DOCSLIB.ORG

Mahaffy Et Al., 2E, Index

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mahaffy Et Al., 2E, Index 15526_29_Index.qxp 3/4/14 9:31 AM Page IG-1 INDEX/GLOSSARY Page references with “f” indicate figures; those with “t” indicate tables. Glossary terms are printed in blue. abiogenic methane, 95 activation energy (Ea) The minimum group bonded to one hydrogen atom, absolute zero of temperature, 417 combined kinetic energy that a pair of or compounds whose molecules have absorption spectrum A plot of the colliding particles must have in excess that functional group, 886, 911–915 percentage of radiation transmitted by of the average for their collision to naming, 917–918 a substance over a range of incident result in reaction, 741–744, 808 reactivity, 916–917, 924–938 radiation energies (or wavelengths), of reaction, 742 structure, 916–917, 924–938 51, 74–77, 105, 158, 555 active site, 764 aldohexose, 1099 abundances of elements, 977 activity (A) (nuclear chemistry) Number of aldopentose, 1099 acceptor level, 1081 disintegrations observed per unit time, aldoses, 1099 acetals Functional groups with the measured in becquerel (Bq), 1159 alkali metals, 987–991, 995 structure RHC(ORЈ)2, or compounds activity (a) The effective concentration of alkaline earth elements, 991–995 whose molecules have that functional a solute species, 473, 498, 592 alkalosis, 582 group, 853, 930, 961 activity–based equilibrium constants, 498 alkanes Substances whose molecules ˚ acetylene, 790 acylation, 834 contain skeleton frameworks with C C achiral Molecules or objects that are acyl chlorides, 948–951 single bonds, 110–114, 119–120 superimposable on their mirror images acyl halides Functional group with acyl conformations, 317–322, 348 and therefore not chiral, 330–333, 348 group bonded to a halogen atom, cyclic, 115 acid A species that is a proton donor or RC(“ O)X, or compounds whose nomenclature of, 113 electron–pair acceptor, or a substance molecules have that functional group, alkene The C“ C double bond functional that is the source of the species, 193, 921, 948, 960 group, or compounds whose molecules 194f, 204, 953, 954 addition of have that functional group, 77, caracteristics, 528–532 alcohols, 933–934 773–776, 788–796 strong, 194 Grignard reagents, 934–936 spectroscopy, 793–796 weak, 194 addition reactions Reactions between reactivity, 796–815 acid anhydrides Functional group with molecules of two substances to form structure, 796–815 two acyl groups bonded to the same molecules of a new substance with no alkenes, stereoisomers of, 323 O atom, RC(“ O)OC(“ O)RЈ, or atoms “left over,” 782, 840 alkyl halides, 856–866 compounds whose molecules have of H2 to alkenes: hydration, 813 naming, 856–860 that functional group, 921, 960 of H2 to alkenes: hydrogenation, 802, 805, 816 reactivity, 851, 866–881 acid–base of H2O to alkynes: hydration, 819 spectroscopic evidence, 860–866 adduct, 197, 541 of HX to alkynes: hydrohalogenation, 818 structure, 866–881 character, 539 of X2 to alkenes: halogenation, 814 alkylation, 834, 897, 899 distribution, 554–559 polymers from ethylene derivatives, 804t alkynes, 114,773–773, 788–796 equilibria, 523–524, 545–553, 583 to unsymmetrical alkenes and carbocation electronic structure, 816 indicator, 573 stability, 809 spectroscopy, 793–796 pH, 554–557 adenosine-5-diphosphate (ADP), 244, reactivity, 816–820 properties, 559–575 621, 764 structure, 816–820 reactions, 193–193–196 adenosine-5-triphosphate (ATP), 244, 621, 764 alkylating agents Substances whose speciation, 557–558, 581–582 adhesion, 1182 molecules are able to transfer an alkyl titrations, 573–578 adrenaline, 527 group to a molecule of another acid–base neutralization Reaction due to aerogels, 1087 substance, 897 transfer of protons, with formation of aerosols Fine droplets of liquid or dust alkyl group A functional group or side water, 195, 204 suspended in a gas, such as the chain, that, like alkanes, consists only acidic condition, 656 atmosphere, 99–100f, 119, 478 of single-bonded carbon atoms and acidic solution An aqueous solution in which age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 3–6 hydrogen atoms. An example is a [H3Oϩ] Ͼ [OHϪ]. At 25 °C, pH Ͻ 7, agglutinate, 1114 methyl group, 114 533, 583 albedo The fraction of sunlight incident on allotropes Different forms in which an acidification the earth that is reflected, 100, 415 element can exist, 445 ocean, 591–595, 614 alcohol Functional group with the structure alloying, 659 soils and water, 975 R–OH, or compounds whose molecules alloys Mixtures of a metal with one or acid ionization constant (Ka) The have that functional group, 77, 856–866 more other elements that retain equilibrium constant for ionization of a addition, 933–936 metallic characteristics, 1078–1079 weak acid in aqueous solution, 523–527, models, 930 alpha (A) radiation Radioactive decay 535–536, 538t, 583 naming, 856–860 involving loss of an alpha particle acidity, 552 reactivity, 851 (4He2ϩ ions) which is readily acidosis, 582 spectroscopic evidence, 860–866 absorbed, 1148 acids reactivity, 881–893 alternative delocalized electron representations and bases, 193–200, 528 structure, 881–893 of a benzene molecule, 823 in an aqueous solution, 193–194 aldehydes Functional group with the aluminum, 995–1001 actinides, 1035 structure RC(“ O)H, with a carbonyl aluminosilicates, 1004 NEL IG-1 15526_29_Index.qxp 3/4/14 9:31 AM Page IG-2 IG-2 Index/Glossary amides Functional group with the Ionization of molecular solutes, 185–186 excited, 268–269, 272 structure RC(“ O)NR2, or compounds aragonite, 592 localised regions, 388–396 whose molecules have that functional argon in air, 1022 modelling, 253–254, 295–297 group, 895, 921, 949, 957, 958, 960 Armstrong, Lance, 17–20 nuclear charge, 289–291 amines, 856–866, 936, 958 aromatic compounds Compounds with atom size, 261–263, 292 addition, 936–937 cyclical conjugated molecules atom structure process, 296f naming, 856–860 significantly more stable than a model aufbau principle Imaginary building of reactivity, 851, 893–899 compound whose molecules have a atoms of successive elements by spectroscopic evidence, 860–866 localized electronic structure, 773–776, assigning each successive electron to structure, 893–899 788–796, 820, 840 the orbital that results in the amino acid Compounds whose molecules reactivity, 820–839 lowest–energy atom, 285, 297 have both carboxylic acid and amine spectroscopy, 820–839 average rate of reaction, 723 functional groups, 559–563, 1115–1125 structure, 820–839 Avogadro, Amadeo, 417 acid–base properties, 559–563 aromatic Avogadro constant (NA) The number of proteins, found in, 561t heterocycles and ions, 826 specified particles in 1 mol of a amino sugars, 1113 aromaticity, 822–825 substance, 35, 43 ammonia synthesis apparatus, 489 Arrhenius equation A mathematical hypothesis, 417 nitrogen in the air, 487 expression that relates reaction rate to amount fraction, 424, 466 the activation energy, collision bacterial oxidation of minerals, 975 amount of substance (n) A fundamental frequency, molecular orientation, and baking soda, 990 quantity in the SI system, of which the temperature, 744–745–747, 765 balanced chemical equation A chemical unit of measurement is a mole, 35, 43 arsenic equation in which the total charge on amounts table, 138 inorganic, 159 the species that react is equal to that amphibole, 1004 organic, 159 on the species that are formed, and amphiprotic, 531 speciation, 157–159 atoms are conserved, 131–134, 149 amphoteric (or amphiprotic) Species that water, 1013 Balmer, Johann, 269 can behave as acids or bases, depending arsenobetaine, 159 balmer series, 271 on their environment, 531, 583 artificial leaves, 619–624 band of stability in nuclei, 1154–1155 hydroxides, 199 arylamines, 894 band theory A theory of bonding in amylopectin, 1112 aspergillus niger, 720 metals, 1077 amylose, 109–110, 1112 atmosphere, 100, 102, 414–415 barium sulfate slurries in intestinal X–rays, 600 angular momentum quantum number, 277 caracteristics, 528–532 barometer A device used to measure anion A particle with negative charge CO2, 109f, 774f atmospheric pressure, 416 because it has more electrons than Earth, 413 Bartlett, Neil, 1023 protons, 56, 59–60, 82, 980 greenhouse gases in, 96–106 base A species that is a proton acceptor or anode The electrode at which oxidation lifetime, 104f electron–pair donor, or a substance occurs, 630, 660 Mars, 413 that is the source of the species., 194f, anomeric centre The hemiacetal carbon atom economy The principle that, as far as 195, 204 atom in molecules of a pyranose or possible, all of the atoms in the starting caracteristics, 528–532 furanose sugar, 1106 materials should be in the desired strong, 195 anomers, 1106 products, 126–128, 132, 147–149 weak, 195 antibonding molecular orbital A molecular atom efficiency The percentage of atoms base ionization constant (Kb) The orbital in which the distribution of of each element in the reactants that equilibrium constant for ionization of a density of electrons that “occupy” it end up in the desired product, weak base in water, 536, 538t, 583, 894 results in an effect of repulsion 126–128, 147–149, 150 bases in aqueous solution, 195 between atoms and weakening of the atomic composition, 30 basic oxygen furnace, 1043 bond between them, 400 atomic mass, 31–33 basic solution An aqueous solution in which anticancer drug, cisplatin, 1031–1035 atomic mass units (u) One–twelfth of the [OHϪ] Ͼ [H3Oϩ]. At 25 °C, pH Ͼ 7, anticodon, 1134 mass of a 12C atom, 31–33 533, 583 anti conformer, 317 atomic nuclei, 1153–1158 basicity, 894 antigenic determinants, 1114 atomic number (Z) The number of protons Bassler, Bonnie
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Earlier Collection of These Notes in One PDF File
    UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES MONA, JAMAICA Chemistry of the First Row Transition Metal Complexes C21J Inorganic Chemistry http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/courses/index.html Prof. R. J. Lancashire September 2005 Chemistry of the First Row Transition Metal Complexes. C21J Inorganic Chemistry 24 Lectures 2005/2006 1. Review of Crystal Field Theory. Crystal Field Stabilisation Energies: origin and effects on structures and thermodynamic properties. Introduction to Absorption Spectroscopy and Magnetism. The d1 case. Ligand Field Theory and evidence for the interaction of ligand orbitals with metal orbitals. 2. Spectroscopic properties of first row transition metal complexes. a) Electronic states of partly filled quantum levels. l, ml and s quantum numbers. Selection rules for electronic transitions. b) Splitting of the free ion energy levels in Octahedral and Tetrahedral complexes. Orgel and Tanabe-Sugano diagrams. c) Spectra of aquated metal ions. Factors affecting positions, intensities and shapes of absorption bands. 3. Magnetic Susceptibilities of first row transition metal complexes. a) Effect of orbital contributions arising from ground and excited states. b) Deviation from the spin-only approximation. c) Experimental determination of magnetic moments. Interpretation of data. 4. General properties (physical and chemical) of the 3d transition metals as a consequence of their electronic configuration. Periodic trends in stabilities of common oxidation states. Contrast between first-row elements and their heavier congeners. 5. A survey of the chemistry of some of the elements Ti....Cu, which will include the following topics: a) Occurrence, extraction, biological significance, reactions and uses b) Redox reactions, effects of pH on the simple aqua ions c) Simple oxides, halides and other simple binary compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
    Crystal Field Theory (CFT) The bonding of transition metal complexes can be explained by two approaches: crystal field theory and molecular orbital theory. Molecular orbital theory takes a covalent approach, and considers the overlap of d-orbitals with orbitals on the ligands to form molecular orbitals; this is not covered on this site. Crystal field theory takes the ionic approach and considers the ligands as point charges around a central metal positive ion, ignoring any covalent interactions. The negative charge on the ligands is repelled by electrons in the d-orbitals of the metal. The orientation of the d orbitals with respect to the ligands around the central metal ion is important, and can be used to explain why the five d-orbitals are not degenerate (= at the same energy). Whether the d orbitals point along or in between the cartesian axes determines how the orbitals are split into groups of different energies. Why is it required? The valence bond approach could not explain the Electronic spectra, Magnetic moments, Reaction mechanisms of the complexes. Assumptions of CFT: 1. The central Metal cation is surrounded by ligand which contain one or more lone pair of electrons. 2. The ionic ligand (F-, Cl- etc.) are regarded as point charges and neutral molecules (H2O, NH3 etc.) as point dipoles. 3. The electrons of ligand does not enter metal orbital. Thus there is no orbital overlap takes place. 4. The bonding between metal and ligand is purely electrostatic i.e. only ionic interaction. The approach taken uses classical potential energy equations that take into account the attractive and repulsive interactions between charged particles (that is, Coulomb's Law interactions).
    [Show full text]
  • Werner-Type Complexes of Uranium(III) and (IV) Judith Riedhammer, J
    pubs.acs.org/IC Article Werner-Type Complexes of Uranium(III) and (IV) Judith Riedhammer, J. Rolando Aguilar-Calderon,́ Matthias Miehlich, Dominik P. Halter, Dominik Munz, Frank W. Heinemann, Skye Fortier, Karsten Meyer,* and Daniel J. Mindiola* Cite This: Inorg. Chem. 2020, 59, 2443−2449 Read Online ACCESS Metrics & More Article Recommendations *sı Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Transmetalation of the β-diketiminate salt [M]- Me Ph + Me Ph− − [ nacnac ](M =NaorK; nacnac = {PhNC(CH3)}2CH ) with UI3(THF)4 resulted in the formation of the homoleptic, Me Ph octahedral complex [U( nacnac )3](1). Green colored 1 was fully characterized by a solid-state X-ray diffraction analysis and a combination of UV/vis/NIR, NMR, and EPR spectroscopic studies as well as solid-state SQUID magnetization studies and density functional theory calculations. Electrochemical studies of 1 revealed this species to possess two anodic waves for the U(III/IV) and U(IV/V) redox couples, with the former being chemically accessible. Using mild oxidants, such as [CoCp2][PF6]or [FeCp ][Al{OC(CF ) } ], yields the discrete salts [1][A] (A = − 2 3 −3 4 PF6 , Al{OC(CF3)3}4 ), whereas the anion exchange of [1][PF6] with NaBPh4 yields [1][BPh4]. Me Dipp μ 12 ■ INTRODUCTION UCl3(THF)] and [{( nacnac )UCl}2( 2-Cl)3]Cl. In Me Dipp− ’ some cases, disubstitution of nacnac generates the Alfred Werner s disapproval of the complex ion-chain theory Me Dipp η3 Me Dipp 13 proposed by Jørgensen and Blomstrand,1 via the introduction rearranged species [( nacnac )( - nacnac )UI], of coordination complexes and the concept of Nebenvalenz,1,2 where one ligand has changed hapticity, most likely due to fi steric constraints.
    [Show full text]
  • M.Sc. (Chemistry) M
    Regulations 2019 Curriculum and Syllabi (Amendments updated upto June 2020) M.Sc. (Chemistry) M. Sc. Chemistry Regulations 2019 REGULATIONS 2019 CURRICULUM AND SYLLABI (Amendments updated upto June 2020) M.Sc. CHEMISTRY B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology 1 M. Sc. Chemistry Regulations 2019 B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology 2 M. Sc. Chemistry Regulations 2019 VISION AND MISSION OF THE INSTITUTION VISION B.S.Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology aspires to be a leader in Education, Training and Research in multidisciplinary areas of importance and to play a vital role in the Socio-Economic progress of the Country in a sustainable manner. MISSION To blossom into an internationally renowned Institute. To empower the youth through quality and value-based education. To promote professional leadership and entrepreneurship. To achieve excellence in all its endeavors to face global challenges. To provide excellent teaching and research ambience. To network with global Institutions of Excellence, Business, Industry and Research Organizations. To contribute to the knowledge base through Scientific enquiry, Applied Research and Innovation. B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology 3 M. Sc. Chemistry Regulations 2019 B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology 4 M. Sc. Chemistry Regulations 2019 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY VISION AND MISSION VISION To blossom as a department with excellence in the field of Chemical Sciences through academic and research programmes in cutting-edge areas. MISSION To provide knowledge and skill in Chemical Sciences through post graduate and doctoral programmes. To undertake research in emerging areas of Chemical Sciences and transform the findings for the benefit of the society.
    [Show full text]
  • Limitation of Crystal Field Theory the Main Drawback of the Crystal Field Theory Is That It Does Not Consider the Covalent Character in Metal-Ligand Bonding at All
    CHAPTER 7 Metal-Ligand Bonding: Limitation of Crystal Field Theory The main drawback of the crystal field theory is that it does not consider the covalent character in metal-ligand bonding at all. It treats the metal-ligand interaction in a purely electrostatic framework which is pretty far from reality. All the effects which originate from covalence cannot be explained by this theory. Therefore, the main limitations of crystal field theory can be concluded only after knowing the causes and magnitude of the covalence in the metal-ligand bonds. Evidences for the Covalent Character in Metal–Ligand Bond The crystal field theory considers the metal center as well as surrounding ligands as point charges and assumes that the interaction between them is 100% ionic. However, quite strong experimental evidences have proved that there is some covalent character too which cannot be ignored. Some of those experimental evidences are as follows: 1. The nephelauxetic effect: The electrons present in the partially filled d-orbitals of the metal center repel each other to produce a number of energy levels. The placement of these levels on the energy scale depends upon the arrangement of filled electrons. The energy of these levels can be given in terms of “Racah parameters” B and C (a measure of interelectronic repulsion). The energy difference between same multiplicity states is expressed in B and Dq while between different multiplicity states is given in term of B, Dq and C. It has been observed that the complexation of metal center always results in a decrease in interelectronic repulsion parameters which in turn also advocates a decrease in the repulsion between d-electron density.
    [Show full text]
  • Organometallic Chemistry BASIC PRINCIPLES, APPLICATIONS, and a FEW CASE STUDIES
    Safety Moment TYLER LAB GROUP MEETING 1 Safety Moment TYLER LAB GROUP MEETING 2 Metal Hydrides: Benchtop vs. Box Hydride = :H- Hydrides are powerful Lewis bases and reducing agent ◦ Exothermically form H2 (this should scare you) ◦ Heating leads to faster reactivity ◦ H evolution leads to rapid increase in pressure2 ◦ Uncontrolled reactions easily cause runaway exotherm, class D fire, explosion, and death/unemployment LiAlH is the #1 chemical cause of fatality in chemical4 industry 3 Metal Hydrides: “I want to commit the murder I was imprisoned for†.” LiAlH4 ◦ Insanely irritating (serious safety hazard) ◦ Extremely moisture sensitive (don’t leave out for >2 minutes) ◦ Ethereal mixtures are pyrophoric! DiBuAl-H ◦ Pyrophoric – it will explode upon exposure to oxygen NaEt3BH ◦ Pyrophoric in solution LiH and NaH ◦ Can be handled on the benchtop (not >2 minutes) ◦ Parrafin oil dispersions much safer KH ◦ Pyrophoric if not in a dispersion ◦ Handle with extreme care! † Sirius Black, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 4 Metal Hydrides: “I want to commit the murder I was imprisoned for†.” CaH2 ◦ Very safe to handle on the benchtop Pt-H, Pd-H, Ni-H ◦ All very pyrophoric NaBH4 ◦ Very safe in general Other hydrides ◦ Treat as pyrophoric ◦ Transition metal hydrides vary in hydridic strength ◦ General rule of thumb: if it does hydrogenations, it is probably pyrophoric ◦ If they’re in organics of any kind, they are probably pyrophoric † Sirius Black, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 5 Organometallic Chemistry BASIC PRINCIPLES, APPLICATIONS,
    [Show full text]
  • Björk's Biophilia Björk's Whole Career Has Been a Quest for the Ultimate Fusion of the Organic and the Electronic
    Björk's Biophilia Björk's whole career has been a quest for the ultimate fusion of the organic and the electronic. With her new project Biophilia – part live show, part album, part iPad app – she might just have got there Michael Cragg The Guardian, Saturday 28 May 2011 larger | smaller Iceland's singer Bjork performs during the Rock en Seine music festival, 26 August 2007 in Saint-Cloud Photograph: Afp/AFP/Getty Images For Björk, technology, nature and art have always been inextricably linked. "In Iceland, everything revolves around nature, 24 hours a day," she told Oor magazine in 1997. "Earthquakes, snowstorms, rain, ice, volcanic eruptions, geysers … very elementary and uncontrollable. But on the other hand, Iceland is incredibly modern; everything is hi- tech." The Modern Things, a track from 1995's Post, playfully posits the theory that technology has always existed, waiting in mountains for humans to catch up. In fact, Björk has always seemed like an artist who's been waiting for technology to catch up with her. Finally, it seems to have done so. When Apple announced details of its iPad early last year, it acted as a catalyst for what would become Biophilia, Björk's seventh and most elaborate album, the title of which means "love of life or living systems". Along with a conventional album release, complete with music videos – at least one of which has been directed by Eternal Sunshine's Michel Gondry – Biophilia will also be released as an "app album" and premiered as a multimedia live extravaganza at MIF. Biophilia for iPad will include around 10 separate apps, all housed within one "mother" app.
    [Show full text]
  • Mediated Music Makers. Constructing Author Images in Popular Music
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto Laura Ahonen Mediated music makers Constructing author images in popular music Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki in auditorium XII, on the 10th of November, 2007 at 10 o’clock. Laura Ahonen Mediated music makers Constructing author images in popular music Finnish Society for Ethnomusicology Publ. 16. © Laura Ahonen Layout: Tiina Kaarela, Federation of Finnish Learned Societies ISBN 978-952-99945-0-2 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-10-4117-4 (PDF) Finnish Society for Ethnomusicology Publ. 16. ISSN 0785-2746. Contents Acknowledgements. 9 INTRODUCTION – UNRAVELLING MUSICAL AUTHORSHIP. 11 Background – On authorship in popular music. 13 Underlying themes and leading ideas – The author and the work. 15 Theoretical framework – Constructing the image. 17 Specifying the image types – Presented, mediated, compiled. 18 Research material – Media texts and online sources . 22 Methodology – Social constructions and discursive readings. 24 Context and focus – Defining the object of study. 26 Research questions, aims and execution – On the work at hand. 28 I STARRING THE AUTHOR – IN THE SPOTLIGHT AND UNDERGROUND . 31 1. The author effect – Tracking down the source. .32 The author as the point of origin. 32 Authoring identities and celebrity signs. 33 Tracing back the Romantic impact . 35 Leading the way – The case of Björk . 37 Media texts and present-day myths. .39 Pieces of stardom. .40 Single authors with distinct features . 42 Between nature and technology . 45 The taskmaster and her crew.
    [Show full text]
  • Organometallics Study Meeting H.Mitsunuma 1
    04/21/2011 Organometallics Study Meeting H.Mitsunuma 1. Crystal field theory (CFT) and ligand field theory (LFT) CFT: interaction between positively charged metal cation and negative charge on the non-bonding electrons of the ligand LFT: molecular orbital theory (back donation...etc) Octahedral (figure 9-1a) d-electrons closer to the ligands will have a higher energy than those further away which results in the d-orbitals splitting in energy. ligand field splitting parameter ( 0): energy between eg orbital and t2g orbital 1) high oxidation state 2) 3d<4d<5d 3) spectrochemical series I-< Br-< S2-< SCN-< Cl-< N -,F-< (H N) CO, OH-< ox, O2-< H O< NCS- <C H N, NH < H NCH CH NH < bpy, phen< NO - - - - 3 2 2 2 5 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 < CH3 ,C6H5 < CN <CO cf) pairing energy: energy cost of placing an electron into an already singly occupied orbital Low spin: If 0 is large, then the lower energy orbitals(t2g) are completely filled before population of the higher orbitals(eg) High spin: If 0 is small enough then it is easier to put electrons into the higher energy orbitals than it is to put two into the same low-energy orbital, because of the repulsion resulting from matching two electrons in the same orbital 3 n ex) (t2g) (eg) (n= 1,2) Tetrahedral (figure 9-1b), Square planar (figure 9-1c) LFT (figure 9-3, 9-4) - - Cl , Br : lower 0 (figure 9-4 a) CO: higher 0 (figure 9-4 b) 2. Ligand metal complex hapticity formal chargeelectron donation metal complex hapticity formal chargeelectron donation MR alkyl 1 -1 2 6-arene 6 0 6 MH hydride 1 -1 2 M MX H 1 -1 2 halogen 1 -1 2 M M -hydride M OR alkoxide 1 -1 2 X 1 -1 4 M M -halogen O R acyl 1 -1 2 O 1 -1 4 M R M M -alkoxide O 1-alkenyl 1 -1 2 C -carbonyl 1 0 2 M M M R2 C -alkylidene 1 -2 4 1-allyl 1 -1 2 M M M O C 3-carbonyl 1 0 2 M R acetylide 1 -1 2 MMM R R C 3-alkylidine 1 -3 6 M carbene 1 0 2 MMM R R M carbene 1 -2 4 R M carbyne 1 -3 6 M CO carbonyl 1 0 2 M 2-alkene 2 0 2 M 2-alkyne 2 0 2 M 3-allyl 3 -1 4 M 4-diene 4 0 4 5 -cyclo 5 -1 6 M pentadienyl 1 3.
    [Show full text]
  • High Spin Or Low Spin?
    Central Tenants of Crystal Field Theory • The metals (Lewis acids) have d orbitals that are partially filled with electrons. • Ligands, that are Lewis bases with lone pairs, come in and form a covalent bond. • Electrostatic repulsion between the ligand lone pairs with the d-orbital subshell leads to higher energies • Each metal orbital will either be stabilized or destabilized depending on the amount of orbital overlap with the ligand. CFT (Octahedron) (dz2, dx2-y2) Orbitals point directly at ligands eg stronger repulsion dx2y2 E dz2 higher energy (dxy, dyz, dxz) Orbitals point between ligands t2g dxy dyz dxz weaker repulsion lower energy Energy Levels of d-Orbitals in an Octahedron • crystal field splitting energy = • The size of is determined by; metal (oxidation state; row of metal, for 5d > 4d >> 3d) ligand (spectrochemical series) Spectrochemical Series eg eg t2g t2g 3+ [Cr(H2O)6] Greater I < Br < Cl < F < OH < H2O < NH3 < en < NO2 < CN < CO Small Δ Large Δ Weak Field Strong Field Weak M-L interactions Strong M-L interactions How Do the Electrons Go In? • Hund’s rule: one electron each in lowest energy orbitals first • what happens from d4 to d7? d6 Crystal Field Spin Pairing Splitting vs. Δ P High Spin vs. Low Spin Co3+ (d6) High Spin Low Spin Δ < P Δ > P High Spin vs. Low Spin Configurations High Spin vs. Low Spin Configurations high spin low spin d4 3d metal 3d metal weak field strong field ligand d5 ligand 4d & 5d 6 d always d7 What About Other Geometries? linear (CN = 2) z y x tetrahedral (CN = 4) z y x square planar (CN = 4) z how do the electrons on the d orbitals y interact with the ligands in these cases? x Tetrahedral vs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Subject of Music As Subject of Excess and Emergence: Resonances and Divergences Between Slavoj Žižek and Björk Guðmundsdóttir
    ISSN 1751-8229 Volume Eleven, Number Three The Subject of Music as Subject of Excess and Emergence: Resonances and Divergences between Slavoj Žižek and Björk Guðmundsdóttir Jérôme Melançon, University of Regina (Canada) Alexander Carpenter, University of Alberta (Canada) Abstract In answering the question “who is the subject of music,” we argue that it is a subject of excess and emergence, and we rely on the definition and development of these terms by Žižek and Björk. Such a subject is movement and activity; it exceeds the experiences, objects, others and symbolic order that make it who it is; and it emerges through desire and drive, and resonance and animation. We open with a brief discussion of Žižek’s subject of excess, which we then relate to his approach to subjectivity in music. After an analysis of Björk’s music, centered on the piece “Black Lake” and from a perspective informed by Žižek’s account of subjectivity, we shift our attention to Björk’s thoughts on music in order to find elements that allow for the development of a subject of emergence. While the elements of excess and emergence are present in both accounts of the subject, Žižek’s and Björk’s respective focus on one of these concepts allow us to develop a fuller picture of subjectivity, particularly but not exclusively as it is engaged with in musical activities. Key Words: Subjectivity; Creation; Self-Transformation; Resonance; Popular Music; Classical Music; Musical Subjectivization Overture Who is the subject of music? Who is the subject who sings and plays, rather than simply speaking and working—whose speaking is singing and whose work is playing? Such a question is easily answered with reference to the subject of expression, who speaks and sings because it has something to say.
    [Show full text]
  • Education 548: Effective College Teaching
    Organometallics and Catalysis ORGANOMETALLICS AND CATALYSIS: CH 390K (51420) & CH 368 (51300) Spring 2015 Room: WEL 2.304 Tues/Thurs 5:00-6:30 Instructor: Prof Michael J Rose WEL 4.420, [email protected] Office Hours: Tues 1-2p, and by appointment TA: Ryan Pekarek, [email protected] UG Pre-presentation: Friday 4-5p, or by appointment TA Office Hours: TBA Reference: Organometallics 1: Bochmann (Mallet/Welch Library Reserves) Textbooks Complexes with Transition Metal-Carbon -bonds Organometallics 2: Bochmann (Mallet/Welch Library Reserves) Complexes with Transition Metal-Carbon -Bonds Organometallic Chemistry Spessand and Miessler I. Rationale: Overstating the commercial importance of catalysis is virtually impossible. Catalysts transform vast reservoirs of cheap and readily available chemical feedstocks into products like nylon and polyethylene polymers. They also provide efficient routes towards the synthesis of fine chemicals for use in pharmaceuticals, perfumes and foods. The development of catalysts can also play a vital role in protecting the environment by simplifying the reagents and conditions used for industrial chemistry. The worldwide market for catalysts (both homogeneous and heterogeneous) rose above the $11 billion mark in 2000. II. Course Objectives: The goal of the course is to give students a broad understanding of the important roles that metals play in modern catalysis. Students will be exposed to a wide range of metal-catalyzed reactions that are relevant to the modern chemical enterprise – especially industrial chemistry, the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, and the preparation of base organic compounds and polymers. As a benchmark, the successful student would be able to attend graduate level seminars in catalysis and be able to understand the background and experimental approaches in the field.
    [Show full text]