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Seismological and Geological Investigation for Earthquake Hazard in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area

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Seismological and Geological Investigation for Earthquake Hazard in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh SEISMOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION FOR EARTHQUAKE HAZARD IN THE GREATER ACCRA METROPOLITAN AREA This thesis is submitted to the DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NUCLEAR AND ALLIED SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF GHANA BY MAXIMILLIAN-ROBERT SELORM DOKU 10362761 BSC PHYSICS (KNUST), 2007 In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE in NUCLEAR EARTH SCIENCES JULY, 2013. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I, Maximillian-Robert Selorm Doku hereby declare that, with the exception of references to other people’s works which have been duly acknowledged, this work is the result of my own research undertaken under the supervision of Dr. Paulina Ekua Amponsah and . Prof. Dickson Adomako and has not been presented for any other degree in this university or elsewhere, either in part or whole. …………………………….. ……..…………………… Maximillian-Robert Selorm Doku Date (Student) ……………………………. ….……………………… Dr. Paulina Ekua Amponsah Prof. Dickson Adomako Supervisor Co-Supervisor ……………………………. ……..…………………… Date Date i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my late mum, Esther Vugbagba. ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful to God Almighty for His guidance throughout this work. Secondly, my appreciation goes in no small way to my supervisors Dr. Paulina Ekua Amponsah and Prof. Dickson Adomako. They have been very inspiring and tolerant of my shortcomings. My sincere gratitude goes to my contemporaries and senior colleagues who have contributed in one way or the other to my work (School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences; Earth Sciences Department, University of Ghana and Ghana Atomic Energy Commission). My dad and siblings have also been very supportive, thank you all. Finally, my sincere gratitude goes out to all those who have not been mentioned, God bless you. iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGES Declaration……………………………………………………………………………...….i Dedication………………………………………………………………………………....ii Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………..…iii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………....................iv List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………....viii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………….............ix List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………..…….x List of Symbols…………………………………………………………………………...xi Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..……xii CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................1 1.0 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….....1 1.1 Background…………………………………………………………………………....1 1.2 Problem Statement………………………………………………………………….....7 1.3 Justification…………………………………………………………………………....8 1.4 Objectives………………………………………………………………………..……9 CHAPTER TWO……………………………………………………………….……10 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………..…………..10 2.1 Previous Works Related to the Study...…………………...…………...……..........10 iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2.2 The b-Value and Earthquake Occurrence ……………………………………….12 2.3 Geologic Structures and Seismicity ……………………………………………..13 2.4 Seismicity of GAMA As Compared To Other Intraplate Regions……….…….14 CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………………..............17 3.0 STUDY AREA……………………………………………………………..……17 3.1 Location……………………………………………………………………….…17 3.2 Geology of the Study Area……………………………………………………....19 3.3 Soils………………………………………………………………………...........22 3.4 Climate and Vegetation…………………………………………………..............23 3.4.1 Climate…………………………………………………………………………...23 3.4.2 Vegetation…………………………………………………………………..……23 3.5 Delimitation of Study Area……………………………………………………....24 CHAPTER FOUR…………………………………………………………………….26 4.0 METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………..............26 4.1 Desk Study…………………...…………………………………………………...….26 4.2 Earthquake Catalogue ………...…………………………………………...………26 4.2.1 Data Collection…………...…………………………………………..……28 4.2.2 Interpolation of Earthquake Magnitudes…...………………………..…….28 4.2.3 Relocation of Events………………………...……………………..............28 4.2.4 Magnitude Unification………………………...………………………...…29 4.3 Seismicity and Epicentral Intensity Maps………...………………………................31 v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 4.4 Evaluation of b-Value………………………………………………...……..............32 CHAPTER FIVE……………………………………………………….…………..…36 5.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………...……………………………..….36 5.1 Results………………………………………………………………………………..36 5.1.1 Earthquake Catalogue……………………………………………...............36 5.1.2 Seismicity and Epicentral Intensity Maps……………………….................63 5.1.3 b-Value Evaluation…………………………………………………….…..67 5.1.3.1 Linear Least Square Fit…………………………………….................67 5.1.3.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation……………………………….……69 5.1.4 Relationship between Earthquake Effects and Geology………………………………………………………….................71 5.2 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………73 CHAPTER SIX………………………………………………………………..………77 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………………………………..……...77 6.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...............77 6.1 Recommendations……………………………………………………………………78 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………….….79 APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………….…..84 APPENDIX A…………………………………………………………………................84 Definition of Key Terms…………………………………………………………………84 vi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh APPENDIX B…………………………………………………………………................91 Matlab Interpolation……………………………………………………………...............91 (α) Command and Results…………………….……………………………………...…..91 (β) Matlab Window……………………………………………………………………...93 APPENDIX C……………………………………………………………………….…..94 Latitude/Longitude Conversion to Metres……………………………………………….94 (a) Window 1…………………………………………………………………….…..94 (b) Window 2…………………………….………………………………………….95 (c) Epicentral Intensity Table……………..…………………………………...…….96 vii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Ghana’s Seismicity Table 5.1: Earthquake Catalogue of Ghana and Its Immediate Neighbours (1615 to 2012) Table 5.2: Magnitudes and Cumulative Number of Events viii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: Topographical Map of Study Area (Modified from the Topographic map of Ghana, 1972) Figure 3.2: Geology of the Study Area (Extracted from the Geological Map of Ghana, 2009) Fig. 4.1: Flow Chart for Developing GAMA Seismicity Catalogue Figure 5.1: Seismicity map of the study area Figure 5.2: A Plot of the Epicentral Intensity Map of the Study Area Figure 5.3 Graph Indicating the Plot of Cumulative Number of Events against Magnitudes Figure 5.4: Epicentral Intensity Superimposed on the Geology of Location ix University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS NADMO National Disaster Management Organization GAMA Greater Accra Metropolitan Area WWSSN World Wide Standard Seismograph Network CTBTO Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization GAEC Ghana Atomic Energy Commission NDC National Data Centre ISC International Seismological Centre GPS Global Positioning System GIS Geographical Information System PGA Peak Ground Acceleration PGV Peak Ground Velocity PF Pan-African Front WAC West African Craton CIGTM Cote d’Ivoire – Ghana Transform Margin CBF Coastal boundary fault GBC Ghana Building Code x University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LIST OF SYMBOLS µ Micro é Latin small letter e with acute √ Square root α Alpha β Beta ᵞ Gamma ° Degree ML Local or Richter Magnitude Mb Body-Wave Magnitude Ms Surface-Wave Magnitude MD Duration Magnitude MM Surface-Wave Magnitude (Measured from macroseismic events) Mw Moment Magnitude Mo Seismic Moment M Magnitude xi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ABSTARCT A seismological and geological investigation for earthquake hazard in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area was undertaken. The research was aimed at employing a mathematical model to estimate the seismic stress for the study area by generating a complete, unified and harmonized earthquake catalogue spanning 1615 to 2012. Seismic events were sourced from Leydecker, G. and P. Amponsah, (1986), Ambraseys and Adams, (1986), Amponsah (2008), Geological Survey Department, Accra, Ghana, Amponsah (2002), National Earthquake Information Service, United States Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado 80225, USA, the International Seismological Centre and the National Data Centre of the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission. Events occurring in the study area were used to create an Epicentral Intensity Map and a seismicity map of the study area after interpolation of missing seismic magnitudes. The least square method and the maximum likelihood estimation method were employed to evaluate b-values of 0.6 and 0.9 respectively for the study area. A thematic map of epicentral intensity superimposed on the geology of the study area was also developed to help understand the relationship between the virtually fractured, jointed and sheared geology and the seismic events. The results obtained are indicative of the fact that the stress level of GAMA has a telling effect on its seismicity and also the events are prevalent at fractured, jointed and sheared zones. xii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Globally nobody is immune from disasters or disaster related losses. Therefore, this gives us enough reason to study them to know how best they can be handled in case they strike. Disasters are hazard situations that pose a level of threat to life, property or the environment. There are two major types of disasters.
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