The Simple Method to Calculate Urban Stormwater Loads
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Effects of Stormwater Runoff from Development by Robert Pitt, P.E
A River Network Publication Volume 14 | Number 3 - 2004 Effects of Stormwater Runoff from Development By Robert Pitt, P.E. Ph.D., University of Alabama ost people know that urban runoff is a problem, but very few realize just how harmful it can be for rivers, lakes and streams. In order to secure better control of urban runoff, we must make the public and its officials aware of the full extent of the problems that need to be prevented when new M development takes place. Urban runoff has been found to cause significant impacts on aquatic life. The effects are obviously most severe for waters draining heavily urbanized watersheds. However, some studies have shown important aquatic life impacts even for streams in watersheds that are less than ten percent urbanized. Most aquatic life impacts associated with urbanization are probably related to long- term problems caused by polluted sediments and food web disruption. Because ecological responses to watershed changes may take between 5 and 10 years to equilibrate, water monitoring conducted soon after disturbances or mitigation may not accurately reflect the long-term conditions that will eventually occur. The first changes due to urbanization will be to stream and groundwater hydrology, followed by fluvial morphology, then water quality, and finally the aquatic ecosystem. Effects of Stormwater Discharges on Aquatic Life Many studies have shown the severe detrimental effects of urban runoff on water Photo courtesy of Dr. Pitt organisms. These studies have generally examined receiving water conditions above and below a city, or by comparing two parallel streams, one urbanized and another nonurbanized. -
Managing Storm Water Runoff to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water
United States Office of Water EPA 816-F-01-020 Environmental Protection (4606) July 2001 Agency Source Water Protection Practices Bulletin Managing Storm Water Runoff to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water Storm water runoff is rain or snow melt that flows off the land, from streets, roof tops, and lawns. The runoff carries sediment and contaminants with it to a surface water body or infiltrates through the soil to ground water. This fact sheet focuses on the management of runoff in urban environments; other fact sheets address management measures for other specific sources, such as pesticides, animal feeding operations, and vehicle washing. SOURCES OF STORM WATER RUNOFF Urban and suburban areas are predominated by impervious cover including pavements on roads, sidewalks, and parking lots; rooftops of buildings and other structures; and impaired pervious surfaces (compacted soils) such as dirt parking lots, walking paths, baseball fields and suburban lawns. During storms, rainwater flows across these impervious surfaces, mobilizing contaminants, and transporting them to water bodies. All of the activities that take place in urban and suburban areas contribute to the pollutant load of storm water runoff. Oil, gasoline, and automotive fluids drip from vehicles onto roads and parking lots. Storm water runoff from shopping malls and retail centers also contains hydrocarbons from automobiles. Landscaping by homeowners, around businesses, and on public grounds contributes sediments, pesticides, fertilizers, and nutrients to runoff. Construction of roads and buildings is another large contributor of sediment loads to waterways. In addition, any uncovered materials such as improperly stored hazardous substances (e.g., household Parking lot runoff cleaners, pool chemicals, or lawn care products), pet and wildlife wastes, and litter can be carried in runoff to streams or ground water. -
Urban Flooding Mitigation Techniques: a Systematic Review and Future Studies
water Review Urban Flooding Mitigation Techniques: A Systematic Review and Future Studies Yinghong Qin 1,2 1 College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; [email protected]; Tel.: +86-0771-323-2464 2 College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, 100 University Road, Nanning 530004, China Received: 20 November 2020; Accepted: 14 December 2020; Published: 20 December 2020 Abstract: Urbanization has replaced natural permeable surfaces with roofs, roads, and other sealed surfaces, which convert rainfall into runoff that finally is carried away by the local sewage system. High intensity rainfall can cause flooding when the city sewer system fails to carry the amounts of runoff offsite. Although projects, such as low-impact development and water-sensitive urban design, have been proposed to retain, detain, infiltrate, harvest, evaporate, transpire, or re-use rainwater on-site, urban flooding is still a serious, unresolved problem. This review sequentially discusses runoff reduction facilities installed above the ground, at the ground surface, and underground. Mainstream techniques include green roofs, non-vegetated roofs, permeable pavements, water-retaining pavements, infiltration trenches, trees, rainwater harvest, rain garden, vegetated filter strip, swale, and soakaways. While these techniques function differently, they share a common characteristic; that is, they can effectively reduce runoff for small rainfalls but lead to overflow in the case of heavy rainfalls. In addition, most of these techniques require sizable land areas for construction. The end of this review highlights the necessity of developing novel, discharge-controllable facilities that can attenuate the peak flow of urban runoff by extending the duration of the runoff discharge. -
Pollutant Association with Suspended Solids in Stormwater in Tijuana, Mexico
Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2014) 11:319–326 DOI 10.1007/s13762-013-0214-3 ORIGINAL PAPER Pollutant association with suspended solids in stormwater in Tijuana, Mexico F. T. Wakida • S. Martinez-Huato • E. Garcia-Flores • T. D. J. Pin˜on-Colin • H. Espinoza-Gomez • A. Ames-Lo´pez Received: 24 July 2012 / Revised: 12 February 2013 / Accepted: 23 February 2013 / Published online: 16 March 2013 Ó Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2013 Abstract Stormwater runoff from urban areas is a major Introduction source of many pollutants to water bodies. Suspended solids are one of the main pollutants because of their Stormwater pollution is a major problem in urban areas. association with other pollutants. The objective of this The loadings and concentrations of water pollutants, such study was to evaluate the relationship between suspended as suspended solids, nutrients, and heavy metals, are typi- solids and other pollutants in stormwater runoff in the city cally higher in urban stormwater runoff than in runoff from of Tijuana. Seven sites were sampled during seven rain rural areas (Vaze and Chiew 2004). Stormwater has events during the 2009–2010 season and the different become a significant contributor of pollutants to water particle size fractions were separated by sieving and fil- bodies. These pollutants can be inorganic (e.g. heavy tration. The results have shown that the samples have high metals and nitrates) and/or organic, such as polycyclic concentration of total suspended solids, the values of which aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols from asphalt pavement ranged from 725 to 4,411.6 mg/L. The samples were ana- degradation (Sansalone and Buchberger 1995). -
An Analysis of CO2-Driven Cold-Water Geysers in Green River, Utah and Chimayo, New Mexico Zachary T
University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations December 2014 An Analysis of CO2-driven Cold-water Geysers in Green River, Utah and Chimayo, New Mexico Zachary T. Watson University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Geology Commons, and the Hydrology Commons Recommended Citation Watson, Zachary T., "An Analysis of CO2-driven Cold-water Geysers in Green River, Utah and Chimayo, New Mexico" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 603. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/603 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ANALYSIS OF CO 2-DRIVEN COLD-WATER GEYSERS IN GREEN RIVER, UTAH AND CHIMAYO, NEW MEXICO by Zach Watson A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Geosciences at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee December 2014 ABSTRACT AN ANALYSIS OF CO 2-DRIVEN COLD-WATER GEYSERS IN UTAH AND NEW MEXICO by Zach Watson The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2014 Under the Supervision of Professor Dr. Weon Shik Han The eruption periodicity, CO 2 bubble volume fraction, eruption velocity, flash depth and mass emission of CO 2 were determined from multiple wellbore CO 2-driven cold-water geysers (Crystal and Tenmile geysers, in Utah and Chimayó geyser in New Mexico). Utilizing a suite of temporal water sample datasets from multiple field trips to Crystal geyser, systematic and repeated trends in effluent water chemistry have been revealed. -
Probabilistic Assessment of Urban Runoff Erosion Potential
307 Probabilistic assessment of urban runoff erosion potential J.A. Harris and B.J. Adams Abstract: At the planning or screening level of urban development, analytical modeling using derived probability distribution theory is a viable alternative to continuous simulation, offering considerably less computational effort. A new set of analytical probabilistic models is developed for predicting the erosion potential of urban stormwater runoff. The marginal probability distributions for the duration of a hydrograph in which the critical channel velocity is exceeded (termed exceedance duration) are computed using derived probability distribution theory. Exceedance duration and peak channel velocity are two random variables upon which erosion potential is functionally dependent. Reasonable agreement exists between the derived marginal probability distributions for exceedance duration and continuous EPA Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) simulations at more common return periods. It is these events of lower magnitude and higher frequency that are the most significant to erosion-potential prediction. Key words: erosion, stormwater management, derived probability distribution, exceedance duration. Résumé : Au niveau de la planification ou de la sélection en développement urbain, la modélisation analytique au moyen de la théorie de la distribution probabiliste dérivée est une alternative valable à la simulation continue car elle demande un effort computationnel beaucoup moindre. Dans le but de prédire le potentiel d’érosion par des eaux de ruissellement en milieu urbain, un nouvel ensemble de modèles probabilistes analytiques a été développé. Les distributions de probabilité marginales pour la durée d’un hydrogramme dans lequel la vélocité critique de courant dans le canal est dépassée (appelé durée de dépassement) sont calculées en utilisant la théorie de la distribution de probabilité dérivée. -
Want to Participate?
The City of Grass Valley Public Works Department operates the City’s wastewater To read the City’s new Discharge Permit: treatment plant that provides sewer service www.cityofgrassvalley.com to 12,100 residents and 1,700 businesses To read the City’s current Industrial (including industries). Pretreatment Program Ordinance: www.cityofgrassvalley.com then to On average, the City discharges 2,100,000 Municipal Code Chapter 13.20 gallons per day of treated wastewater effluent to Wolf Creek. To read about Federal pretreatment program requirements: The City’s wastewater treatment system www.epa.gov/epahome/cfr40 then to consists of many processes. 40 CFR Part 403 All wastewater first To read about new water quality standards: goes through the www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb5 (Water Quality Wastewater from homes and businesses travels in primary treatment Goals) the City’s sewer system to the wastewater treat- process, which involves www.swrcb.ca.gov/ (State Implementation ment plant (WWTP). After treatment, the effluent screening and settling out large Policy) is discharged to Wolf Creek via a cascade aerator particles. www.swrcb.ca.gov/ (California Toxics Rule) (shown below). The effluent must meet water quality standards that protect public health and Wastewater then To read about National Pollution Discharge the environment. moves on to the Elimination System (NPDES) permits secondary treatment http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/ process, in which organic 101pape.pdf matter is removed by allowing bacteria to To learn more about wastewater treatment break down the plants: www.wef.org/wefstudents/ pollutants. gowithflow/index.htm The City also puts the wastewater through Want to Participate? advanced treatment (filtration) to further The City has formed a Pretreatment Sewer remove particulate Advisory Committee to assist and enhance matter. -
PFAS in Influent, Effluent, and Residuals of Wastewater Treatment Plants (Wwtps) in Michigan
Evaluation of PFAS in Influent, Effluent, and Residuals of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Michigan Prepared in association with Project Number: 60588767 Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy April 2021 Evaluation of PFAS in Influent, Effluent, and Residuals of Project number: 60588767 Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Michigan Prepared for: Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy Water Resources Division Stephanie Kammer Constitution Hall, 1st Floor, South Tower 525 West Allegan Street P.O. Box 30242 Lansing, MI 48909 Prepared by: Dorin Bogdan, Ph.D. Environmental Engineer, Michigan E-mail: [email protected] AECOM 3950 Sparks Drive Southeast Grand Rapids, MI 49546 aecom.com Prepared in association with: Stephanie Kammer, Jon Russell, Michael Person, Sydney Ruhala, Sarah Campbell, Carla Davidson, Anne Tavalire, Charlie Hill, Cindy Sneller, and Thomas Berdinski. Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy Water Resources Division Constitution Hall 525 West Allegan P.O. Box 30473 Lansing, MI 48909 Prepared for: Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy AECOM Evaluation of PFAS in Influent, Effluent, and Residuals of Project number: 60588767 Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Michigan Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Background ........................................................................................................................................ -
Stormwater Management Regulations
City of Waco Stormwater Management Regulations 1.0 Applicability: These regulations apply to all development within the limits of the City of Waco as well as to any subdivisions within the extra territorial jurisdiction of the City of Waco. Any request for a variance from these regulations must be justified by sound Engineering practice. Other than those variances identified in these regulations as being at the discretion of the City Engineer, variances may only be granted as provided in the Subdivision Ordinance of the City of Waco or Chapter 28 – Zoning, of the Code of Ordinances of the City of Waco, as applicable. 1.1 Definitions: 100 year Floodplain Area inundated by the flood having a one percent chance of being exceeded in any one year (Base Flood). (Also known as Regulatory Flood Plain) Adverse Impact: Any impact which causes any of the following: Any increased inundation, of any building structure, roadway, or improvement. Any increase in erosion and/or sedimentation. Any increase in the upstream or downstream floodplane level. Any increase in the upstream or downstream floodplain boundaries. Floodplane The calculated elevation of floodwaters caused by the flood Elevation of a particular frequency. Drainage System System made up of pipes, ditches, streets and other structures designed to contain and transport surface water generated by a storm event. Treatment Removal/partial removal of pollutants from stormwater. Watercourse a natural or manmade channel, ditch, or swale where water flows either continuously or during rainfall events 1.2 Adverse Impact No preliminary or final plat or development plan or permit shall be approved that will cause an adverse drainage impact on any other property, based on the 2 yr, 10 1 yr, 25 yr and 100 yr floods. -
Fecal Coliform and E. Coli Concentrations in Effluent-Dominated Streams of the Upper Santa Cruz Watershed
Water 2013, 5, 243-261; doi:10.3390/w5010243 OPEN ACCESS water ISSN 2073-4441 www.mdpi.com/journal/water Article Fecal Coliform and E. coli Concentrations in Effluent-Dominated Streams of the Upper Santa Cruz Watershed Emily C. Sanders, Yongping Yuan * and Ann Pitchford Landscape Ecology Branch, Environmental Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, 944 East Harmon Avenue, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (E.C.S.); [email protected] (A.P.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-702-798-2112; Fax: +1-702-798-2208. Received: 4 January 2013; in revised form: 26 February 2013 / Accepted: 26 February 2013 / Published: 11 March 2013 Abstract: This study assesses the water quality of the Upper Santa Cruz Watershed in southern Arizona in terms of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria concentrations discharged as treated effluent and from nonpoint sources into the Santa Cruz River and surrounding tributaries. The objectives were to (1) assess the water quality in the Upper Santa Cruz Watershed in terms of fecal coliform and E. coli by comparing the available data to the water quality criteria established by Arizona, (2) to provide insights into fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) response to the hydrology of the watershed and (3) to identify if point sources or nonpoint sources are the major contributors of FIB in the stream. Assessment of the available wastewater treatment plant treated effluent data and in-stream sampling data indicate that water quality criteria for E. -
First Flush Reactor for Stormwater Treatment for 6
TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FHWA/LA.08/466 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date June 2009 First Flush Reactor for Stormwater Treatment for 6. Performing Organization Code Elevated Linear Transportation Projects LTRC Project Number: 08-3TIRE State Project Number: 736-99-1516 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Zhi-Qiang Deng, Ph.D. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 11. Contract or Grant No. Louisiana State University LA 736-99-1516; LTRC 08-3TIRE Baton Rouge, LA 70803 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Louisiana Transportation Research Center Final Report 4101 Gourrier Avenue December 2007-May 2009 Baton Rouge, LA 70808 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes Conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration 16. Abstract The United States EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) MS4 (Municipal Separate Storm Water Sewer System) Program regulations require municipalities and government agencies including the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LADOTD) to develop and implement stormwater best management practices (BMPs) for linear transportation systems to reduce the discharge of various pollutants, thereby protecting water quality. An efficient and cost-effective stormwater BMP is urgently needed for elevated linear transportation projects to comply with MS4 regulations. This report documents the development of a first flush-based stormwater treatment device, the first flush reactor, for use on elevated linear transportation projects/roadways for complying with MS4 regulations. A series of stormwater samples were collected from the I-10 elevated roadway section over City Park Lake in urban Baton Rouge. -
Achieving Reduced-Cost Wet Weather Flow Treatment Through Plant Operational Changes
WEFTEC®.06 ACHIEVING REDUCED-COST WET WEATHER FLOW TREATMENT THROUGH PLANT OPERATIONAL CHANGES Raymond R. Longoria, P.E., BCEE1, Patricia Cleveland2, Kim Brashear, P.E.3 1Freese and Nichols, Inc. 1701 North Market Street, Suite 500 Dallas, Texas 75202 2Trinity River Authority of Texas 3Mehta, West, Brashear Consultants ABSTRACT Despite documented I/I reductions in the collection system1, the dynamic hydraulic model for the Trinity River Authority of Texas’ (TRA) Central Regional Wastewater System (CRWS) 2 predicted an increase in the Q2-HR PEAK/QADF ratio at the WWTP from 2.5 to 3.30. The 2.5 ratio historical value was known to be artificially low, the result of unintended in-line storage created by hydraulic bottlenecks in the collection system. The 3.30 ratio is the year 2020 predicted value derived from the hydraulic model. This assumes the completion of the scheduled collection system improvements intended to remove the bottlenecks. TRA intends to implement the collection system improvements and to treat all wastewater flows at the CRWS Wastewater Treatment Plant. The improvements recommended to handle the projected 3.30 ratio peak flows included 1) wet weather treatment facilities and 2) additional final clarifiers. Capital cost of the improvements to treat the peak flow was estimated at $21.1 million.3 The wet weather treatment facilities – High Rate Clarification - have been deferred pending final regulations/policy by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) with regard to blended flows and the preparation of additional technical and economic data by the Authority. The final additional final clarifiers were budgeted for construction in 2010.