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Lifecycle, Distribution, Nature of Damage and Economic Importance of Whitefly, Raveesh Kumar Gangwar1* and Charu Gangwar2

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Lifecycle, Distribution, Nature of Damage and Economic Importance of Whitefly, Raveesh Kumar Gangwar1* and Charu Gangwar2 Acta Scientific Agriculture (ISSN: 2581-365X) Volume 2 Issue 4 April 2018 Review Article Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Lifecycle, Distribution, Nature of Damage and Economic Importance of Whitefly, Raveesh Kumar Gangwar1* and Charu Gangwar2 1Technical Assistant, Department of Agriculture Office of S. A. D. E. O. Bisauli, Budaun, Uttar Pradesh, India 2Research Scholar IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India *Corresponding Author: Raveesh Kumar Gangwar, Technical Assistant, Department of Agriculture Office of S. A. D. E. O. Bisauli, Budaun, Received:Uttar Pradesh, January India. 29, 2018; Published: March 22, 2018 Abstract Bemisia tabaci B. tabaci is a polyphagous pest attacking of tomato, brinjal, pulses, Whitefly, (Gennadius) plant sap feeding insect. cotton and many other plant species of economic importance worldwide. Many farmers are not interested to grow such crops in their filed after they have gone through some bad experience due to severe infestations of whitefly. Whiteflies cause damage to plants in two ways firstly by sucking the sap and transmitting viral disease secondly honeydew secreting onto leaves where black sooty mold can grow. Whiteflies have become one of the most serious crop protection problems. Whiteflies typically lay eggs undersides of leaves. Tiny crawlers hatch that settle on leaves and molt into immobile nymphs. The escalating whitefly problem has led to an strategies for the insect pests can become sound and economically viable when the information on pest succession is integrated in increased use of insecticides, which not only put pressure on the environment, but has led to resistance problems. The management to it. To understand about life cycle and management’s tactics is help to reduce the yield losses. In present review articles discusses about life cycle, distribution, nature of damage whitefly, which could support an effective pest management and crop improvement Keywordsstrategy. : ; Bemisia tabaci; Hemiptera; Aleyrodidae; Pest Whitefly Introduction Indian origin , was described under numerous names before its Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) comprises the family [7] Aleyrodidae, the only family in the superfamily Aleyrodoidea or morphological variability was recognized. Outbreaks of this pest The whitefly ( were reported in southern parts of India during 1985-87 and in - tomato and several ornamental plants [8,9] crop in Greece [1] northern parts during 1987-95 on cotton, tobacco, eggplant, okra, der Hemoptera. It was first recorded over 100 years ago in tobacco cludes reduction in yield and fruit quality as well as virus trans [2] B. tabaci . Damage caused in- . Whitefly was first record as a pest in cotton mission B. tabaci - fields of Greece in 1889 . In India was first recorded is variable not only in its morphology (size and form of nymphs) Bemisia tabaci is a polyphagous [10-12]. In addition, is a polymorphic species. It on cotton from Pusa (Bihar) during 1905 and was described as M. but also in its ecological characteristics (environmental re and L. (Mishra and Lamba, 1929). quirements, development, fecundity, insecticide resistance, virus [4] economic impor [4,13] - insect has a wide host range of more than 500 host plant species tance, such as vegetables, oil and ornamental plants [3] belonging to more than 60 plant families - plement transmission, natural enemy complexes and endosymbiont com- [5]. Despite tera) but are in the order Hemiptera, related to aphids, scales and [14-23]. Therefore, for each pest management program, their name, whiteflies are not true flies (in the insect order Dip- an exact determination of the crucial population parameters is erate a comprehensive understanding on the insect population, required. Henceforth, these studies are indeed appropriate to gen- mealybugs. They derive their name from the mealy white wax cov- which could support an effective pest management programme ering the adult’s wings and body. Whiteflies are small Hemipter- ans that typically feed on the undersides of plant leaves. Several andDistribution crop improvement strategy. species of whiteflies exist [6]. More than 1550 species have been cies have a narrow range of host plants, but the ones that are may described out of which 50 are agricultural pests. Most whitefly spe- Bemisia tabaci is primarily a pest of cultivated plants in tropical feed on many vegetable, pulses crops, ornamental and house plants Bemisia cies with a worldwide distribution [4,24] and warm temperate regions of the world. It is a polyphagous spe- thought to have originated from Asia [4] B. tabaci, being possibly of much of southern Europe, Africa, India, and has recently moved considered as a pest. The genus contains 37 species and is . It is present throughout . Citation: Raveesh Kumar Gangwar and Charu Gangwar. “ Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)" Acta Scientific Agriculture Lifecycle, Distribution, Nature of Damage and Economic Importance of Whitefly, . 2.4 (2018) 36-39. Lifecycle, Distribution, Nature of Damage and Economic Importance of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B. tabaci Bio-ecology or life cycle of (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) 37 eas within Europe are still Bemisia into Australia. has a global presence. However, certain ar- Eggs: Eggs are usually laid in circular groups, underside of the public of Ireland and the United Kingdom free, e.g. Finland, Sweden, Re- of closely related strains (or biotypes) that appear the same as the [25]. There are a number leaves, with the broad end touching the surface and the long axis perpendicular to the leaf. Eggs are pear shaped with a pedicel spike local strains, but can only be identified by molecular techniques. at the base, approximately 0.2 mm long. Hatching occurs after 5 - 9 CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, India Widespread 2014 days at 30°C but this depends very much on host species, tempera- ture and humidity. On hatching, the first instar, or 'crawler', is flat, Andaman and Present Nicobar Islands 1998; EPPO, 2014 ovalNymph: and scale-like in shape. NHM, 1990; CABI/EPPO, Andhra Pradesh Present The pupa is flat, irregular oval shape, about 0.7 mm long, 2014 CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, with an elongate, triangular vasiform orifice. On a smooth leaf the Assam Present 2014 puparium lacks enlarged dorsal setae, but if the leaf is hairy, 2 - 8 CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, Present long dorsal setae are present. The first instar is the only nymphal to a suitable feeding location on the lower surface of the leaf, af 2014 stage of this whitefly which is mobile. It moves from the egg site Bihar CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, Chhattisgarh Present et al - Delhi Present ter which its legs are lost in the next moult and the larva becomes Netam., . 2007 2014 sessile. It does not move again throughout the remaining nymphal CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, Gujarat Present stages. The fourth nymphal stage is termed the puparium, or also 2014 developing adult are already visible through the nymph integu known as “red-eye nymphs” because the relatively large eyes of the CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, Haryana Present - 2014 CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, Adult:ment (skin) during this stage. Punjab Present 2014 Adults are approximately 1 mm long, the male slightly CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, Jammu and Present smaller than the female. The body and both pairs of wings are cov- Kashmir 2014 CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, ered with a powdery, waxy secretion, white to slightly yellowish in Karnataka Present colour. The life span of the female can extend to 60 days. The life of 2014 CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, the male is generally much shorter, being between 9 and 17 days. Kerala Present are often arranged in an arc around the female as she rotates on 2014 Each female can oviposit over 300 eggs during her lifespan; these CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, Lakshadweep Present EPPO, 2014 her stylet. Some 11 to 15 generations can occur within 1 year ac- Madhya Pradesh Present 2014 Economiccording to climaticimportance condition. CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, Maharashtra Present B. tabaci damage the crop by sucking the sap and reduce the 2014 CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, Meghalaya Present 2014 crop yield about 50%. To control the whitefly used insecticides CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, recognized as pests for at least 100 years, they attained major pest Odisha Present which increased input cost and create pest resistance. Although 2014 status only in the last two decades, possibly through the indiscrim CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, Rajasthan Present - 2014 CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, inate use of pesticides. In the past two decades or so, the upsurge Tamil Nadu Present in whitefly severity has prompted scientists and extension work- 2014 CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, ers worldwide to find ways to manage this pest. During the past Uttar Pradesh Present 2014 decades, whiteflies have risen in notoriety as important plant pest CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, have prompted many scientists and researchers to investigate the Uttarakhand Present et al species particularly of horticultural crops. Huge agricultural losses Present Rashmi., . 2008 2014 causes of and find solutions to this new phenomenon. West Bengal CABI/EPPO, 1998; EPPO, Table 1: Distribution of B. tabaci in India. Citation: Raveesh Kumar Gangwar and Charu Gangwar. “ Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)" Acta Scientific Agriculture Lifecycle, Distribution, Nature of Damage and Economic Importance of Whitefly, . 2.4 (2018) 36-39. Lifecycle, Distribution, Nature of Damage and Economic Importance of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Nature of damage Conclusion 38 Bemisia tabaci is a polyphagous insect which can cause dam Whiteflies cause damage to plants in two ways firstly by suck- - ing the sap and secondly by excreting honey dew on which sooty age to various crop viz. cotton, brinjal, ladyfinger, some other veg- feed by inserting their mouthparts especially in young plants phlo mould grows. Direct damage is caused through Adults and nymphs etables, and ornamental plants. Whiteflies cause damage to plants em sap from sieve tubes with their sucking mouthparts - in two ways firstly by sucking the sap and secondly by excreting sucking phloem sap from the leaves and plant tissue they removing ticle discussion about lifecycle, distribution, nature of damage [26].
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