DOCSLIB.ORG

Ecological Effects of Tide Gate Upgrade Or Removal: a Literature Review and Knowledge Synthesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ecological Effects of Tide Gate Upgrade Or Removal: a Literature Review and Knowledge Synthesis Ecological Effects of Tide Gate Upgrade or Removal: A Literature Review and Knowledge Synthesis Institute for Natural Resources FINAL REPORT Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board February 2018 1 Ecological Effects of Tide Gate Upgrade or Removal: A Literature Review and Knowledge Synthesis Final Report February 2018 Submitted to Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board (OWEB) in fulfillment of grant #217-8500-14090. Principal Investigators Dr. Guillermo Giannico, Oregon State University Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife and Oregon Sea Grant Dr. Jon Souder, Oregon State University Dept. of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, and Forestry & Natural Resources Extension Technical staff Londi Tomaro, Fisheries Ecologist Jeff Behan, Science Research Policy Analyst, Oregon State University Institute for Natural Resources THE INSTITUTE FOR NATURAL RESOURCES Created by the Oregon Legislature through the 2001 Oregon Sustainability Act, the Institute for Natural Resources’ mission is to provide access to integrated knowledge and information to inform natural resource decision making and develop solutions in the context of sustainability. The Institute for Natural Resources is an Oregon public universities institute located at Oregon State University and Portland State University. OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY (headquarters) 234 Strand Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Recommended Citation Souder, J.A., L.M. Tomaro, G.R. Giannico and J.R. Behan. 2018. Ecological Effects of Tide Gate Upgrade or Removal: A Literature Review and Knowledge Synthesis. Report to Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board. Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon State University. Corvallis, OR. 136 pp. Submitted to Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board in fulfillment of grant #217-8500-14090. For more information about this report please contact the Institute for Natural Resources: [email protected]. Cover photo: Sam Beebe. (Sandy River, Oregon.) ii Acknowledgments First and foremost, we thank Ken Fetcho and Renee Davis with the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board (OWEB) for the opportunity to work on this project, and for their patience during its completion. Feedback from them and their OWEB colleagues Jillian McCarthy and Katie Duzik significantly improved the content and organization of this report. Greg Apke (Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife) generously shared his experience and knowledge regarding fish passage. Ed Hughes (Coos Watershed Association) provided valuable information and graphics. Leo Kunz (Nehalem Marine) was very helpful with advice and unique insights on new tide gate designs. Our search for non-OWEB project reports was substantially enhanced by the assistance of Eric Beamer (Skagit River System Cooperative), Mike Wallace (California Department of Fish and Wildlife) and also Keith Marcoe and Matthew Schwartz (Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership). Jenny Baker and Dick Vander Schaaf (The Nature Conservancy), and Jenna Friebel (Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife) provided timely and useful responses to our requests for additional information regarding their estuary restoration work. Finally, we are grateful to Julie Bain and Lisa Gaines (Institute of Natural Resources, OSU) for their assistance with compiling and formatting the report prior to publication. This project was funded by OWEB through grant #217-8500-14090. Disclaimer This final report is submitted to the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board as a final requirement of contract number grant #217-8500-14090. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are solely responsible for the facts and accuracy of the material presented. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. iii Table of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms ......................................................................................................................vii Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................... x Physical and ecological effects of tide gates ................................................................................. xiii Project scoping, prioritization, and planning ................................................................................ xiv Project implementation and effectiveness .................................................................................... xv Future monitoring ........................................................................................................................ xvi Phase II project opportunities ...................................................................................................... xvi Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... xvii Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1-1 Tidal hydrology and tide gate hydraulics ..................................................................................... 1-3 Purpose and organization of this report ...................................................................................... 1-5 Chapter 2 Methods ................................................................................................................................... 2-1 Task 1: Academic literature review ............................................................................................. 2-1 Review questions ..................................................................................................................... 2-1 Literature search ...................................................................................................................... 2-2 Task 2: Summary and review of completed OWEB-funded tide gate projects ............................ 2-3 Task 3: Summary and review of completed tide gate projects not primarily OWEB-funded ...... 2-3 Task 4: Summary and synthesis report ........................................................................................ 2-5 Chapter 3 Ecological Context of Tide Gates in Streams and Estuaries...................................................... 3-1 Review of Giannico and Souder (2005) ....................................................................................... 3-1 Recent studies on fish passage and water quality related to the presence of tide gates ............ 3-2 Coho salmon early life histories ................................................................................................... 3-4 Coho survival in tide gated streams............................................................................................. 3-5 Salmonid estuarine habitat preferences ..................................................................................... 3-7 iv Coho salmon ............................................................................................................................ 3-7 Chinook salmon ....................................................................................................................... 3-8 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 3-8 Chapter 4 Effects of Tide Gate Upgrades and Removal on Aquatic Organisms and Estuarine Environments .................................................................................................................................................................. 4-1 Effects of tide gate upgrade or removal on salmonids and other aquatic organisms ................. 4-2 Effects of tide gate upgrade or removal on environmental factors ............................................. 4-8 Long-term effects of tide gate removal and dike breaching ...................................................... 4-11 Conclusions................................................................................................................................ 4-12 Chapter 5 Regional Project Summaries .................................................................................................... 5-1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 5-1 Relationship to scope of work ..................................................................................................... 5-2 Project Descriptions by Estuary ................................................................................................... 5-4 Northeastern Puget Sound ..................................................................................................... 5-5 Lower Columbia River Estuary .............................................................................................. 5-10 Oregon North Coast Region .................................................................................................. 5-14 Spotlight on the Tillamook Bay Estuary ................................................................................. 5-14 Coos Bay and the Coquille River Estuaries ............................................................................ 5-21 Humboldt Bay Region ........................................................................................................... 5-25 Monitoring and evaluation of tide gate removals and upgrades ............................................... 5-31 Types of monitoring .............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Saco River Saco & Biddeford, Maine
    Environmental Assessment Finding of No Significant Impact, and Section 404(b)(1) Evaluation for Maintenance Dredging DRAFT Saco River Saco & Biddeford, Maine US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS New England District March 2016 Draft Environmental Assessment: Saco River FNP DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINDING OF NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACT Section 404(b)(1) Evaluation Saco River Saco & Biddeford, Maine FEDERAL NAVIGATION PROJECT MAINTENANCE DREDGING March 2016 New England District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 696 Virginia Rd Concord, Massachusetts 01742-2751 Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 2.0 PROJECT HISTORY, NEED, AND AUTHORITY .......................................... 1 3.0 PROPOSED PROJECT DESCRIPTION ....................................................... 3 4.0 ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................................ 6 4.1 No Action Alternative ..................................................................................... 6 4.2 Maintaining Channel at Authorized Dimensions............................................. 6 4.3 Alternative Dredging Methods ........................................................................ 6 4.3.1 Hydraulic Cutterhead Dredge....................................................................... 7 4.3.2 Hopper Dredge ........................................................................................... 7 4.3.3 Mechanical Dredge ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (2012)
    FGDC-STD-018-2012 Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard Marine and Coastal Spatial Data Subcommittee Federal Geographic Data Committee June, 2012 Federal Geographic Data Committee FGDC-STD-018-2012 Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard, June 2012 ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS PAGE 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Need ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Scope ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Application ............................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Relationship to Previous FGDC Standards .............................................................. 4 1.6 Development Procedures ......................................................................................... 5 1.7 Guiding Principles ................................................................................................... 7 1.7.1 Build a Scientifically Sound Ecological Classification .................................... 7 1.7.2 Meet the Needs of a Wide Range of Users ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Physicsof Estuariesand Coastal Seas
    1 August 12-16 2012 n New York City The Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas Symposium 2 3 Assessing Suspended Sediment Dynamics in the San Francisco Bay-Delta System: Coupling Landsat Satellite Imagery, in situ Data and a Numerical Model Fernanda Achete1, Mick van der Wegen1, Dave Schoellhamer2, Bruce E. Jaffe2 1 UNESCO-IHE, Delft, Netherlands 2 U.S. Geological Survey Rivers draining the Central Valley and Sierras of California, including the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, meet in the Delta before discharging into the northeastern end of the San Francisco Estuary. The Bay-Delta system is an important region for a) economic activities (ports, agriculture, and industry), b) human settling (the San Francisco Bay area hosts 7.15 million inhabitants) and c) ecosystems (the Delta area hosts several endemic species and is an important regional breeding and feeding environment). Human activities, including hydraulic mining and agriculture development have affected the Bay-Delta system over the past 150 years. Other examples of anthropogenic influence on the system are damming of rivers, channels dredging, land reclamation and levee construction. Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) has varied considerably as a result of these activities. The change in SSC has a high impact on ecosystems by influencing light penetration that is closely related to primary production, contaminants distribution and marshland development. Better understanding of the spatial distribution and temporal variation of SSC opens the way to improved understanding ecosystem dynamics in the Bay-Delta system and to assess the impact of future developments such as water export, sea level rise and decreasing SSC levels.
    [Show full text]
  • EARTH Title Description ENTITIES ATTRIBUTES DYNAMIC ASPECTS
    EARTH Title Description ENTITIES ATTRIBUTES DYNAMIC ASPECTS DIMENSIONS ACCESSORY TERMS <EFFECTS AND SINGLE EVENTS> <STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY> ACTIVITIES COMPOSITION CONDITIONS GENERAL TERMS IMMATERIAL ENTITIES MATERIAL ENTITIES PROCESSES PROPERTIES TIME <ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT PROCESSES> <BIOECOLOGICAL PROCESSES> <COGNITIVE PROCESSES> <COMPLEX> <MENTAL CONSTRUCTS> <PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES> <PHYSICAL OPERATIONS> <POLICY ACTIVITIES> <PROCESSES OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS (BY GENERAL TYPE)> <PROCESSES RELATED TO MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS> <PRODUCTIVE SECTORS> <SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES> <SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND POLICY PROCESSES> INDUSTRY LIVING ENTITIES NON LIVING ENTITIES <ABSTRACT CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES> <DISPOSAL AND RESTORATION> <KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS> <MANIPULATION, PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION> <MEASURES> <METHODS AND TECHNIQUES> <PARAMETERS, CRITERIA AND FACTORS> <REPRESENTATION AND ELABORATION SYSTEMS> ARTIFICIAL ENTITIES BIOECOLOGICAL ENTITIES DATA NATURAL ENTITIES NATURAL SPACES BY GENERAL TYPES SOCIAL ENTITIES <ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT> <BUILT ENVIRONMENT> <EARTH CONSTITUENTS AND MATERIALS> <MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS> <OPEN SPACES, CULTURAL LANDSCAPES> <PARTS> <PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS> <WHOLE> EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS symbiotic organisms technological systems <ATMOSPHERE ENVIRONMENT> <ECOSYSTEM ABIOTIC COMPONENTS> <EXTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT> <GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS AND CLIMATIC ZONES> <TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT> <WATER ENVIRONMENT> <CONTINENTAL WATER ENVIRONMENT> <OCEANIC WATER ENVIRONMENT> <TERRESTRIAL AREAS AND LANDFORMS> geological
    [Show full text]
  • Preparing for Tomorrow's High Tide
    Preparing for Tomorrow’s High Tide Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment for the State of Delaware July 2012 Other Documents in the Preparing for Tomorrow’s High Tide Series A Progress Report of the Delaware Sea Level Rise Advisory Committee (November 2011) A Mapping Appendix to the Delaware Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment (July 2012) Preparing for Tomorrow’s High Tide Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment for the State of Delaware Prepared for the Delaware Sea Level Rise Advisory Committee by the Delaware Coastal Programs of the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control i About This Document This Vulnerability Assessment was developed by members of Delaware’s Sea Level Rise Advisory Committee and by staff of the Delaware Coastal Programs section of the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. It contains background information about sea level rise, methods used to determine vulnerability and a comprehensive accounting of the extent and impacts that sea level rise will have on 79 resources in the state. The information contained within this document and its appendices will be used by the Delaware Sea Level Rise Advisory Committee and other stakeholders to guide development of sea level rise adaptation strategies. Users of this document should carefully read the introductory materials and methods to understand the assumptions and trade-offs that have been made in order to describe and depict vulnerability information at a statewide scale. The Delaware Coastal Programs makes no warranty and promotes no other use of this document other than as a preliminary planning tool. This project was funded by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, in part, through a grant from the Delaware Coastal Programs with funding from the Offi ce of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations, under award number NA11NOS4190109.
    [Show full text]
  • Maine Guide Training
    Maine Guide Training 2021 History of Maine Guides ● First hired guides in Maine were Abenaki people who led European explorers, military officials, traders, priests and lumbermen. ● Guiding industry emerged in late 1900s as people in more urban and industrialized regions sought wilderness for recreation ● Cornelia “Fly Rod” Crosby was first guide licensed in 1897; 1700 others were licensed that year. Maine’s Legal Definition of “Guide” Any person who receives any form of remuneration for his services in accompanying or assisting any person in the fields, forests or on the waters or ice within the jurisdiction of the State while hunting, fishing, trapping, boating, snowmobiling or camping at a primitive camping area. Sea Kayaking Guide Specialization Guides can lead paddlesports trips on the State's territorial seas and tributaries of the State up to the head of tide and out to the three mile limit. This classification includes overnight camping trips in conjunction with those sea-kayaking and paddlesports. Testing Process 1. Criminal Background Check 2. Oral Examination ■ Chart and compass work ■ Catastrophic scenario 3. Written Examination (minimum score of 70 to pass) What Maine Sea Kayak Guides CAn Do ● Lead commercial sea kayaking and SUP trips on Maine’s coastal waters ● Lead overnight camping trips associated with these trips (new as of 2005) ● Lead trips with up to 12 people per guide What Sea Kayak Guides CAN’T Do ● Lead paddling trips on inland waters (by kayak, canoe, SUP or raft) ● Take clients fishing or hunting ● Lead trips that require another type of guide license What are the qualities that you most appreciated in guides you’ve encountered? ● Wilderness Guide Association’s Definition of a Guide A trained and experienced professional with a high level of nature awareness.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service V.53
    'I', . FISRES OF '!'RE GULF OF MAINE. 101 Description.-The hickory shad differs rather Bay, though it is found in practically all of them. noticeably from the sea herring in that the point This opens the interesting possibility that the of origin of its dorsal fin is considerably in front of "green" fish found in Chesapeake Bay, leave the the mid-length of its trunk; in its deep belly (a Bay, perhaps to spawn in salt water.65 hickory shad 13~ in. long is about 4 in. deep but a General range.-Atlantic coast of North America herring of that length is only 3 in. deep) ; in the fact from the Bay of Fundy to Florida. that its outline tapers toward both snout and tail Occurrence in the Gulf oj Maine.-The hickory in side view (fig. 15); and in that its lower jaw shad is a southern fish, with the Gulf of Maine as projects farther beyond the upper when its mouth the extreme northern limit to its range. It is is closed; also, by the saw-toothed edge of its belly. recorded in scientific literature only at North Also, it lacks the cluster of teeth on the roof of the· Truro; at Provincetown; at Brewster; in Boston mouth that is characteristic of the herring. One Harbor; off Portland; in Casco Ba3T; and from the is more likely to confuse a hickory shad with a shad mouth of the Bay of Fundy (Huntsman doubts or with the alewives, which it resembles in the this record), and it usually is so uncommon within position of its dorsal fin, in the great depth of its our limits that we have seen none in the Gulf body, in its saw-toothed belly and in the lack of ourselves.
    [Show full text]
  • OCEAN ACCOUNTS Global Ocean Data Inventory Version 1.0 13 Dec 2019 Lyutong CAI Statistics Division, ESCAP Email: [email protected] Or [email protected]
    OCEAN ACCOUNTS Global Ocean Data Inventory Version 1.0 13 Dec 2019 Lyutong CAI Statistics Division, ESCAP Email: [email protected] or [email protected] ESCAP Statistics Division: [email protected] Acknowledgments The author is thankful for the pre-research done by Michael Bordt (Global Ocean Accounts Partnership co-chair) and Yilun Luo (ESCAP), the contribution from Feixue Li (Nanjing University) and suggestions from Teerapong Praphotjanaporn (ESCAP). Introduction No. ID Name Component Data format Status Acquisition method Data resolution Data Available Further information Website Document CMECS is designed for use within all waters ranging from the Includes the physical, biological, Not limited to specific gear https://iocm.noaa.gov/c Coastal and Marine head of tide to the limits of the exclusive economic zone, and and chemical data that are types or to observations A comprehensive national framework for organizing information about coasts and oceans and mecs/documents/CME 001 SU-001 Ecological Classification Single Spatial units N/A Ongoing from the spray zone to the deep ocean. It is compatible with https://iocm.noaa.gov/cmecs/ collectively used to define coastal made at specific spatial or their living systems. CS_One_Page_Descrip Standard(CMECS) many existing upland and wetland classification standards and and marine ecosystems temporal resolutions tion-20160518.pdf can be used with most if not all data collection technologies. https://www.researchga te.net/publication/32889 The Combined Biotope Classification Scheme (CBiCS) 1619_Combined_Bioto Combined Biotope It is a hierarchical classification of marine biotopes, including aquatic setting, biogeographic combines the core elements of the CMECS habitat pe_Classification_Sche 002 SU-002 Classification Single Spatial units Onlline viewer Ongoing N/A N/A setting, water column component, substrate component, geoform component, biotic http://www.cbics.org/about/ classification scheme and the JNCC/EUNIS biotope me_CBiCS_A_New_M Scheme(SBiCS) component, morphospecies component.
    [Show full text]
  • Tidal Datums and Their Applications
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services TIDAL DATUMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS NOAA Special Publication NOS CO-OPS 1 NOAA Special Publication NOS CO-OPS 1 TIDAL DATUMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Silver Spring, Maryland June 2000 noaa National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Ocean Service Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services National Ocean Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of Commerce The National Ocean Service (NOS) Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) collects and distributes observations and predictions of water levels and currents to ensure safe, efficient and environmentally sound maritime commerce. The Center provides the set of water level and coastal current products required to support NOS’ Strategic Plan mission requirements, and to assist in providing operational oceanographic data/products required by NOAA’s other Strategic Plan themes. For example, CO-OPS provides data and products required by the National Weather Service to meet its flood and tsunami warning responsibilities. The Center manages the National Water Level Observation Network (NWLON) and a national network of Physical Oceanographic Real-Time Systems (PORTSTM) in major U.S. harbors. The Center: establishes standards for the collection and processing of water level and current data; collects and documents user requirements which serve as the foundation for all resulting program activities; designs new and/or improved oceanographic observing systems; designs software to improve CO-OPS’ data processing capabilities; maintains and operates oceanographic observing systems; performs operational data analysis/quality control; and produces/disseminates oceanographic products.
    [Show full text]
  • A Flow-Simulation Model of the Tidal Potomac River
    A Flow-Simulation Model of the Tidal Potomac River A Water-Quality Study of the Tidal Potomac River and Estuary United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2234-D Chapter D A Flow-Simulation Model of the Tidal Potomac River By RAYMOND W. SCHAFFRANEK U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2234 A WATER-QUALITY STUDY OF THE TIDAL POTOMAC RIVER AND ESTUARY DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL MODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1987 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Schaffranek, Raymond W. A flow-simulation model of the tidal Potomac River. (A water-quality study of the tidal Potomac River and Estuary) (U.S. Geological Survey water-supply paper; 2234) Bibliography; p. 24. Supt. of Docs, no.: I. 19.13:2234-0 1. Streamflow Potomac River Data processing. 2. Streamflow Potomac River Mathematical models. I. Title. II. Series. III. Series: U.S. Geological Survey water-supply paper; 2234. GB1207.S33 1987 551.48'3'09752 85-600354 Any use of trade names and trademarks in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. FOREWORD a rational and well-documented general approach for the study of tidal rivers and estuaries. This interdisciplinary effort emphasized studies of the Tidal rivers and estuaries are very important features transport of the major nutrient species and of suspended of the Coastal Zone because of their immense biological sediment.
    [Show full text]
  • INITIAL PROTOCOL to IDENTIFY and DELINEATE the HEAD of TIDE ZONE in San Francisco Bay Tributaries
    INITIAL PROTOCOL TO IDENTIFY AND DELINEATE THE HEAD OF TIDE ZONE in San Francisco Bay Tributaries Prepared by Scott Dusterhoff Julie Beagle Josh Collins Carolyn Doehring San Francisco Estuary Institute Prepared for San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission PUBLICATION #719 JUNE 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project benefited from the support, advice, assistance, and equipment and data sharing from many individu- als and organizations within the San Francisco Bay region and beyond. The following is a list of those to whom we owe a particular debt of gratitude: Technical Advisory Committee: Donna Ball (Save The Bay) Kristen Cayce (SFEI) Roger Leventhal (MCFC&WCD) Jeremy Lowe (ESA PWA) Ray Torres (University of South Carolina) Working Group Members: Alhambra Creek: Tim Tucker (City of Martinez), David Wexler, and Joe Hummel (CCM&VCD) Coyote Creek: Scott Katric, Lisa Porcella, and Jennifer Castillo (SCVWD) Novato Creek: Roger Leventhal (MCFC&WCD) and Manijeh Larizadeh (City of Novato) Sonoma Creek: Greg Guensch and Susan Haydon (SCWA), Caitlin Cornwall (Sonoma Ecology Center), and Betty Andrews (ESA PWA) Sulphur Creek: Rohin Saleh, Hank Ackerman, and Patrick Ji (ACFC&WCD) Wildcat Creek: Paul Detjens (CCCFC&WCD) and Pete Alexander (EBRPD) John Calloway and Evyan Borgnis (University of San Francisco and UCSF) for use of their RTK GPS unit. Rachel Kamman (KHE) for Novato Creek longitudinal profile data and general project input. Betty Andrews and Mark Lindley (ESA PWA) for Sonoma Creek and Alhambra Creek data. Paul Detjens (CCCFC&WCD) for general project input and permitting temporary instrument installation at the Wildcat Creek site. Ripen Kaur (SCVWD) for Coyote Creek longitudinal profile data.
    [Show full text]
  • Tide 1 Tides Are the Rise and Fall of Sea Levels Caused by the Combined
    Tide 1 Tide The Bay of Fundy at Hall's Harbour, The Bay of Fundy at Hall's Harbour, Nova Scotia during high tide Nova Scotia during low tide Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth. Most places in the ocean usually experience two high tides and two low tides each day (semidiurnal tide), but some locations experience only one high and one low tide each day (diurnal tide). The times and amplitude of the tides at the coast are influenced by the alignment of the Sun and Moon, by the pattern of tides in the deep ocean (see figure 4) and by the shape of the coastline and near-shore bathymetry.[1] [2] [3] Most coastal areas experience two high and two low tides per day. The gravitational effect of the Moon on the surface of the Earth is the same when it is directly overhead as when it is directly underfoot. The Moon orbits the Earth in the same direction the Earth rotates on its axis, so it takes slightly more than a day—about 24 hours and 50 minutes—for the Moon to return to the same location in the sky. During this time, it has passed overhead once and underfoot once, so in many places the period of strongest tidal forcing is 12 hours and 25 minutes. The high tides do not necessarily occur when the Moon is overhead or underfoot, but the period of the forcing still determines the time between high tides.
    [Show full text]