15526_29_Index.qxp 3/4/14 9:31 AM Page IG-1 INDEX/GLOSSARY Page references with “f” indicate figures; those with “t” indicate tables. Glossary terms are printed in blue. abiogenic methane, 95 activation energy (Ea) The minimum group bonded to one hydrogen atom, absolute zero of temperature, 417 combined kinetic energy that a pair of or compounds whose molecules have absorption spectrum A plot of the colliding particles must have in excess that functional group, 886, 911–915 percentage of radiation transmitted by of the average for their collision to naming, 917–918 a substance over a range of incident result in reaction, 741–744, 808 reactivity, 916–917, 924–938 radiation energies (or wavelengths), of reaction, 742 structure, 916–917, 924–938 51, 74–77, 105, 158, 555 active site, 764 aldohexose, 1099 abundances of elements, 977 activity (A) (nuclear chemistry) Number of aldopentose, 1099 acceptor level, 1081 disintegrations observed per unit time, aldoses, 1099 acetals Functional groups with the measured in becquerel (Bq), 1159 alkali metals, 987–991, 995 structure RHC(ORЈ)2, or compounds activity (a) The effective concentration of alkaline earth elements, 991–995 whose molecules have that functional a solute species, 473, 498, 592 alkalosis, 582 group, 853, 930, 961 activity–based equilibrium constants, 498 alkanes Substances whose molecules ˚ acetylene, 790 acylation, 834 contain skeleton frameworks with C C achiral Molecules or objects that are acyl chlorides, 948–951 single bonds, 110–114, 119–120 superimposable on their mirror images acyl halides Functional group with acyl conformations, 317–322, 348 and therefore not chiral, 330–333, 348 group bonded to a halogen atom, cyclic, 115 acid A species that is a proton donor or RC(“ O)X, or compounds whose nomenclature of, 113 electron–pair acceptor, or a substance molecules have that functional group, alkene The C“ C double bond functional that is the source of the species, 193, 921, 948, 960 group, or compounds whose molecules 194f, 204, 953, 954 addition of have that functional group, 77, caracteristics, 528–532 alcohols, 933–934 773–776, 788–796 strong, 194 Grignard reagents, 934–936 spectroscopy, 793–796 weak, 194 addition reactions Reactions between reactivity, 796–815 acid anhydrides Functional group with molecules of two substances to form structure, 796–815 two acyl groups bonded to the same molecules of a new substance with no alkenes, stereoisomers of, 323 O atom, RC(“ O)OC(“ O)RЈ, or atoms “left over,” 782, 840 alkyl halides, 856–866 compounds whose molecules have of H2 to alkenes: hydration, 813 naming, 856–860 that functional group, 921, 960 of H2 to alkenes: hydrogenation, 802, 805, 816 reactivity, 851, 866–881 acid–base of H2O to alkynes: hydration, 819 spectroscopic evidence, 860–866 adduct, 197, 541 of HX to alkynes: hydrohalogenation, 818 structure, 866–881 character, 539 of X2 to alkenes: halogenation, 814 alkylation, 834, 897, 899 distribution, 554–559 polymers from ethylene derivatives, 804t alkynes, 114,773–773, 788–796 equilibria, 523–524, 545–553, 583 to unsymmetrical alkenes and carbocation electronic structure, 816 indicator, 573 stability, 809 spectroscopy, 793–796 pH, 554–557 adenosine-5-diphosphate (ADP), 244, reactivity, 816–820 properties, 559–575 621, 764 structure, 816–820 reactions, 193–193–196 adenosine-5-triphosphate (ATP), 244, 621, 764 alkylating agents Substances whose speciation, 557–558, 581–582 adhesion, 1182 molecules are able to transfer an alkyl titrations, 573–578 adrenaline, 527 group to a molecule of another acid–base neutralization Reaction due to aerogels, 1087 substance, 897 transfer of protons, with formation of aerosols Fine droplets of liquid or dust alkyl group A functional group or side water, 195, 204 suspended in a gas, such as the chain, that, like alkanes, consists only acidic condition, 656 atmosphere, 99–100f, 119, 478 of single-bonded carbon atoms and acidic solution An aqueous solution in which age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 3–6 hydrogen atoms. An example is a [H3Oϩ] Ͼ [OHϪ]. At 25 °C, pH Ͻ 7, agglutinate, 1114 methyl group, 114 533, 583 albedo The fraction of sunlight incident on allotropes Different forms in which an acidification the earth that is reflected, 100, 415 element can exist, 445 ocean, 591–595, 614 alcohol Functional group with the structure alloying, 659 soils and water, 975 R–OH, or compounds whose molecules alloys Mixtures of a metal with one or acid ionization constant (Ka) The have that functional group, 77, 856–866 more other elements that retain equilibrium constant for ionization of a addition, 933–936 metallic characteristics, 1078–1079 weak acid in aqueous solution, 523–527, models, 930 alpha (A) radiation Radioactive decay 535–536, 538t, 583 naming, 856–860 involving loss of an alpha particle acidity, 552 reactivity, 851 (4He2ϩ ions) which is readily acidosis, 582 spectroscopic evidence, 860–866 absorbed, 1148 acids reactivity, 881–893 alternative delocalized electron representations and bases, 193–200, 528 structure, 881–893 of a benzene molecule, 823 in an aqueous solution, 193–194 aldehydes Functional group with the aluminum, 995–1001 actinides, 1035 structure RC(“ O)H, with a carbonyl aluminosilicates, 1004 NEL IG-1 15526_29_Index.qxp 3/4/14 9:31 AM Page IG-2 IG-2 Index/Glossary amides Functional group with the Ionization of molecular solutes, 185–186 excited, 268–269, 272 structure RC(“ O)NR2, or compounds aragonite, 592 localised regions, 388–396 whose molecules have that functional argon in air, 1022 modelling, 253–254, 295–297 group, 895, 921, 949, 957, 958, 960 Armstrong, Lance, 17–20 nuclear charge, 289–291 amines, 856–866, 936, 958 aromatic compounds Compounds with atom size, 261–263, 292 addition, 936–937 cyclical conjugated molecules atom structure process, 296f naming, 856–860 significantly more stable than a model aufbau principle Imaginary building of reactivity, 851, 893–899 compound whose molecules have a atoms of successive elements by spectroscopic evidence, 860–866 localized electronic structure, 773–776, assigning each successive electron to structure, 893–899 788–796, 820, 840 the orbital that results in the amino acid Compounds whose molecules reactivity, 820–839 lowest–energy atom, 285, 297 have both carboxylic acid and amine spectroscopy, 820–839 average rate of reaction, 723 functional groups, 559–563, 1115–1125 structure, 820–839 Avogadro, Amadeo, 417 acid–base properties, 559–563 aromatic Avogadro constant (NA) The number of proteins, found in, 561t heterocycles and ions, 826 specified particles in 1 mol of a amino sugars, 1113 aromaticity, 822–825 substance, 35, 43 ammonia synthesis apparatus, 489 Arrhenius equation A mathematical hypothesis, 417 nitrogen in the air, 487 expression that relates reaction rate to amount fraction, 424, 466 the activation energy, collision bacterial oxidation of minerals, 975 amount of substance (n) A fundamental frequency, molecular orientation, and baking soda, 990 quantity in the SI system, of which the temperature, 744–745–747, 765 balanced chemical equation A chemical unit of measurement is a mole, 35, 43 arsenic equation in which the total charge on amounts table, 138 inorganic, 159 the species that react is equal to that amphibole, 1004 organic, 159 on the species that are formed, and amphiprotic, 531 speciation, 157–159 atoms are conserved, 131–134, 149 amphoteric (or amphiprotic) Species that water, 1013 Balmer, Johann, 269 can behave as acids or bases, depending arsenobetaine, 159 balmer series, 271 on their environment, 531, 583 artificial leaves, 619–624 band of stability in nuclei, 1154–1155 hydroxides, 199 arylamines, 894 band theory A theory of bonding in amylopectin, 1112 aspergillus niger, 720 metals, 1077 amylose, 109–110, 1112 atmosphere, 100, 102, 414–415 barium sulfate slurries in intestinal X–rays, 600 angular momentum quantum number, 277 caracteristics, 528–532 barometer A device used to measure anion A particle with negative charge CO2, 109f, 774f atmospheric pressure, 416 because it has more electrons than Earth, 413 Bartlett, Neil, 1023 protons, 56, 59–60, 82, 980 greenhouse gases in, 96–106 base A species that is a proton acceptor or anode The electrode at which oxidation lifetime, 104f electron–pair donor, or a substance occurs, 630, 660 Mars, 413 that is the source of the species., 194f, anomeric centre The hemiacetal carbon atom economy The principle that, as far as 195, 204 atom in molecules of a pyranose or possible, all of the atoms in the starting caracteristics, 528–532 furanose sugar, 1106 materials should be in the desired strong, 195 anomers, 1106 products, 126–128, 132, 147–149 weak, 195 antibonding molecular orbital A molecular atom efficiency The percentage of atoms base ionization constant (Kb) The orbital in which the distribution of of each element in the reactants that equilibrium constant for ionization of a density of electrons that “occupy” it end up in the desired product, weak base in water, 536, 538t, 583, 894 results in an effect of repulsion 126–128, 147–149, 150 bases in aqueous solution, 195 between atoms and weakening of the atomic composition, 30 basic oxygen furnace, 1043 bond between them, 400 atomic mass, 31–33 basic solution An aqueous solution in which anticancer drug, cisplatin, 1031–1035 atomic mass units (u) One–twelfth of the [OHϪ] Ͼ [H3Oϩ]. At 25 °C, pH Ͼ 7, anticodon, 1134 mass of a 12C atom, 31–33 533, 583 anti conformer, 317 atomic nuclei, 1153–1158 basicity, 894 antigenic determinants, 1114 atomic number (Z) The number of protons Bassler, Bonnie