sites and, e.g., to rrounding thenaturalprotectedsitesand,e.g.,to ed inIUCNreports(IU source atSLNKperformed accordingtotheWH azakhstan. Besides,thepersonalvisittoIle- in viewoffuturechan aboutlackofscien the sideofmanagement teams. Inthiscase,it azakhstan thisisveryimportant asforthe so createda“green”ecologicalcorridor This will help to makethe sites’ protection tan, on thelevelof specialists. Inthesame e fourstudiedPAsitisveryimportant to management isnotfullasthepersonnel there are several joined projects unce” organization from theCzech aredevelopedbybothKaton- s, theconservationmeasures tific knowledgeconcerning CN 2005),werefulfilled. ges connectedwiththe en Shansite)didnot . Becauseofthe CEU eTD Collection accordance withtheConvention provisions. prefer toactaccording thePolluterPaysPrinciple. to smallpenaltiesamountsitis legislation setsupthepunitivemeasures(Administrative and CriminalC institutions withalltheir re in thesphereoffinalrealizationnewplan responsible body:Government inthesphereof take some liabilitiesinfront Specially ProtectedNa there arethe program called “Zhasyl El”and‘The Among thestrongpointsthereislegallyappr Article 123),requiredbyParagraph103oftheOp Asfor thelegalcompatibility, the research legislation ofKazakhstan.Initially Speakingaboutpunitivemeasures time onrealization. machine, whereitisdifficulttodetermine the systemofre Theexistence ofacomplicated here asaweakandstrong TheratificationoftheConventionitselfwa international standards. Byratifying theWH strong pointsweredetermined. environmental programs, strategies adoptedbyK decided tolookatthewhole was understoodasenvironmental legislationand policy.Having noexactrequirements, itwas tural TerritoriesoftheRoKfor2007-2009”. of theglobalcommunity.Andnowth gional branchesandofficescrea easier to pay than to follow the law. The modern enterprises easier topaythanfollowthelaw.Themodern enterprises side. Thestrengthcanbeincas current legislationconnected , thedefinitionof“legalprot itmust bestatedthat final responsiblebody;anddecisionsrequiremuch lawmaking/adoption and s andprojects.Atthesame timethesetwobig Convention Kazakhstanshoweditsreadiness to azakhstan. Asaresult thefollowing weakand erational Guidelines(UNESCO2005a).Also sponsible environmental ProgramofDevelopmen tried toreview th s agreatsteptowardsimplementation of oved creationofbufferzones(LandCode, ection” givenintheConvention te acomplicated bureaucratic with protectionofPAsand e ofeffectiveworkeach e stated isobliged toact in the currentenvironmental e wholeenvironmental odes) butitwithregard Committee ofForestry bodies isconsidered t of the Systemof t ofthe CEU eTD Collection on theintegrityofnaturalsites doubtful statusofthenaturalsitesKazakh this document letthe interestsof entrepreneurs to dominate overtheinterest year: insomepoints,includingt aspects oflife. Concerning,e.g.,theEnvironmental economic situationinKazakhstanisnotquitestab outstanding universalvalue,orth property anditsprotectionagainstdevelopment with economic interestsandprovidessafetytoecosystems. of PAs.Andothernaturalsitesautomatica is takingintoconsiderationth protect it from theoperatingcompanies. Moreover, it issuggested that theEnvironmental Code Caspian Seaisalsoreferred tothespecially protectednatural territories, anditsstatus doesnot ItisalsoknownthattheEnvironmental C the productionactivitiescanbeperformed inthe employees ofthestate. Theenvironmental legislation alsogives the freedom of actiontothe local inspectors, in the situation of lowcontrol over their activity Convention andOperationalGuidelinesthelegal example, inthelegislation ther protection toPAs.Althoughtherearenodistinct cannotprovidethisrequired Theactingenvironmental legislationof Kazakhstan new forKazakhstaninternationalnorms, whenth Thecurrent situation shows thatthe modern of thewayfrom forms of theold e CaspianSea,whilespeakinga (UNESCO2005a). e shouldbetheseandthosewords. hose devotedtooperationsperfor e integrity and/or authenticity of protectionofnatureandmanage lly become subjectstoproductionactivities. stan doesnotcorrespondwiththeWHrequirement , whoare,bytheway,among thelowestpaid ode, coming intoforceinJuly2007,statesthat protection should“…assure thesurvivalof and changethatmight negativelyimpact the ilized and economic interestsprevailinsome e fullprotectionofPA requirements from thesi Code, whichiscoming intoforceinJunethis preparedness ofKazakhPAsisinthemiddle specially protectednatu bout theproductiononterritory thepropertybeprovided.”The mance ontheterritoryofPAs, ment ofitsresourcestothe But itismentioned inthe s does not contradict contradict not does s s ofnatureandfuture de of WH, that for de ofWH,thatfor ral territories.The This CEU eTD Collection independent legislationof the legal system ischanging:at least newpositive changes happedin recent years, after the improves. Joininginternationalconventionsput 10 percentof thetotal ar Atthesame time thereare,alsoalreadymentioned, positive changesconcerningbuffer zones creation,creation ofa“greencorridor” in PAs, anddoesnotfullyprotectthem from negativeimpacts. generations. Asaresultthecurren the nextchapter. desirable levelofcompliance with is possibletosaythatthereareseveralpoints Theresearchshowedwhichlacksandadvant allow judging onthelevel ofcompatibility of status andreceiveadditi environmental legislation,perhaps,some specia Speakingaboutimprovements, withthehelpof some separatePAswithinthelim onal protectionintheformofWHnomination. Kazakhstanappeared. ea ofthe state,etc. Andingene its ofcooperativeprojectsisdone.Despitesome lacksinthe internationalnorms. Andwhat t legislation,doesnotguaranteethe integrity/authenticity of the KazakhPAswithWHrequirements. Soit s some liabilities onKazakhstan,andslowlybut which shouldbechangedinordertoreachthe SLNK, enlargementoftheterritoryPAstill lly protectedareaswill ages in the sphere of PAs existnow,which ages inthesphereofPAs internationalorganizations,protectionof ral thesituationwithprotection should bedoneisdescribedin be upgradedintheir CEU eTD Collection protect them. not necessary withtheabsenceofactivitiesaround activation of the tourism. Sothe protected areas years require thecreationofso-calledrecreationalzones, whichisconnected withthe places, andtheydidnot mean active exploitationof with this,e.g.,inthele some cultural and politicalfigures.Tourism andr supposed thetotalclosenessofareasforpeopl remediation ofvaluablefortradespecies (like the Caspian Sea).Thestrictprotectionregime with thestrictprotectionregime. Theywere more effectively,asthey we TheWH nomination givesan opportunity toco ideas andexperience. As wellas itgivesother experience. Itispossible toremain theexisting Nowadaysthe approachtothefunctionsof it isnecessary topayattention to theinternational experience. Inthis casetotheWH sites of thelong-term plannin approaches totheecosystems conservationnowand Inotherwords theprotected areaspassthroughverydifficulttimes now,withlotsof changes, connectedwiththeirinvolvednessinto the theeconomicrelationships.Ifwecompare to implement theirstandardsofenvironmental protection. way ofthewesterncountries, it far asthestatehas chosen another wayofdeve then weneedtostopusingprotectedareasfor

In thepastyears theprotected areasofKaza XI. andrecommendations Conclusion

gislation thearticleonbufferzones g, e.g.,thespecialprotecte re lessusedbythepeople. is obligatory totakeintoaccount advantages. They arementioned in the descriptive lopment, basedonthemarket economy, i.e.the urism andothernotquite system ofenvironmental protectionasitis,but havetoreset usedforconservation ofwildspeciesand ecreational activities were implemented onrare the speciallyprotectedareasischanging.And protectedareas. Thenew d areasofthepastpe the natural sites,but nowtheyareaneedto khstan were performing the role of reserves khstan wereperforming theroleofreserves in thepast we’llsee thatdespite theabsence e, exceptforscientistsandinspectors, operate withotherWH has appeared. The buffer zoneswere has appeared.Thebuffer up theirpathnow.Inconnection their mistakes aswell;andtry rformed theirfunctions usual activities.But as events of therecent sites, toexchange sites, CEU eTD Collection WH sitesaroundtheworld: material from theUNESCOofficial Andthe experienceof useful forIle-Alatau.WH statusoftheparkhas helped tostopthefurtherdevelopment oftheski on withdrawalofmost ofthela and theDehChoFirstNationsorganization,responsib Thechanges, implemented according tothere the ecological integrity of achieved improvements intheprotectionofbiodiversity. exploration from 2003to2008(ParksCanadaAgen Canada. Itwasachievedwithth anniversary ofbeingaWorldHe save naturalsitesofPhilippine increased (UNESCO2006d).TheworkdonebythespecialistsofWorldHeritagehelpedto with theprotectionofreefsandtourism. Therefore, thelevelofprotectionsitehasbeen result, theillegalfishinghasbeenreducedand People areproudoftheirparkand Heritage started theprogram onincrease of publicawarenessonagreatvalueofthispark. by thelocalpopulationforfishing.Afterinscriptionofsite,managers oftheWorld 5) 4) 3) 2) 1)

For example, theTubbatahaReefMari Harnessing tourism Improving management Enhancing funding Increasing protection Raising awareness the Nahanny Nahanny s andmake localpeopletakecare theTongaririoNationalPark,si nds inthewatershed e signing ofan agreement between ritage site.Thispark,coveri site,andtheyincludefivemain items,whichareobtainedby local leadersevensuggestedto National ParkReserve people areoccupiedin ne Park achievedgoodresultstoits13 cy 2004).Preservingtheunityoflands,they quirements oftheWorld Heritage,provided of theSouthNahanniRiverfrom mineral le forthesitetogetherwithParksCanada, ng 33,200ha,washistoricallyused , situated inNorthwestTerritories, oftheirnaturalheritage. tuated in New Zealand, can be tuated inNewZealand,canbe nominate anothersite.Asa theGovernment ofCanada other sector,connected th

CEU eTD Collection network internationa the expertsworkingthere.Thesp solved bythe international organizations. in improvement oflegalprotection,management scientific assistance canbeprovided if the localside willshow theeagernesstomake abigwork well (UNESCO2006,WorldHeritageF protect the nature of their motherland. experts, but, first of all,thisis aconstant work Therearemany ofsuccessfulcoop examples described onthesiteofUNESCO,anditisnot protection oftheecosystems wasstrengthened. field boundariesandaccommodationsonthe However,afterthenomination thereareall thechancesofimprovementmanagement withthehelp ofotherWHsites. ofthe Itcouldalsoimprove themanagement ofthesi connected withthetourism development, whichis Kazakh sitesintensifythecooperati Harnessingofthetourismisalsoanimportant of course,itisnecessarytost sites, whichcanbeincluded into the WH List, Asitwasalreadymentioned theanthropogenic increasing andforKazakhs nature from peopleandviceversacanbehelpful. is theepoch of consumerist approach tothenatu Besides, inclusionintotheWH l control,e.g. tan itis veryimportant toshowth art theworkonconservationmana ecialist couldcome tothecountryonbaseofWH on withotherprotectedareas,to ListgivesKazakhstanabilit und). Butofcourse,thissupport from thedegradation cause donebythelocalpeople, only theresultsachieved re, andtheexchangeofideasonhowtoprotect surrounding area(UNESCO2006c).Sothe of thesitesandotheraspects,whichcannotbe stillanew sector of activity inKazakhstan. Sothestatus ofaWH part ofjobforanypres eration of siteswiththe World Heritage, tes as in mostof thecasesitisdirectly pressure, connected with the tourism, is pressure, connectedwiththetourism,is e reliableprotection of itsnatural gement beforethenomination. y togetfinancialsupportas askfortheassistancefrom aswelltechnicaland d bythisactivity.And, by theWorld Heritage authorities, inorderto sitecould helpthe ent natural site,asit CEU eTD Collection environmental violations; - Asfortherecommendations, basingonthe recommendations canbegiven.Tocorre the system of theWorld Heritage sites fo important to saythatfor theKazakhspecially protect Asonecan seethe perspectives oftheWH opportunities toincrease Itispossibletouse theexperienceof the industriallobbyone of Forestry connected withthesp management. Andthiscommittee could takethe organization oracommittee,whichwillbe legallyindependent andwillhave the separate - salaries oftheemployees, e.g.; - with theenvironmental violations, forth - site, inaseparate article; determine the useof theresources of theCaspian Sea,whichisalsoaspecially protected natural areas, itwould bebetter toprohibit production onth - - Ministries ofEnvironment but, atthesame time, Canada, therearethe so-called “ParksAgenci animals and plants,notonlytohumans to includeintotheCrim to includeintotheAdministrativeandCriminalCodespunitivemeasures,connected to increase thecontroloverspeciallyprotec to limittherightsonnaturalresourcesuse to increasethefinancialsupportofprotectednaturalareas to inputthechanges,whichwould increase the levelofenvironmental protec inal Codethemeasuresofpunishme nvironmental legislation. ecially protected naturalsites,re spond withtheWHitisimportant: r betterpreservation oftheecosystems. ; e workers of theprotectednaturalareas are independent intheiractions anddecisions. other countries.Forexample, intheUSAor functions of theParliamentandCommittee ted natural territories bycreating aspecial es”, whichareincluded on theterritory ofthespecially protected nomination areverybrightandgivemany ed natural territories itispreferable tobein theadministrativeresponsibilityfor results of thisresearchthefollowing e territory atall,or itisnecessaryto tion. Astheconclusionitisvery nt incaseofmakingharmto ducing bythisth , byenlargement of the intothecountries’ e influenceof ; CEU eTD Collection conservation isanattempt tosavethesewonde protect ofspecially Creation pressure? increasing breeze freely,withoutbeing worriedoftheairc attention towards theexisting natural sites.There growing demand forcleanairand existing system ofprotection determined. Theresearchhasshownthattherear achieved – thecompatibility of thenatural site exchange theideas,experience,to 2009”, e.g.Thissystem wouldhelpthefutureWH of Development oftheSystem ofSpeciallyProtectedNaturalTerritoriestheRoKfor2007- - - a bigcollectionofinformation on researches. Itwouldbeveryimportant fortheWH specialists tothework itis necessary toraise the 2006), butthisisratheranexcep on agrobiodiversityconservationofZailiyskiy this information forfurtherresearchonimproveme to create aneffectivesystemof in to increasethesupportofscient It isdifficult tochangethetraditional appr Basing ontheresults of theresearch, itispossible tosay thattheaim oftheresearch was naturalsitesinKazakhstan. tion onthenationalscale. helpwithinformation, etc. biodiversity of ecosystems, there arealmostnoattemptstouse water, forsimpleobservationof teraction ofthePAsKazakhstan ific organizations andtheiractivity.Toattractyoung rful places,inheritedbyusfrom theEarth. Alatau is currently sponsored by UNDP (UNDP Alatau iscurrentlysponsoredbyUNDP(UNDP s ofKazakhstanwiththeWH requirements was level of salaries andto givegrants for scientific are still some placesontheEarthwherewecan ed natural territories an e severaldisadvantages ontent. But howlong theycansurviveunder nomination, e.g.Despitethefact,thatthereis nt ofconservationbiodiversity.Oneproject sitesandnon-WH within sites Kazakhstanto oach tothenature anditsresources. Butthe naturalbeautyrequiresmore d improvement of their d improvement oftheir and advantagesofthe , asper‘TheProgram CEU eTD Collection Territories. GosstroyofKazakhSSR ed. Babaev,A.P.Alma-Ata: May 2006.URL: Karagai StateNationalNaturePark, the Ile-AlatauState Reserve asanObjectforInscri Baitulin, I.O.,Kovshar,A.F.,Ivaschenko,A. Heritage ofKazakhstan. Baitulin, I.O. 2000.TheStateandPerspectivesof Babakhanova, Z2005.Informational System Technical andEconomicJustifica Babaev, A.P.,Bekmukhambetov, R.I.,Eidino Sectors ofEconomy. Almaty. Agency ofStatisticsthe References: and NationalParksofKazakhstan Ivaschenko, A.A.,Ishkov, L.E.2006.TheAksu-DzhabaglyStateNature Reserve.In viewed 25May2006.URL: IUCN 2005.Regional Overview: viewed 10June2006.URL: management anddevelopment ofregionalPAsystem. CentralAsianworkshop report. IUCN, IUCN 2003.Recommendationsforconservation of Gubenko, A,2006.TheKazakhForest,1. FAO 2006.Terms ofReferenceEvaluation viewed 9June2006.URL: Ecosystem 2006.DescriptionoftheKaton-Karaga Kazakhstan Dzhanyspaev, A.D.2006.TheAlma-AtinskyNatureReserve.In Altai andKazakhstan,June2005,viewed82006.URL: Meetingon Chuprova, T.S.2005.International Chelyshev A.N.2006.ResultsandPers National ParksofKazakhstan Bragin, E.M.,Bragina,T.M.2006.TheNaurzumskiyNatureReserve.In State Bekniyazov, B.K.2002Aboutthe Begembetov, A.A. 2006 commission ofUNESCO Protection ofKazakhstan.URL: Cultural and Natural Heritage/ Report of theMi , ed.IvaschenkoA.A,62-84.Almaty: Almaty-Kitab Pearls ofKazakhstan(1) www.fao.org National NaturePark . Almaty Proceedings ofthenomination commissionofUNESCO Draft ofthe ProgramonRealization ofDifferent Typesof Activities in www.altai-es.ukg.kz Republic ofKazakhstan2006. Averag www.undp.kz www.undp.kz , ed.IvaschenkoA.A,150-164.Almaty:Almaty-Kitab

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, CEU eTD Collection viewed 17June2006.URL: UNESCO, viewed18May2006.URL: Intergovernmental Committee for theProtection of theWorld Cultural andNatural Heritage. Parks ofKazakhstan Pavlov, V.N.1980.VegetationCoverofthe Parks ofCanada,viewed25May2006.URL: Parks CanadaAgency,2004.ReportontheState Medvedeva, N.I.2000.TheDogontheBurningDryGrass. 12.08.2006. URL: MedeoandTurgen-MainArgumentsLifintsev, Y2006.Super ofAlmaty. of Kazakhstan Kovshar, V.A.2006.TheKurgaldzhins Kovshar, A.F.1972.Aksu-Dzhabagly. possession of theauthor Vinogradova, V.P.2006. PresentationontheIle-AlatauStateNational Nature Park,in UNESCO 2006f.Decision 27COM8C UNESCO 2006e.World Heritage.UNE URL: UNESCO 2006d.TubbatahaReefMarinePark – Philippines. UNESCO, viewed 10June2006. www.unesco.org UNESCO 2006c. www.unesco.org/statesparties/ca UNESCO 2006b.NahanniNationalPark.UNE www.unesco.org/en/164 UNESCO 2006a.BenefitsofRatification. URL:www.portal.unesco.org/culture UNESCO 2005b.Tourism management inHerita UNESCO 2005a.OperationalGuidelinesforImplem Asia, proceedingsofUNESCORegionalWo UNESCO 2002.PossibilitiesofNominations onWorl andMixedHeritageinCentrald Natural Natural Heritage.UNESCO,viewed27April2006.URL: UNESCO 16/11/1972.TheConventionConcerningtheProtectionoftheWorld Culturaland viewed 12May2006.URL: UNDP 2006.ProjectonAgrobiodiversityConservati Starikov, S.B.2006.TheKaton-Karaga Shelepova, A2006DubovayaZateya. viewed 14May2006. www.unesco.org , ed.IvaschenkoA.A,124-138.Almaty: Almaty-Kitab

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, CEU eTD Collection “Zhasyl El”,25.09.2006 Landscapes ontheterritor Decree ofthePresident Ministry ofAgriculture”,06.04.2005 Decree oftheGovernment ofK oftheRepublic 28, 1995 Decree bythePresidentofRepublicKaza Resources andSubsurfaceUsers”,January27,1996 Decree bythePresidentofRepublicKazakhstan authorizedasLaw#2828“OnMineral List oflegislativeacts: Specially ProtectedTerritories”, 08.09.2003 Resolution oftheGovernment of theRoK# Allocation of SpeciallyProtected Natura Resolution oftheGovernment oftheRoK# Biodiversity bytheRoKandImplementations ofitsCommitments”, 19.08.1994 Resolution oftheCabinetMinistersth 2007-2009, adoptedwiththeamendments toLaw Program of Development of theSystem of SpeciallyProtected Naturalterritories of theRoKfor Law oftheRoK#567-II“AboutCommunication Means”,05.07.2004 07.06.2006 Law oftheRepublicKazakhstan“About Law oftheRepublicKazakhstan#593-II“On Law oftheRepublicKazakhstan# Law oftheRepublicKazakhstan#160-I“OnEnvironmental Protection”,15.07.1997 Land CodeoftheRepublicKazakhstan#442-II, 20.06.2003 Forest CodeoftheRepublicKazakhstan#477-II, 08.07.2003 Degree ofthePresidentRepublic Safety for2004-2015”,03.12.2003 Degree ofthePresidentRepublic 07.07.2006 of theRoK#474“AboutMeasureson Conservation ofUniqueandRare y ofKazakhstan”,11.06.2004 85-I “OnEcologicalExpertise”,18.03.1997 l territories oftheRoKtill2030”, 10.11.2000 e RoK#918“AboutApprovaloftheConvention on Kazakhstan # 1241 “The Conception ofEcological Kazakhstan #1241“TheConception Kazakhstan#632“About 1692 “AbouttheConceptofDevelopment and 910 “AboutApprovalof La khstan authorized as Law # 2350 “On Oil”, June khstan authorizedasLaw#2350“OnOil”,June azakhstan # 310 “Several Issues Concerning the azakhstan #310“SeveralIssuesConcerningthe Protection, Reproduction andUseofFauna”, Specially Protected Territories”#175-III, “About SpeciallyProt Approval ofProgram nd Transfertothe ected Territories”, CEU eTD Collection Protected Naturalterritories of Resolution oftheGovernment oftheRoK#7 Development of theSystem ofSpeciallyProt Resolution oftheGovernment oftheRoK 2007”, 13.10.2006 the Republic Significance” #746, 19.07.2005 ected Naturalterritorie # 990“AboutApprovaloftheProgram of 46 “AboutApprovalofth s oftheRoKfor2007- e List ofSpecially CEU eTD Collection Annex Figure 1:UNEP Mapontheprotectedarea s andecologicalvaluesof Kazakhstan

CEU eTD Collection Figure 2.GoldenMountainsdividedamongfour (Ecosystem 2006) states: Russia,China, Mongolia andKazakhstan

CEU eTD Collection (Gubenko, A 2006) Figure 3:theprehistoriclandscap Figure 4:Maral, e ofAltyn-Emel (Gubenko,A2006) Cervus elaphus

CEU eTD Collection Figure 6:Neartheinspector’s po Figure 5:Kotyrbulak,thehighestm st inIle-Alatau(Sdykova, A) ountain ofIle-Alatau(Sdykova,A)