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Jewish Economies: Development and Migration in America and Beyond First published 2012 by Transaction Publishers Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2012 by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2010052449 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kuznets, Simon, 1901-1985. Jewish economies : development and migration in America and beyond / Simon Kuznets ; [editors] E. Glen Weyl & Stephanie Lo. v. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v. 1. Economic structure and growth of Euro-American Jewry. ISBN 978-1-4128-4211-2 1. Jews—Economic conditions. 2. Jews—Europe—Economic condi- tions. 3. Jews—United States—Economic conditions. I. Weyl, E. Glen (Eric Glen), 1985- II. Lo, Stephanie. III. Title. DS140.5.K89 2011 330.9730089´924—dc22 2010052449 ISBN 13: 978-1-4128-4211-2 (hbk) Contents Acknowledgments vii Preface ix Stephanie Lo Introduction: Simon Kuznets, Cautious Empiricist of the Eastern European Jewish Diaspora xv E. Glen Weyl Editor’s Note lv 1. Economic Structure and Life of the Jews 1 Simon Kuznets 2. Economic Structure of U.S. Jewry: Recent Trends 107 Simon Kuznets 3. Economic Growth of U.S. Jewry 125 Simon Kuznets Appendix 231 Index 233 Acknowledgments Help from many people was crucial in making this compilation possible. We gratefully acknowledge Paul Kuznets and Judith Stein. Their unending support, both through personal interviews and their permis- sion to access and use their father’s papers, was pivotal throughout the entire process. E. Glen Weyl would like to thank Olga Litvak, whose class HIS382 “The Eastern European Jewish Diaspora in Comparative Perspective: Israel, America and the USSR in the Twentieth Century” in the spring of 2007 first stoked this work. We appreciate the helpful comments of Barry and Carmel Chiswick, Ben Friedman, Mark Guglielmo, Levis Kochin, Vladimir Moskovin, Peter Temin, and seminar participants at Duke University, particularly Malachi Hacohen and Roy Weintraub. We are especially grateful for the thorough discussion of our work provided by Vibha Kapuria- Foreman and the financial support of the History of Economics Society that made it possible for Weyl to attend the meeting where this discus- sion was given. We also benefited from the financial support of the Milton Fund, which, among other things, made possible the excellent research as- sistance of Yani Petrov and Rui Wang. Critical institutional support for this work came from the creative environment fostered by the Harvard Society of Fellows, without which it is unlikely that we would have pursued this interdisciplinary project. Permissions Paul Kuznets and Judith Stein have kindly provided permissions to publish all of the previously undistributed works that appear in this compilation. We would also like to give full credit to all the publishers who made this work possible. All permissions are nonexclusive. vii viii Jewish Economies We thank the National Bureau of Economic Research and, in par- ticular, Claudia Goldin and James Poterba, for allowing us to edit and republish Immigration and the Foreign Born. The piece, written by Kuznets in conjunction with Ernest Rubin, was previously published as NBER Occasional Paper 46 in 1954, pp. 1–107. Copyright, 1954, by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. 261 Madison Avenue, New York 16, NY All Rights Reserved. We are grateful to the editor of the journal Rivoon L’Calcala (Eco- nomic Quarterly: The Journal of the Israeli Economic Association) and the board at the Israeli Economic Association for their permission to translate and publish “Israel’s Economic Development,” which appeared in their journal in Hebrew in 1973 (vol. 20) on pp. 189–209. We also appreciate the permissions from the Charles Warren Center at Harvard University, which allowed us to republish “Immigration of Russian Jews to the United States.” This work originally appeared in Perspectives in American History (vol. IX—1975), edited by D. Fleming and B. Bailyn, pp. 35–124. We would also like to give credit to Naftali Greenwood, who did a spectacular job providing a professional translation and interpretation of “Israel’s Economic Development” from Hebrew to English. Preface Stephanie Lo Simon Smith Kuznets was an economist known for his analytic rigor, having won the 1971 Nobel Prize “for his empirically founded interpreta- tion of economic growth that has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development.” While he remains best known for his development of national income accounts, in fact, Kuznets had interests encompassing a broad range of topics (he has written thirty-one books and over two hundred papers) involving more general work on developmental economics. While some of Kuznets’s work is well known to the economics community, much less is known about his studies on the economic history of Jews broadly, which included in-depth work on immigration. In this work, we reveal a lesser known side of Kuznets: the Eastern European Jewish immigrant who persistently pursued the topic of Jewish history, yet hesitated to make his work more generally known due to his personal interest in the subject and therefore, by his reasoning, his bias. In doing so, we found many unpublished or hard-to-find works by Kuznets—some not previously available in English and most not formerly available to the public—which we hope to make widely available by publishing here. There are many facets of value to these pioneering works on Jewish immigration and economic structure; not only are the data and rigorous analyses valuable on their own, but they also work together to give readers insight into the personal- ity and intellect of the founder of modern empirical economics. This compilation, Jewish Economies: Development and Migration in America and Beyond, consists of two volumes, entitled “Economic Structure and Growth of Euro-American Jewry” and “Comparative Jewish Migration and Economy.” The first volume starts with an introduction to this work, written by my colleague, E. Glen Weyl, which outlines many of the broader themes that tie the pieces of this work together. Weyl ties the works included in this ix x Jewish Economies volume—focusing on Jewish immigration and its economic impact—and thereby Kuznets’s personal and cultural background, to his better known work in mainstream economics. This introduction proposes that there was a subtle but significant synergy between Kuznets’s own background and his perspective on population, inequality, professions, and economic development, which may have, in turn, shaped his more famous views and hypotheses, including the so-called “inverted-U hypothesis” about inequality. Many of the works cited in the introduction are included in these volumes, in hopes that our readers will examine, for themselves, the actual evidence for the proposed thematic importance of these works. The first work in this compilation is a preliminary version of “Eco- nomic Structure and Life of the Jews.” The final version was published in a compilation entitled The Jews: Their History, Culture, and Religion, edited by Louis Finkelstein, in 1961. The work analyzes the economic structure of the Jews as a small minority of relatively recent origin in various countries, demonstrating thematic similarities between the eco- nomic structures of Jews in various parts of the world. The preliminary version included here was lengthier and more thorough than the final product, which was likely cut down to fit size requirements by the journal. In fact, two entire tables—Table 3: Association Between Inter-Country Differences in Industrial Structure of Jews and Inter-Country Differences in Other Variables and Table 5: Illustrative Calculations of the Effect of “Recency of Entry Mix” on Movement of Average Income and Income Dispersion, Jews in the U.S.A., 1900–1950—which were there in the original, were completely removed in the draft. Consequently, the discus- sion surrounding Table 3, which comprises an entire subsection entitled “Inter-country Differences in Industrial Structure,” was removed. Other sections of the draft, in many of which Kuznets highlights his particular interpretation of the findings, are noticeably absent in the final version, including a passage in which Kuznets notes that his “calculations are only suggestive; and it is not intended to argue here the desirability or feasibility of continuously tapping this potential.” Overall, given that the draft of “Economic Structure and Life of the Jews” differs substantially from the final version, we hope that the publication of this draft in our compilation is valuable to the academic community. “Economic Structure of U.S. Jewry: Recent Trends” is an English translation of a work previously published in Hebrew. The lecture was delivered at a seminar on Jews in the Diaspora on June 24, 1971. In the speech, Kuznets discusses his statistical analysis of the recent changes of, and ongoing changes to,
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