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Informe 45(1)-13.Pdf Inf Inst Mar Perú, Vol. 45 / No. 1 / Enero-Marzo 2018 ISSN 0378-7702 CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA COMUNIDAD BENTODEMERSAL QUE COHABITA CON LA MERLUZA Merluccius gayi peruanus Ginsburg ENTRE LA FRONTERA NORTE DEL DOMINIO MARÍTIMO PERUANO Y HUARMEY. 2015 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BENTHIC-DEMERSAL COMMUNITY THAT COHABITS WITH THE PERUVIAN HAKE Merluccius gayi peruanus Ginsburg BETWEEN THE NORTHERN BORDER OF THE PERUVIAN MARITIME DOMAIN AND HUARMEY. 2015 Ruslan Pastor 1 Fabiola Zavalaga1 Jacqueline Palacios2 RESUMEN Pastor R, Zavalaga F, Palacios J. 2018. Caracterización de la comunidad bentodemersal que cohabita con la merluza Merluccius gayi peruanus Ginsburg entre la frontera norte del dominio marítimo peruano y Huarmey. 2015. Inf Inst Mar Perú. 45(1): 104-121.- Las condiciones ambientales constituyen factores importantes que influyen y son determinantes en la composición, abundancia y distribución de la comunidad bentodemersal. Durante el otoño del 2015, se realizó el crucero de evaluación de la población de merluza y otros demersales desde la frontera norte del dominio marítimo peruano hasta Huarmey, a bordo de los BICs Humboldt y José Olaya Balandra del Instituto del mar del Perú. el análisis de los resultados obtenidos permitió caracterizar la estructura de las comunidades bentodemersales mediante la estimación de los valores promedios por subárea y estrato de profundidad usando un diseño experimental de tres vías y con factores cruzados. Se identificaron 200 especies de peces e invertebrados, encontrando el promedio más alto entre los estratos 1 y 2. El patrón de distribución espacial tiende a variar a nivel espacial, sobre todo, por la mayor abundancia que presentaron algunas especies como Platymera gaudichaudii Milne Edwards; Merluccius gayi peruanus; Ctenosciaena peruviana Chirichigno; Hippoglossina macrops Steindachner; Prionotus stephanophrys Lockington. La alta correlación encontrada con temperatura, oxígeno y profundidad podrían influir fuertemente en la distribución y concentración de las comunidades bentodemersales. Palabras clave: biodiversidad, ondas kelvin cálidas, estructura comunitaria, zonas geográficas ABSTRACT Pastor R, Zavalaga F, Palacios J. 2018. Characterization of the benthic-demersal community that cohabits with the Peruvian hake Merluccius gayi peruanus Ginsburg between the northern border of the Peruvian maritime domain and Huarmey. 2015. Inf Inst Mar Peru. 45(1): 104-121.- The environmental conditions are important factors that influence and are determinant in the composition, abundance and distribution of the bentodemersal community. During the autumn of 2015, a cruise was conducted to evaluate the population of Peruvian hake and other demersal species, from the northern border of the Peruvian maritime domain to Huarmey, on the Humboldt and Olaya research ships of the Instituto del mar del Perú. With an experimental design of three pathways and crossed factors, by sub-area and depth stratum, the structure of the bentodemersal communities was characterized. We identified 200 species of fish and invertebrates, finding the highest average between strata 1 and 2. The pattern of spatial distribution tends to vary at a spatial level, especially due to the greater abundance of some species such as Platymera gaudichaudii Milne Edwards; Merluccius gayi peruanus; Ctenosciaena peruviana Chirichigno; Hippoglossina macrops Steindachner; Prionotus stephanophrys. The high correlation found with temperature, oxygen and depth could strongly influence the distribution and concentration of the bentodemersal communities. Keywords: biodiversity, warm Kelvin waves, community structure, geographical areas 1. INTRODUCCIÓN como la sobrepesca, contaminación por emisiones, en- tre otras (Gray 1997). En todos los ecosistemas marinos, la diversidad bio- lógica provee de múltiples servicios que son aprove- Por otro lado, la distribución y organización de las aso- chados por la comunidad pesquera, constituyendo ciaciones de peces pueden estar influenciadas por múl- una actividad económica de vital importancia para la tiples factores como áreas geográficas, profundidad, tipo sociedad. Sin embargo, el uso y aprovechamiento de de sustrato y condiciones ambientales; además, pueden estos servicios se viene incrementando constantemente presentarse patrones de zonación marcados hasta otros conllevando a una pérdida de la biodiversidad mari- cambios graduales que no necesariamente muestran dis- na, afectada principalmente por actividades antrópicas continuidades espaciales (Fariña et al. 1997). 1 Área Funcional de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad, [email protected] 2 Área Funcional de Investigaciones en Peces Demersales, Bentónicos y Litorales 104 Pastor, Zavalaga, Palacios Comunidad bentodemersal, entre frontera norte del dominio marítimo peruano y Huarmey, 2015 Asimismo, las condiciones ambientales constituyen que presenta una distribución batimétrica asociada factores importantes que influyen y son principalmente a la plataforma y talud continental determinantes en la composición, abundancia y sobre todo entre los 20 y 500 m de profundidad. distribución de las comunidades (Rocha y Rossi- En Chile, la merluza común Merluccius gayi gayi Wongtschowski 1998), entre los que destacan (Guichenot) parece también estar relacionada al temperatura, sustrato, profundidad, productividad, desplazamiento estacional y a ciertas migraciones influyendo potencialmente en la estructura de nictimerales basadas en su comportamiento trófico estas comunidades y fundamentalmente en la (aguayo y Robotham 1984, Cañón y morales 1985, distribución de las asociaciones de peces (Fariña et Vidal et al. 1985, Zamora 1991, Palma et al. 1998). al. 1997). Podría suponerse que, con el incremento de la profundidad se observaría un decrecimiento La mayor parte de las investigaciones sobre peces en la riqueza, abundancia y biomasa (Fariña et al. e invertebrados del subsistema bentodemersal 1997). Sin embargo, otros factores como temperatura, realizadas en el Perú y Chile, son resultado de cruceros salinidad, oxígeno, sistemas de corrientes, naturaleza de investigación dirigidos a una evaluación específica del sustrato, se convierten en factores relevantes en la de algunos recursos, más que al propio análisis de las estructura y composición de las comunidades (Rocha comunidades. En el presente estudio se busca relacionar y Rossi-Wongtschowski 1998). la captura de peces e invertebrados bentodemersales durante el otoño austral del año 2015, en cuanto a En el año 2015, las condiciones cálidas en la costa su composición especiológica, con algunas de las peruana fueron mayores debido a la influencia de características del hábitat donde fueron registrados ondas Kelvin cálidas. Asimismo, la continuación de (profundidad, tipo de sustrato, ubicación latitudinal, condiciones océano - atmósfera a escala del pacífico temperatura y oxígeno) con el objetivo de caracterizar ecuatorial consistente con la fase cálida de El Niño la estructura comunitaria demersal que cohabita con la Oscilación Sur y el pronóstico numérico que indicó el merluza peruana en la zona centro – norte de Perú. aumento de estas condiciones, fueron indicios de que El Niño costero inició en abril con condiciones entre 2. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS moderadas y fuertes, al menos hasta el invierno del 2015 (ENFEN 2015). Área de estudio En mayo del 2015, la temperatura superficial del El crucero de evaluación de merluza y otros mar (TSm) en el litoral peruano presentó anomalías demersales, se realizó entre el 27 de mayo y 04 de julio positivas, con valores máximos que alcanzaron +3,7 del 2015. Se efectuaron 107 lances de pesca (estaciones) °C en Paita. más allá de las 40 millas náuticas (mn) durante 30 días de muestreo efectivo, distribuidos se observaron núcleos superiores a +2,5 °C en la TSM. entre la frontera norte del Dominio marítimo Peruano Asimismo, la temperatura del aire registró valores y Huarmey, ancash (10°00’S) (Fig. 1), que comprende sobre lo normal a lo largo del litoral, con anomalías el ámbito de distribución de la merluza peruana en la entre +1° y +4,5 °C (ENFEN 2015). superficie de la plataforma y piso superior del talud continental cubriendo un área aproximada de 10.732 También se observaron grandes procesos de mezcla mn2. Se estableció una cobertura batimétrica sobre asociados al desplazamiento de aguas oceánicas tres intervalos de profundidad (estrato I: 40 – 100 (aguas subtropicales superficiales) en zonas cercanas m) (estrato II: 101 -200 m) y (estrato III: > 200 m), en a la costa peruana entre Talara, Paita, Punta La Negra, los que se colectaron muestras de la fauna de peces e Pimentel y Chimbote (ImaRPe 2015). invertebrados. El ensanchamiento de la plataforma continental en Los fondos sedimentarios seleccionados para el sentido sur norte a lo largo del litoral peruano, ha muestreo estuvieron relacionados únicamente al generado el desarrollo de una importante pesquería sustrato blando que varió desde amplias extensiones de de especies demersales sobre todo desde Huarmey fango hasta espacios areno-fangosos o combinaciones (10°00’S) hacia la frontera norte del dominio marítimo con restos de conchuela. peruano, donde se han encontrado zonas de pesca que coinciden con los rangos de distribución latitudinal de Por otro lado, algunas características propias de la la merluza peruana Merluccius gayi peruanus Ginsburg plataforma continental permitieron identificar en las pero distribuyéndose principalmente entre los 03°S y subáreas A, B y C amplias extensiones areno-fangosas, 07°S. Los cruceros de evaluación
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