DIVERSIDADE DO GÊNERO Halimeda J. V. LAMOUR (BRYOPSIDALES, CHLOROPHYTA) NO OCEANO ATLÂNTICO OCIDENTAL

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DIVERSIDADE DO GÊNERO Halimeda J. V. LAMOUR (BRYOPSIDALES, CHLOROPHYTA) NO OCEANO ATLÂNTICO OCIDENTAL CAROLINE FEIJÃO XIMENES DIVERSIDADE DO GÊNERO Halimeda J. V. LAMOUR (BRYOPSIDALES, CHLOROPHYTA) NO OCEANO ATLÂNTICO OCIDENTAL RECIFE 2019 ii CAROLINE FEIJÃO XIMENES DIVERSIDADE DO GÊNERO Halimeda J. V. LAMOUR (BRYOPSIDALES, CHLOROPHYTA) NO OCEANO ATLÂNTICO OCIDENTAL Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, como requisito para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Botânica. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Sonia Maria Barreto Pereira Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica - UFRPE Co-orientadoras: Dra. Maria de Fátima de Oliveira Carvalho Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Profa. Dra. Valéria Cassano Universidade de São Paulo RECIFE 2019 iii DIVERSIDADE DO GÊNERO Halimeda J. V. LAMOUR (BRYOPSIDALES, CHLOROPHYTA) NO OCEANO ATLÂNTICO OCIDENTAL CAROLINE FEIJÃO XIMENES Tese defendida e _______________________ em __/___/____. Orientadora: _____________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Sonia Maria Barreto Pereira Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – UFRPE Examinadores: ________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Mariana Cabral de Oliveira (titular) Universidade de São Paulo – USP _______________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Enide Eskinazi-Leça (titular) Universidade Federal de Pernambuco – UFPE ________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Reginaldo de Carvalho (titular) Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – UFRPE ________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Margareth Ferreira de Sales (titular) Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – UFRPE ________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Watson Arantes Gama Júnior (suplente) Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – UFRPE ________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Rodrigo César Gonçalves de Oliveira (suplente) Universidade Federal de Pernambuco – UFPE iv Dedico Aos meus pais Pedro e Rosário por todo apoio, amor e incentivo. Eu não estaria aqui sem vocês. v “Tenho visto o trabalho que Deus deu aos filhos dos homens, para com ele os exercitarem. Tudo fez formoso em seu tempo; também pôs o mundo no coração do homem, sem que este possa descobrir a obra que Deus fez desde o princípio até ao fim. Já tenho entendido que não há coisa melhor para eles do que alegrar-se e fazer bem na sua vida; E também que todo o homem coma e beba, e goze do bem de todo o seu trabalho; isto é um dom de Deus. Eu sei que tudo quanto Deus faz durará eternamente; nada se lhe deve acrescentar, e nada se lhe deve tirar; e isto faz Deus para que haja temor diante dele.” Eclesiastes 3:1-14 vi AGRADECIMENTOS A minha total gratidão a Deus pela oportunidade de ter vivido esses momentos. Ninguém faz um doutorado sozinho, esta tese contou com a colaboração direta e indireta de muitas pessoas e colaboração de várias instituições. Ao CNPq, pela bolsa concedida. A CAPES pelo financiamento parcial do projeto PNPD que custeou a coleta de amostras doadas para esse estudo. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, pelo apoio acadêmico. As secretarias Kênia Muniz e Cynara Leleu, pelos atendimentos. A minha grande mentora e orientadora, profa. Dra. Sonia Maria Barreto Pereira, pelas trocas de conhecimento, pelo apoio profissional e pela amizade. A minha co-orientadora e amiga, Dra. Maria de Fátima de Oliveira-Carvalho, pelos ensinamentos e amizade, por sempre ter uma palavra positiva e generosidade em ajudar sempre que solicitada. A minha co-orientadora e também mentora, profa. Dra. Valéria Cassano, por viabilizar o projeto em muitas formas, através do networking com outros pesquisadores para obtenção das amostras, pela participação no planejamento do sequenciamento de DNA, disponibilidade no uso do Laboratório de Algas Marinhas da Universidade de São Paulo (LAM, USP) e na participação nos manuscritos, sempre que solicitada. Aos professores Abel Senties (Universidad Autônoma Metropolitana) e Lígia Collado-Vides (Florida Internacional University) pela coleta e envio das amostras do Caribe. Thanks so much you for this. Ao professor Heroen Verbruggen, pela sugestão do projeto e pela participação em um dos capítulos. I am very gratefull for your insights. A profa. Dra. Ana Benko, pela disponibilidade de uso do Laboratório de Genética e Biotecnologia Vegetal (LGBV, UFPE). As equipes dos laboratórios LABOFIC, LGBV e LAM, por onde andei nos últimos quatros anos, pelo suporte técnico. Aos professores Carmen Zickel, Ariadne Moura, Reginaldo de Carvalho, Teresa Buril e Ana Vírginia, coordenadores do PPGB dos últimos, pela disponibilidade aos atendimentos acadêmicos. Aos professores Mariana Cabral, Reginaldo de Carvalho, Enide Eskinazi-Leça, Margareth Sales, Rodrigo Oliveira e Watson Gama-Jr, por ter aceito compor a banca e pelas revisões do texto. vii A minha família, pelo suporte emocional, em especial aos meus pais Pedro e Rosário, minha irmã, Jhaniciara e meus sobrinhos amados Ashley e João Pedro. Aos amigos com quem compartilhei momentos bons e ruins, prefiro não os listar para não correr a gafe de esquecer algum, mas vocês sabem quem vocês são. viii Lista de Figuras Figure A - Map of the geographical distribution of Halimeda species (Chlorophyta) on the coast of Brazil. TWP, Tropical Warm Province; TZ, Transition Zone; Hs, H. simulans; Hi, H. incrassata; Hg, H. aff. gracilis; Hc, H. aff. cuneata (= H. jolyana); Hd, H. aff. discoidea; Ht, H. aff. tuna; Ho, H. opuntia. ..................................................................... 36 Figures B - Habit of the studied species. (2) H. tuna (3) H. opuntia (4) H. aff. discoidea (5) H. simulans (6) H. aff. gracilis (7) H. aff. cuneata (= holotype of H. jolyana) (8) H. incrassata. Scale bars = 1 cm ........................................................................................... 41 Figura C - Consensus tree derived from Neighbour-Joining analyses of tufA sequences. Values above each branch refer to NJ (Neighbour-Joining), ML (maximum likelihood) bootstrap values and BI (Bayesian posterior probabilities), respectively. Brazilian samples generated in this study are in bold; – indicates lack of support; * indicates bootstrap support = 100%; LT indicates type locality...................................................... 43 Figure D - Bayesian chronogram for the genus Halimeda resulting from the BEAST analysis, showing the relationship of species present in Brazil (grey boxes) with those from elsewhere. Branch support is given as Bayesian posterior probabilities (BEAST analysis, shown if > 0.90) and ML bootstrap values (RAxML analysis, shown if > 50).............. 46 Figure E - Habit of the new species Halimeda jolyana. Scale bars = 1 cm. Fig. 11. Patch of plants growing on a rocky shore in the low intertidal (HV05229, Espírito Santo, Marataizes, Praia da Cruz). Fig. 12. Dense plant growing in a rock pool in the mid- intertidal (HV05091, Espírito Santo, Ubu, Praia de Parati). Fig. 13. Appearance of live plant in field laboratory, showing common discoid segments (HV05086, Espírito Santo, Ubu, Praia de Parati). Fig. 14. In situ photograph showing very thickset appearance of segments (Espírito Santo, Marataízes, Praia da Cruz). Fig. 15. Live plant showing very thick segments (HV05221, Espírito Santo, Marataízes, Praia da Cruz). .......................... 47 Figure F- Gametangia of the new species Halimeda jolyana. Scale bars = 5 mm. Fig. 16. In situ photograph of a fertile branch with segments still green (HV05153). Fig. 17. Ghost thallus from which gametes have been released. Fig. 18. Gametangia lining distal segment edge and occurring in patches on the segment surface (HV05198). Figs 19–22. Detailed view of gametophore clusters. All material collected in Espírito Santo state (Anchieta, Praia dos Castelhanos). Scale bars = 500 µm. ................................................ 48 Figure G – Erros bars on the node ages of Bayesian chronogram for the genus Halimeda resulting from the BEAST analysis. ................................................................................. 60 Figure H - Consensus tree derived from Bayesian inference of tufA sequences. .................... 71 ix Figure I - Consensus tree derived from Bayesian inference of rbcL sequences. ...................... 72 Figure J - Halimeda soniae Ximenes, Oliveira-Carvalho, M.E. Bandeira-Pedrosa et Cassano sp. nov. (3) Holotype specimen (PEUFR 52084). Scale bar = 1 cm. (4) Isotype specimen (SPF58088 A). Scale bar = 1 cm. (5) Primary utricles on surface view. Scale bar = 50 µm. (6) Nodal fusion complete by two filaments. Scale bar = 100 µm. (7) Primary and secondary utricles on frontal view, secondary utricles with clavate shape. Scale bar = 25 µm. .................................................................................................................................... 75 Figura K - Árvore consenso de Inferência Bayesiana não enraizada construída para as 62 sequências do tufA de diferentes amostras de Halimeda. As sequências das espécies pertencentes a seções Rhipsalis, Micronesicae, Opuntia e Pseudo-opuntia foram omitidas para melhor visualização da árvore. Apenas valores acima de 70% de boostrap ou 0,7 de probabilidade a posteiori estão indicados nos ramos, na ordem NJ/ML/BI. Sequências em negrito foram obtidas neste estudo. (*) Indica suporte máximo do ramo. .......................................................................................................................................... 92 Figura L - Árvore consenso de Inferência Bayesiana não enraizada construída para as 66 sequências
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