NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best 'copy available UMr ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN CULTURATION mm: GUTEELIED SEMPER AND On0WAGNER C. Brent Epp Graduate Program in Art History Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Werof Arts Faculty of Graduate Studies The UiÜversity of Western Ontario London, Ontario Augusf 1999 O C.Brent Epp 1999 Natlonal tibrary Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services senrices bibliographiques 395 wetrigmt smm 395. nie wciui~gtoc~ OttawaON KIAW OitawaûN KIAONQ Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distntbute or seIl reproduire, prêter, distncbuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts £tom it Ni la thèse ai des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Through an -on ofGotdEed Semper's Art History Museum (Kimsthistorisches Museum) in Vi- and andous ofOtto Wagner's works, this thesis explores the emer&ence of architectural modemkm in Vie- Rather than identifjring a ~eKa&ed "moderm'sm," 1examine the materiai and discursive practices of Semper and Wagner as stnitegïes almed at negotiating the intensts of cuitmal producers with those holding other politid interests in Autria and Vienna The transition nom bistoncism to modem-sm, and all the difficulties in understandùg tbis p*odwith these terms. can more propedy be understood in reiatîon to the la~gershifts Ïn power ttist occuned as Vienna grew as an uhncentre- Semper d Wagaer each 6edthe* interests as cultural producers in the balance ofpower at Minent moment* ThW works can be seen to reproduce this balance of power in and tbrough cuitrirally stmctioned, inban architectural fom ICeywords Architecture, Urban Studies, Saciology of- Gottfried Semper, Otto Wagner, Vienna r wish to thank my supeirvlsupeirvlsor,Bridget Elüott, for her generous patience .ad advice. Table of Contents page Abstmct and Keywords Acknowledgements Table of Contents List of Plates List of Appendices Introduction Part 1 Gottfried Semper: Siting Cultural Legitïmacy 1. Austnan Art Hïstory and Semper's Theory 2. The Art History Museum Part II 3. Otto Wagner: Confionting Urban Society Conclusion: Thinlang with Histones of Practice Bibiiography Plates Appendices Vita View fiom Karlslorche ofthe Glacis. A1tand St Stephan's cathedral, Plans of Vienna, 1857 and 1887. Royal Znsti*tute of British Architects, Transadiom. S.S. 4 (1888). Rïngstrasse, showing the ParIiament, Rathaus, University, and (Hof)burg Theater, c- 1888. Gottfkied Semper and Car1 von Hasenauer, bird'seye perspective of the Naîurai and Art Hïstory Muse- aud expanded Hofburg (together formuig the Ka&erfonan), 1869. Hemgasse, near the Hofburg with the Palais Lichtenstein, c. 19 1 1. GoWed Semper, penpective of the Zwinger courtyard with the Art Gallery and Hoftheater, 11842. Christian Gottlob Hammer, north side of the Dresden HoAheater (18354, GottiEed Semper, architect), waterc010w, c. 1845. Gottfried Semper and Car1 von Hasemuer, view of the Art History Museum, Viema, 1869-91. From ZeischijZfur Bildeiicie Km,1892. GoeedSemper and Car1 von Hasenauer, Art Aitstory Museum, 1896-9 1. Entran~e~Vili011. Gottfried Semper and Cdvon Hasenauer, Arî History Mm, 1896-9 1. Right corner pvilion Official annomcement of the Ringstrasse plan, 1860. Theophii Hansen, design for the Hofinuseen, cornpetition project, 1867. Heinrich Ferstel, design for the HofÎnuseen, competition project, 1867. Moritz Ldhr, design for the Hofinuseen, competition project, second stage, 1867. Cari von Hasenauet, design for the Hofinuseen, cornpetition pmj- 1867. Gottfki Semper, preIimmary plan for the HoAheaterf hesden, with wtltlection to Zwhger, 1835- Goeed Semper, pIiminary perspective ofthe HoAheater, Dresd~resdea, 1835- Gotmed Semper, plan of the Zwinger courtyard with the Art Gailery located as an extension of the east wing 1841. Rudoif von Alt, Kaïserforum,witercolour, LâfZ Girard and Rehlander, coloured drawlng of the Kaiserforum for the Worfd Exhiiition of 1873- T. MayerhoEer, KUllSfhistoriscbes Museum, Lithograph, c. 1900. ûtto Wagner* Miethaus. Schottenring 23,1880. Otto Wagner, Miethaus, Rathausstrasse 3,188 1- ûtto Wagner* Miethaus, Stadiongasse 6 & 8, 1883. Otto Wagner, Miethaus, Stadiongasse 6 & 8, vestibule, 1883. Otto Wagner, Miethaus, Stadiongasse 6 & 8, ground plan of& br7 1883, Otto Wagner, Fespfutz vor dmBwgthore, drawing for the festival celebrating the emperor's dver wedding anniversaryt 1879. otto Wagoer, entry Baldachin for Princess Stephanie ofBelgiimi. 188 1. Otto Wagner, Ho~villionon the Wienîabïe of the Stadtbhnear Schiznbrunn, l896fW- Otto Wagner, nrSt Vina Wagner, Hütteldorf, 1888. ûtto Wagner, detail of Majolikahaus, Linke Wienzeile 40, haidesign, 1898, Otto Wagner, Vienna, an example of big city regdation divided into districts by ring and radial roads, I91 1. Otto Wagnert site plan ofthe projected tweaty-sec~nd-ct of Vie~1118,1911. Otto Wagner, T,ew of the Lufkntnm (open air centre) of the fhre twenty-second district of Vienaa, 1911. Otto Wagner, PostsperLasse (Postal Sa* Bank), Vienna, 1904-06. Main entrante- Otto Wagner, Lupus Sanatorium, Stiftung 19 10-13. Main entrancece Otto Wagner, mawing for the Monument to Kultur in fiont of the proposed Kaiser FmJosef Stadt Museum, 1909. Otto Wagner, perspective view of Kaiser Fnmz-Joseph Stadt Museum, main building with reception pavjlion, 1903. Otto Wagner, -*ve view of the Karlskirche and Kaiser Fm-Joseph Stadt Museum on the Karlsplaîz, 1903. Otto Wagner, perspective viewof the Ferdinandsbrücke, first competition design, 1905. ûtto Wagner, perspective view of the Ferdiriandsisrücke, bridge pier with column and Stadtbahn station gailery, 1896. Detail of plate 44. List of Appendku Appendix 1: Iconography ofthe Art History Museum Viemm Appendix 2: Permissions and Copyright Act, -on 29. 180 Copyright Act, Section 29: Fair Dealinp. 181 Permission for repmductiom KunsthbtonSChes Museum, Wien 182 Permission for reproduction: Institut fin Geschichte und Theorie der Architektur, Semper Archiv, EM-Zurich, 183 Introduction One of the diffrculties of studying modemism as an historical phenornemm is that for ail the emphasis it places on progres, the new, and breaks wïth the pas?, it remains difficult to descrii when exactly it began As such it is dso di811cdt to talk about some practices as fiaing entirely into the category of modemïsrn, when it is a category wnstantly king redefïned by competlng discourses that give it various shapes- The phenomewn of the emergence of modemism in Vienna is the porrticdar subject of Car1 Schorske's book Fin-deSide Vienncr, whkh has becorne a landmark for subsequent literature on the perïod in Vie- incladùig minemllieAs AUen Janik notes, Schorske's book provided a working paradgm around which other works have crystallized (4). in other words, imtead of providing a series of narratives of loosely cormecteci even& as did other earlier works on Vienne, Schorske's book helped explain the problem of why Viemese modemkm appeareà ui the shape that it did The thesis diat organkes Fin-deSiècte VYiemneeds to be demihere in some detail. Schorske sees a «>mmon shiA towards an ahistorical culture stemming fiom a crisis in nuieteenth-centmy Iiberal cultureeThe crisis can be seen as the result of a series ofevents. h 1848 politicai upheaval spread across Europe, but in Austria, revolutionary activities were short-lived Despite a few temporary victories liberalism was u~tGnate1y defeated by imperid forces. By 1860, a co13Stitutid regime was put in place, however, not on the strength of A-~~ll iiism,but instead more or less by deniutf at the han& of extemal politicai forces. in the 1860s and 1WOs, while the liberas shared their power with the aristocracy, their &ai bewas relatively small, beuig made up pharily of middleclass Germaas and German Jews of the inban centres. Theu growth increased, however, and by the 1880% Liberal hegemony was king challengeci by various emerging groups: amoag them, anti-Semitic ChrisbsbanSocials and PanGennans, socialists and Slavic natioaalists. The strongest political organization among these groups, at lest in Vienna., was the Christian Social party, up until 1907 a strictly municipal party- Its platform coosisted of strongiy Catholic clericaiism and municipal socialism. Its popdarity was greatest among the petite bourgeoisie who had elected both the par& and elected h mayorai candidate Karl Lueger in 1895. Due to resistance on a number of fionts, Lueger was not ratifIed as mayor until two years later in 1897. The Christian Socials represented "al1 that was anathema to classical Ii'beraiism" (6). We the breakdown of the hird stronghold in public office was nrst felt in the municipal goverriment, by 1900 the likrals were largely defated on the parliamentary Eont by a number of emergïng demmas movements: -stian, d-Semitic, sociaIïst, and natiosali* (5-6)- The political events ofthe last haE ofthe nineteentb centary made themseIves Mt
Castillo De San Marcos National M Onument Historic Resource Study
C ASTILLO DE SAN MARCOS N ATIONAL MONUMENT H ISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY March 1997 Jennifer D. Brown National Park Service Southeast Region Atlanta, Georgia CONTENTS Figure Credits iv List of Figures V Foreword vii Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: The Struggle for Florida and Construction of Castillo de San Marcos, 1565- 1821 7 Associated Properties 18 Registration Requirements/Integrity 20 Contributing Properties 21 Noncontributing Properties 21 Chapter Three: The United States War Department at Fort Marion, 1821-1933 23 Associated Properties 32 Registration Requirements/Integrity 34 Contributing Properties 35 Noncontributing Properties 35 Chapter Four: Management Recommendations 37 Bibliography 39 Appendix A: Descriptions of Historic Resources A-l Appendix B: Historical Base Map B-l Appendix C: National Register Documentation C-l III FIGURE CREDITS Cover, clockwise from top left: Water Battery and City Gate, William Chapman for National Park Service, and aerial view of Castillo, Castillo de San Marcos National Monument archives p. 2: William Chapman for National Park Service; p. 8,9: Florida State Photographic Archives; p. 11: Christopher Duffy, The Fortress in The Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great, 1660-1789, p. 12,14: Castillo de San Marcos National Monument archives, p. 15: Jennifer D. Brown and Jill K. Hanson for National Park Service; p. 17: William Chapman for National Park Service; p. 24, Castillo de San Marcos National Monument archives; p. 26: William Chapman for National Park Service; p. 27: Jennifer D. Brown and Jill K Hanson for National Park Service, and William Chapman for National Park Service; p. 29,30: Castillo de San Marcos National Monument archives; p.
VAUBAN’S SIEGE LEGACY IN THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION, 1702-1712 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jamel M. Ostwald, M.A. The Ohio State University 2002 Approved by Dissertation Committee: Professor John Rule, Co-Adviser Co-Adviser Professor John Guilmartin, Jr., Co-Adviser Department of History Professor Geoffrey Parker Professor John Lynn Co-Adviser Department of History UMI Number: 3081952 ________________________________________________________ UMI Microform 3081952 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ____________________________________________________________ ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ABSTRACT Over the course of Louis XIV’s fifty-four year reign (1661-1715), Western Europe witnessed thirty-six years of conflict. Siege warfare figures significantly in this accounting, for extended sieges quickly consumed short campaign seasons and prevented decisive victory. The resulting prolongation of wars and the cost of besieging dozens of fortresses with tens of thousands of men forced “fiscal- military” states to continue to elevate short-term financial considerations above long-term political reforms; Louis’s wars consumed 75% or more of the annual royal budget. Historians of 17th century Europe credit one French engineer – Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban – with significantly reducing these costs by toppling the impregnability of 16th century artillery fortresses. Vauban perfected and promoted an efficient siege, a “scientific” method of capturing towns that minimized a besieger’s casualties, delays and expenses, while also sparing the town’s civilian populace.
www.nysmm.org Glossary of Terms Some definitions have links to images. ABATIS: Barricade of felled trees with their branches towards the attack and sharpened (primitive version of "barbed wire"). ARROW SLITS: Narrow openings in a wall through which defenders can fire arrows. (also called loopholes) ARTILLERY: An excellent GLOSSARY for Civil War era (and other) Artillery terminologies can be found at civilwarartillery.com/main.htm (Link will open new window.) BAILEY: The walled enclosure or the outer courtyard of a castle. (Ward, Parade) BANQUETTE: The step of earth within the parapet, sufficiently high to enable standing defenders to fire over the crest of the parapet with ease. BARBICAN: Outworks, especially in front of a gate. A heavily fortified gate or tower. BARTIZAN (BARTISAN): Scottish term, projecting corner turret. A small overhanging turret on a tower s battlement. BASTION: A projection from a fortification arranged to give a wider range of fire or to allow firing along the main walls. Usually at the intersection of two walls. BATTER: Inclined face of a wall (Talus). BATTERED: May be used to describe crenellations. BATTERY: A section of guns, a named part of the main fortifications or a separate outer works position (e.g.. North Battery, Water Battery). BATTLEMENTS: The notched top (crenellated parapet) of a defensive wall, with open spaces (crenels) for firing weapons. BEAKED PROJECTION: see EN BEC. BELVEDERE: A pavilion or raised turret. BLOCKHOUSE: Usually a two story wood building with an overhanging second floor and rifle loops and could also have cannon ports (embrasures). Some three story versions. Some with corner projections similar to bastions.
The Impact Off Crusader Castles Upon European Western Castles
THE IMPACT OF CRUSADER CASTLES UPON EUROPEAN WESTERN CASTLES IN THE MIDDLE AGES JORDAN HAMPE MAY 2009 A SENIOR PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN- LA CROSSE Abstract: During the Middle Ages, the period from roughly AD 1000-1450, the structure of castles changed greatly from wooden motte and bailey to stone keeps and defenses within stone city walls. The reason for the change was largely influenced by the crusades as Europeans went to the Holy Lands to conquer. In addition to conquering, these kings brought back a new way of designing and fortifying their castles in England, Wales and France. Without the influence of the crusades, what we think of as true middle age castles would not exist. For my paper I will analyze the impact the crusades had on forming the middle age castles by evidence surviving in the archaeological record from before and after the crusades as well as modifications done on castles to accommodate crusader changes to show the drastic influence of crusader castle fortifications upon English, Welsh and French castles. 1 Introduction Construction of what is believed to be true middle age castles from A.D. 1000 to 1450 began as kings arrived back from the crusades to the Holy Lands, bringing with them ideas of how to make their castles grander and more easily defensible. Before the crusades William I of England was beginning to develop a new concentric style of castle beginning with the Tower of London. After the crusades many English, Welsh and French kings took the concentric concept and combined it with what they saw on the crusades and developed it to become majestic castles and fortresses like Chateau Gaillard in France, Dover Castle in England, and Caernarvon Castle in Wales.
Battle for the Ruhr: the German Army's Final Defeat in the West" (2006)
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2006 Battle for the Ruhr: The rGe man Army's Final Defeat in the West Derek Stephen Zumbro Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, dzumbr1@lsu.edu Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Zumbro, Derek Stephen, "Battle for the Ruhr: The German Army's Final Defeat in the West" (2006). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2507. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2507 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contactgradetd@lsu.edu. BATTLE FOR THE RUHR: THE GERMAN ARMY’S FINAL DEFEAT IN THE WEST A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Derek S. Zumbro B.A., University of Southern Mississippi, 1980 M.S., University of Southern Mississippi, 2001 August 2006 Table of Contents ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................iv INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1
Urban Warfare Study: City Case Studies Compilation
April 1999 MARINE CORPS INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITY Urban Warfare Study: City Case Studies Compilation Urban Warfare Study: City Case Studies Compilation This is a Marine Corps Intelligence Activity Publication Information Cutoff Date: 1 February 1999 Prepared by: Intelligence Production Division Regional Analysis Branch Europe/Eurasia Section DSN: 278-6156 COMM: (703) 784-6156 Marine Corps Intelligence Activity ATTN: MCIA 04 Quantico, Virginia 22134-5011 DSN: 278-6126 COMM: (703) 784-6126 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1 - Introduction . 1 Background . 1 Overview . 1 Lessons Learned. 2 Strategic Lessons . 2 Operational Lessons. 2 Tactical Lessons. 3 Technical Lessons . 3 Conclusion . 4 Section 2 - Russian Experience in Chechnya. 5 Strategic Lessons . 6 Operational Lessons. 9 Tactical Lessons. 14 Technical Lessons . 16 Section 3 - Operation PEACE FOR GALILEE: Israel’s Intervention into Lebanon . 21 Strategic Lessons . 22 Operational Lessons. 23 Tactical Lessons. 28 Technical Lessons . 30 Section 4 - British Experience in Northern Ireland . 35 Strategic Lessons . 36 Operational Lessons. 39 Tactical Lessons. 42 Technical Lessons . 46 iii Section 1 Introduction as part of URBAN WARRIOR, the Marine Corps Background Warfighting Lab (MCWL) has sponsored: As the forward deployed expeditionary element of ■ Three URBAN WARRIOR Limited Objective United States military power, the United States Marine Experiments that examined small unit combined Corps (USMC) must be prepared to react quickly and arms operations in the urban environment; effectively in the most unconventional of theaters. ■ Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain Given this unique warfighting mission, the Marine Corps has had much experience throughout its history Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration operating in urban environments. In this decade alone, (MOUT ACTD) experiments that examined the use Marines have deployed in several major peacekeeping of man-portable shields and breaching technolo- operations; all have required a concentration of force gies; and in major urban centers.
Castillo De San Marcos National Park Service National Monument U.S
Castillo de San Marcos National Park Service National Monument U.S. Department of the Interior Castillo de San Marcos Florida San Agustin Bastion San Carlos Bastion San Pedro Bastion Plaza de Armas Hours of Operation The park is open every day except Dec. 25 from San Pablo 8:45 a.m. to 4:45 p.m. The main parking lot closes Use this exploded birds- museums highlighting various chapters of Bastion at 5:30 p.m. eye view to help you the fort’s long history. A good place to find your way as you start is the corner rooms next to the well. For a Safe Visit ex plore over 300 years Rest rooms are located under the arched Although the Castillo is over 300 years old, most of Florida history. The stairway leading to the gundeck. After you of the damage to it has resulted not from past layout that Spanish finish exploring the rooms below, make battles or sieges but from thousands of people engineer Ignacio Daza your way up the stairs and gaze out upon each year. The fort is constructed of a unique created for the Cas tillo the waters of Matanzas Bay. From this com- sedimentary rock called Coquina, which, despite its obvious strength, is very fragile and suscepti- de San Marcos is simple manding position, a garrison of Spanish ble to wear. • Please do not climb on the walls and straightforward. This fortress is a hol- troops safeguarded St. Augustine during or sit on the stone surfaces. Also do not climb low square with diamond-shaped bastions the turbulent colonial era.
210 5.2 210 297 A contribution to the Monument Preservation Plan THE FORTIFICATIONS OF MAGDEBURG The building and subterranean passage of Zwischenwerk IVa (built in 1890) in the Harsdorfer Strasse, used by Magdeburg’s Landegard e.V. association from 1922 on (so-called “Fort Landegard”, which included a children’s home, a garden, and a home economy school), when another story was added to the casemate, transformed into a Waldschule (forest school) in 1925, converted into a recuperation home for women suffering from tuberculosis in 1930, and presently used by the Öko-Zentrum und Institut Magdeburg Sachsen-Anhalt e.V. - ÖZIM 108 2020 3 A contribution text to the Monument Preservation Plan THE FORTIFICATIONS OF MAGDEBURG Published by Stadtplanungsamt Magdeburg Text by Sabine Ullrich, cultcontext based on Monument Preservation Plan: The Fortifications of Magdeburg, compiled by Katja Trippler with the kind assistance of Dr. Bernhard Mai Photographs by Jill Luise Muessig and Hans-Wulf Kunze Front Cover The covered way of the counterscarp casemate in Ravelin II 4 CONTENTS :: CONTENTS View behind the crenellated wall in front of the Lukasklause, the canon is a replica of an original from 1669 in the Deutsches Historisches Museum in Berlin 5 CONTENTS :: CONTENTS CONTENTS PREFACES ...................................................................................................... 7 1. INTRODUCTION Magdeburg: the quintessential fortress city .............................................. 11 2. MONUMENT PRESERVATION PLAN Analysis – Information –
VAUBAN IN THE WILDERNESS: THE MILITARY REVOLUTION AND THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR IN NORTH AMERICA by Joseph M. Green A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Boise State University December 2019 Joseph M. Green SOME RIGHTS RESERVED This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COLLEGE DEFENSE COMMITTEE AND FINAL READING APPROVALS of the thesis submitted by Joseph M. Green Thesis Title: Vauban in the Wilderness: The Military Revolution and the Seven Years’ War in North America Date of Final Oral Examination: 29 October 2019 The following individuals read and discussed the thesis submitted by student Joseph M. Green, and they evaluated the student’s presentation and response to questions during the final oral examination. They found that the student passed the final oral examination. David M. Walker, Ph.D. Chair, Supervisory Committee Lisa McClain, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee Erik J. Hadley, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee The final reading approval of the thesis was granted by David M. Walker, Ph.D., Chair of the Supervisory Committee. The thesis was approved for the Graduate College. DEDICATION To my family – morituri te salutant iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are several people and organizations who deserve acknowledgement in the completion of this thesis. Without the generous support of the History Department at Boise State University, I would not have had the means to travel to New York and visit Fort Ticonderoga, Fort Saint Fred, Fort Crown Point, and Fort William Henry.
2000; J. Mesqui, Château d’Orient, Liban et Syrie, Hazan, Castles of Syria (Syria) 2001. Date of ICOMOS approval of this report: 10 April 2006 No 1229 3. THE PROPERTY Description 1. BASIC DATA The nomination consists of two medieval fortified castles, State Party: Arab Republic of Syria Crac des Chevaliers and the Fortress of Saladin, which are located in north-western Syria. These two castles represent Name of property: Castles of Syria military architecture that developed in the Near East from Location: Crac des Chevaliers is in municipality the 10th to 13th centuries, particularly in the period of the of Al Hosn (Homs Governorate); Crusades. Fortress of Saladin is in municipality of Crac des Chevaliers Haffeh (Latakieh Governorate) In the early 11th century, the site of the Crac des Date received by Chevaliers (Crac of the Knights), was occupied by the the World Heritage Centre: 1st February 2004 Castle of the Kurds. This may also have been the origin of Included in the Tentative List: 8 June 1999 the name ‘Crat’ in Latin Sources, then ‘Crac’. In the Crusader period, the site was in the possession of the International Assistance from the World Heritage Fund for Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem from 1142 to preparing the nomination: 28 April 1998 1271. The Knights Hospitallers carried out the first 5 February 2003 important construction campaign transforming the place Category of property: into Crac des Chevaliers. A second campaign was In terms of the categories of cultural property set out in undertaken by the Mamluks who possessed the castle from Article 1 of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a 1271 to 1300.
The Franco-Prussian War: the German Conquest of France In
P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1:IML CB563-FM CB563-Wawro-v3 July 2, 2003 9:55 This page intentionally left blank P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1:IML CB563-FM CB563-Wawro-v3 July 2, 2003 9:55 “Geoffrey Wawro has brought us an engrossing, authoritative, superbly researched history, with a glittering cast of characters starting with Bismarck and Napoleon III. The book demonstrates the importance of the Franco-Prussian War to our modern world and will make readers feel as if they are watching the conflict unfold.” – Michael Beschloss, author of The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman, and the Destruction of Hitler’s Germany, 1941–1945 (2002) “Wawro combines extensive archival research with perceptive critical in- sight to provide fresh perspectives on a subject dominated for almost a half-century by the work of Michael Howard. The Franco-Prussian War invites and withstands comparison with Howard’s classic volume.” – Dennis Showalter, Professor of History, Colorado College “A lively narrative history, based on an abundance of new research.” – MacGregor Knox, The London School of Economics i P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1:IML CB563-FM CB563-Wawro-v3 July 2, 2003 9:55 ii P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1:IML CB563-FM CB563-Wawro-v3 July 2, 2003 9:55 The Franco-Prussian War The Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 violently changed the course of Eu- ropean history. Alarmed by Bismarck’s territorial ambitions and the Prussian army’s crushing defeats of Denmark in 1864 and Austria in 1866, French Em- peror Napoleon III vowed to bring Prussia to heel.
RENAISSANCE CASTLE AND THE CASTLE 11 WURTTEMBERG’S RAVELIN THE CASTLE THE GARRISON BUILDINGS: The castle building is the oldest and in- THE KRONBORG GALLERIES DISCOVER FORTRESS MAIN RAMPARTS 12 THE GLACIS nermost part of the fortifications. The ring The last soldier left Kronborg Castle in THE FLAG BASTION 13 THE PORT OF ELSINORE wall of the original castle, Krogen, from 1991, and the old barracks buildings are KRONBORG A VISIT TO KRONBORG is a cultural experience of in- the 1420s, still exists beneath the sand- currently being refurbished. Today they MØRKEPORT’S RAVELIN ENTRANCE Kronborg Castle is ternational calibre. The contrast between the elegant royal inscribed on UNESCO’s stone façades to this very day. On the way down to the house artists’ demonstration workshops with shops, and castle and the military fortifications is clearly apparent. List of World Heritage Sites. THE COAST BATTERIES MAIN ENTRANCE FROM ELSINORE casemates, you pass through the ring wall, which gives more. Further details at www.kronborggallerierne.dk. Discover the area on your own or join a guided tour. you a sense of its thickness. THE CROWNWORK T TOILETS THE STONE MASONRY WORKSHOP THIS PAMPHLET presents some of the best experiences THE GARRISON BUILDINGS: THE KRONBORG GALLERIES P PARKING MAIN RAMPARTS The stone masonry workshop restores and at Kronborg, in an order which is natural for the visitor. Walking around the outside of the castle replaces Kronborg Castle’s structural details 8 THE STONE MASONRY WORKSHOP R RESTAURANT/CAFÉ H HANDICAP PARKING you can see the inner fortifications of on an ongoing basis.