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Transportation System As a Climate Mitigation Strategy for the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (Gama)

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Transportation System As a Climate Mitigation Strategy for the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (Gama) University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AS A CLIMATE MITIGATION STRATEGY FOR THE GREATER ACCRA METROPOLITAN AREA (GAMA) BY ERNEST AGYEMANG (10081446) THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A PHD DEGREE IN GEOGRAPHY & RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT. JULY, 2015. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION This thesis entitled “Transportation System as a Climate Mitigation Strategy for the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA)” is an original end product of a study I personally conducted. With the exception of existing relevant literature that were used, for which due acknowledgement has been made, the thesis has not been submitted anywhere in part or whole for the award of any degree. Ernest Agyemang (10081446) (Student) Professor Alex. B. Asiedu Senior Researcher Pia Frederiksen Department of Geography & Department of Environmental Science Resource Development Arhus University, Roskilde University of Ghana, Legon Denmark (Supervisor) (Principal Supervisor) Dr. Kwadwo Owusu Senior Researcher Anne Jensen Department of Geography & Department of Environmental Science Resource Development Arhus University, Roskilde University of Ghana, Legon Denmark (Supervisor) (Supervisor) i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION Yaa Serwaa, Afia Serwaa, Kwadwo & Kwabena Abora-Agyemang, I dedicate this work to you for your kind understanding, support and prayers. ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENT “Give thanks to the Lord, for HE is good. His love endures forever” (Psalm 136:1). But for your protection, love and care during my entire study period, this thesis would never have seen the light of day. Thank you, Jesus. Also, I am grateful to my team of supervisors, Professor Alex B. Asiedu and Dr. Kwadwo Owusu of the Department of Geography & Resource Development, University of Ghana, Legon as well as Senior Researchers Pia Frederiksen and Anne Jensen of the Department of Environmental Science, Arhus University, Roskilde for devoting quality time to supervise this thesis. I am grateful to the Danish government for granting me a full PhD scholarship under its Ministry of Foreign Affairs/Danida sponsored ‘Building Stronger Universities in Developing Countries Initiative’ to complete this thesis. To the Office of Research, Innovation and Development (ORID) of the University of Ghana and the Danida Fellowship Centre, Copenhagen, I am grateful for the administrative support. To all the staff and colleagues at the Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, including the Head of Department, Associate Professor George Owusu, Professor P.W.K Yankson, Professor Jacob Songsore, Professor S.T. Addo, Dr. M. Oteng-Ababio; Dr. J.K. Teye and Dr. Alex O. Barima, I am grateful for your inspiration and help. I am grateful to the following persons for their contribution in the data generation: Dr. Daniel Darko (Ag. Chief Director, Min. of Roads & Highways); Mr. De-Graft Afful (Deputy Director, Min. of Roads & Highways); Mr. Samson N. Gyamera (Head of GAPTE Unit, Min. of Local Government & Rural Development); Mr. Ali Zakaria (Staff, Min. of Local Government & Rural Development); Mr. Lawrence Kumi (Director, Min. of Transport); Mrs. Halima Yakubu (Director, Min. of Transport); Mrs. Gloria Bortele Na (Director, Min. of iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Gender and Social Protection) ; Mr. Shadrack Mensah (Asst. Director, Min. of the Interior); Mr. Daniel Adonu (Chief Internal Auditor, Min. of Education); Mr. Daniel T. Benefor (National GHG Inventory Coordinator, Environmental Protection Agency, Accra); Mr. Isaac A. Tettey (Chief Planning Officer, Awutu Senya East Municipal Assembly); Mr. Meshack Adjei (Accountant, AMA Markets); Mr. Joseph Quartey (Superintendent, Makola Market); Mr. Annor Sammy (Superintendent, Makola Market); Nana Okraku Ohene (Queen, Makola Market); Auntie Mercy Nii Djane (President, Market Women Association); Auntie Doris (Asst. Superintendent, Makola Market); Mr. William Ocquaye (Chairman, GPRTU Tema Station); Mr. Addo (Madina Station Master, GPRTU Tema Station); Mr. Samuel Antwi (Kasoa Station Master, GPRTU Tema Station); Mr. Muda Sowah (Teshie Station Master, GPRTU Tema Station) Mr. Joseph Tamakloe (Ag. Supervisor, Metro Mass Transit Ltd.); Honourable Michael Adjei (Assembly member, LEKMA); Mr. Micheal Mensah (Kasoa), Honourable Hadiza Seidu (Unit Committee member, ASEMA); Alhaji Iddrisu Meikanka (Assembly member, ASEMA); Mr. Nicholas Andoh and Mr. Ibrahim M. Larry (Madina). I am also grateful to the following research assistants and data analysts for their support during the course of the study: Mr. Timothy E. Harvor; Mr. Enoch Sunu; Mr. Kingsley Fitz-Gerald; Mr. Peter Mensah; Mr. Daniel Alekiba; Mr. Emmanuel C. Y. Bruku; Mr. Kafui M. Joshua; Mr. Bashara A. Abubakari & Mr. William Odoi (CERSGIS, Legon); Peter Ofori-Atta; Paulina A. Asante, Afua A. Abasa & Bright Addai (RS/GIS Lab., Legon) iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ABSTRACT In many cities across the globe, transportation has been a major catalyst for economic growth and for the progress of human societies. However, as an activity that is largely dependent on the combustion of fossil fuels, on-road urban transportation has fast become one of the most important sources of anthropogenic-induced Greenhouse gases (GHGs) which are known to contribute to climate change. The causes and effects as well as adaptation and mitigation strategies for climate change have received global attention from policy and non-policy actors, including the scientific and academic community. Three broad climate mitigation strategies –efficiency in vehicle technologies, use of alternative fuel sources and travel reduction through land use and transport integration –have been proposed for the transport sector. Climate mitigation policy for the transport sector in Ghana has generally favoured the first two strategies. Thus, notwithstanding the burgeoning scientific evidence that has shown that developing countries have greater opportunities to significantly mitigate climate change through an integrated land use and transport system, the third strategy has not received the needed academic and policy attention. In the context of urban sprawl and long commuting distances between residential areas and locations of activity points in some major Ghanaian cities, this present study explores the ramifications of present land use and transportation systems on energy use and climate mitigation, using the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) as a case study. Inspired by the philosophical worldview of pragmatism, the study adopted a complementary mixed methods design involving quantitative surveys of trip makers and qualitative interviews with relevant stakeholders, including public transport suppliers, government officials and social scientists, together with participant observations. Secondary data sources, including policy documents and existing literature were also used in the study. The Systems conceptual framework of land use and transport system was developed as an interpretative guide in analysing the symbiotic relationship between spatial and transportation v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh patterns and the extent to which this relationship has impacted on energy use and GHG emissions in GAMA. While GAMA continues to sprawl, the functional interactions between Accra Central and its peri-urban localities with respect to work, shop and accessing government services trip patterns are characterised by extensive use of low occupancy motorised transport modes over long commuting distances. This has adverse implications for per capita energy use and GHG emissions. In contrast, relative short distance trips to nearby activity points are accompanied by a significant use of non-motorised transport modes by trip makers with its associated reduction in fossil energy use and subsequent emissions. Long distance trip makers surveyed expressed high preference for mass transit, with its climate mitigation co- benefits. In the light of the above, it is recommended that in order to promote climate mitigation, there is the need for planners and city authorities to re-organise GAMA’s spatial patterns through the densification of land use in and around Accra Central to properly integrate land use and transportation systems. Alternatively, the virtual monopoly of Accra Central with respect to the concentration of activity points must be addressed through effective decentralisation policies. Also, non-motorised transport modes use must be encouraged particularly for short distance trips while mass transit must be prioritized for long distance trips. vi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................ i DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENT……………………………...………………………………………vii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................
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