with eachother, saying thingslike,‘Ididn’t know we couldresearch inanotherlanguage.’” man, andFrench researching their topics inotherlanguages. tobegin Iremember hearingstudentsreflecting and even better, thiswas an example for otherstudentswho spokeItalian,Hebrew, Catalan,Spanish,Ger seven Old,dusty, oreightbooks. class oneday withastackof andsmelly! Hisconfidencehadbeen restored, ex-Argentine patriots(who hadfledthejunta’s never repression). I’ll forget how proudhe was cominginto wonder how which mightbewritteninSpanishaboutthetopic, many ledhimtovisithisgrandparents, books materialonline,in Spanish.This ledhimto his bodylanguagechanged.Hewas astonishedattheamountof research intheirnative thatclassperiod, languageorinasecondthey possess. Even by theendof studentsto encouraging him, but deepdown of toreflect ontheimportance Itookthisasanopportunity laughedwith hehadresearched inSpanish,towhich heresponded, ‘Canwe of dothat?’Isort himif asking Iremember theregime. ing abouttheextent towhich humanrightsviolationscontributed tothedownfall of contentcoverage; relevant materialtoanswer rather, itwas hisresearchof alackof question,which was ask- there isextensive However, onlineandinourclassroombooks. scholarship heexplained thatitwasn’t alack juntainArgentinawritten’ thatbegan in1976.Iwas amilitary sure onhistopic, thathewas mistakenas Hewaswhelmed visibly was thatthere andconfused. tired was andworried. Hismajorconcern ‘nothing aboutanassignment.Taylor hisstudentscametohimwithaconcern explains: “Nicocametomeoverof guage repertoire intheirresearch. We’ve lan- studentstousetheirfull encouraging includedthisstudentwork asatestamenttothepower of Nico’s paper begins onthenextNico’s page. begins paper withmany homelanguages, when kids one Taylor inaclassroomof was Bingle teachingIBHistory Essay Researched inMultiple Languages Student Work Example: - -
May be photocopied for classroom use. Copyright © 2021 by Mary Ehrenworth, Pablo Wolfe, and Marc Todd from The Civically Engaged Classroom: Reading, Writing, and Speaking for Change. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. My first source,My first DeudaCrisisyPolítica deAjuste, inHistoriaComún isachapter deIberoamérica. ship. theJunta Militar’s leader of inthefall thesefactors eachof downfall. This investigation willassesstheroleof its seven which factors endedupwiththeir year losingpower theJunta Militarstarted rule duetoaseriesof theArgentinian NationalReorganization between1976and1983?”Attheendof rule Process’ military collapse of opposition to the This investigation willexamine theresearch question:“Howsignificantwasthetreatment of Sources: andEvaluationSection 1:Identification of ond source isLaPolitica Economica , LaDictaduraMilitar, May 2018. 2 1 leans towards Hernán’s thedescriptive prospective. nature, limitingananalysis of thearticle to myinvestigation. istobeinformative, source Much likethefirst itspurpose, therefore mostof thedictatorship’s downfall. Nevertheless,policies were themostsignificantcause of thesource isalimitation ed thebreakdown themost.This helpsmyinvestigation sinceitsmainobjective istoprove thateconomic the Junta’s new economicpoliciesandtheirconsequences, includingthe authorthoughtonwhich affect- viewprovide thesource. andprove Secondly, arelevant pointof thecredibility of thecontentwhich analyzes history. incontemporary LatinAmericanstateterrorism These specialties Benítez,isaprofessor of Hernán failure. theJunta’s Argentina limitingamore detailed analysis of of history aboutthegeneral attempts toinform too narrative. Lastly, there’s which alimitationin thebook’s asthebook’s thebook purpose, titlesuggests, thebookis theJunta. This bookalsohasafew limitations. Despitethevaluable content,most of demise of theoppositionhadon in thecontent,source gives aprecise analysis ontheweight thetreatment of is valuable sinceitgives thehistorianhindsightandaccesstomore evidence. factual Secondly, there isvalue and LatinAmericanHistory, thematter. Inaddition,thepublishing date ensuringaqualityexamination of Puente, published inBuenosAires, Argentina, onSeptember2000.DelaPuenteholdsaPhDinArgentine rule. the thatcontributedfall of factors tothe varying analyze thesignificanceof thedictatorship, helpsme that thesetwo sources thedownfall give of different perspectives onthecauseof view which thisinvestigation. supports The fact and politicalsituation—aswell historians’pointsof ascrucial Junta—suchsocial astheeconomic, theMilitary sincetheytigation adetaileddescriptionof focus on giving How significant was the treatment of opposition to the collapse of the Argentinian National Reorganization Process’ oppositiontothecollapse How significantwasthetreatment of Mónaco, César. Militar, “LaDictadura 1976-1983.” Riehr.N.p., 2007. Web.http://www.riehr.com.ar/detalleEdu.php?id=7 < >. 9 “Deuda CrisisyPolítica De Ajuste.”HistoriaComún DeIberoamérica, by José delaPuente,EDAF ENSAYO, 2000. My secondsource isalsovaluable tomyinvestigation. writtenby historianDiego Firstly theorigin, The source first isa valuablevery source to thisinvestigation. authored by Firstly theorigin, José dela International Baccalaureate: DP Internal Assessment: History HL HL History Assessment: Internal DP Baccalaureate: International Bibliography . Reflection Investigation . Sources andEvaluationIdentification of . military rule between1976and1983? rule military Table of Contents Table of
1976-1983. . 2 The two sources are relevant tomyinves- 10 8 4 2 1 Whilemysec- -
May be photocopied for classroom use. Copyright © 2021 by Mary Ehrenworth, Pablo Wolfe, and Marc Todd from The Civically Engaged Classroom: Reading, Writing, and Speaking for Change. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. and citizen rebellion.and citizen suchasVidela,ian leaders have asaneffective usedassassinationsand kidnappings methodto avoid uprisings cause.We thisargument seemasamore longterm making canobserve how throughouthistory, authoritar was boundfor theopposition.This regime failurein the early indicatesthatthe harsh years, treatment of theNational Reorganization Process was thebarbaric fall of the ent historiansbelieve asignificantcauseof cena Salmoral, Professor of LatinAmerican Professor of cena Salmoral, Islandsin1982”.Inaddition,Manuel Lu- theFalkland thewar of ended inpoorconditionduetothelossof with thisassessment.InHistoriaDeAméricaLatinayDelCaribe,heargueddictatorship that,“The military Argentine government war. tocanceltheirplansandlosethisshort HistorianJose agrees delPozo Artigas Latin American Militar’s economicpolicies. Condor, In1968,theCIAcreated neoliberal Operation which many organized War, theFalkland theopposition,lossof aswell astheconflictsthatarosefrom Junta thetreatment of of inthisessay,gated power includingthereasons for anddemise,assessestherole theJunta Militar’s lossof over 30,000people,while of Violakilling andGaliterei were for criticized otherreasons thatwillbeinvesti- rights ashe,andhisfellow and commanders, were disappearing, found guiltyin1982for thekidnapping, which was marked by afailure. Videla’s human stages, was eachof known rule for themany violationsof military dictatorship.military the of theduration Galiterei’s leadership, thisisstillonly onethird of a majorlossthatresulted of inthefall focusingerroneous, theirexamination ontheperiodprevious however, tothecollapse; even thoughthiswas the Junta Militar. Both perspectives war wasthat theFalkland themostsignificantcause fall of for the are not how war itwas which indeedthe“disastrous” Falkland “forced” Galiterei toresign. Bothhistoriansargued being takenaway. therightsthatwere of thecitizens 70communiques thatinformed economicpoliciesaswelleral asalistof lution 502 which demanded Argentina to withdraw their troops. This loss of support fromtheUS support lution 502which demandedArgentina towithdraw theirtroops. This lossof sudden war by was theUS, notsupported sincetheUnitedNationspasseddown theSecurityCouncilReso- thetensionarisingin society,relieve someof theJunta. which This causedtheUStoremove of itssupport 10 2009. 9May 2018. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 her intoexile. Over thenext five years Videla established the in theArgentine Army. Seven monthslater, power Videla andpushed ledacoupd’etatwhich tookheroutof In 1975,Argentine socialistleaderIsabeldePerón Jorge appointed Videla Rafael asthehighestcommander Section 2:Investigation: Fortunato Galtieri,thelastpresident ism was themusic theArgentine government tohear”.However, was longing onApril2nd,1982,Leopoldo where itdiscusseshow Kissinger’s for Henry theArgentine “praise government terror initscampaignagainst Junta power. Militargained from1978, memorandum This canbeseeninthedeclassifiedStateDepartment Reorganization Process)withtheobjective of how “the decomposition of the government was due [. . .] fundamentally to the lawsuits by the families of thegovernment tothelawsuits was due[...]fundamentally how by of thefamilies “thedecompositionof the rightwingedgovernments. Specifically, theUSincreasedfor Argentina theirsupport in1976 “Argentina yUruguay.” HastaHoy, by HistoriaDeAméricaLatinayDelCaribe: DesdeLaIndependencia José delPozo, LOM Ediciones, United NationsSecurityCouncilResolution 502.https://undocs.org/S/RES/502 (1982).6May 2018.6May 2018. United NationsSecurityCouncilResolution 502.https://undocs.org/S/RES/502 (1982).6May 2018.6May 2018. Argentina, Bolivia, Chile,Paraguay andUruguay Brazil, Manuel Lucena. AtlasHistóricoDeLatinoamérica:Desde LaPrehistoriaSalmoral, AlSigloXXI.Sintesis, 2005.8May 2018. Proceso deReorganizacion toNationalReorganization Nacionalistranslated Process. “Deuda CrisisyPolítica DeAjuste.”HistoriaComún De Iberoamérica, by José delaPuente,EDAF ENSAYO, 2000. Sellier, Jean. AtlasDeLosPueblos DeAmérica.Paidos, 2007.8May 2018. It is clear that the Falkland War theJunta Militar,It isclearthattheFalkland nevertheless hadanimpactonthedownfall of differ Jose delaPuentestatedinDeudaCrisisyPolítica in Historia Común, achapter deAjuste deIberoamérica
countries with the goal of sharing information toidentify, sharinginformation any oppositionto orkill countries withthegoalof kidnap, 5 Videla, andhistwo Viola successors andGaliterei’s divide intothree rule thedictatorship 10 7 of theJunta Militar, Islandsinorder to decidedtoattacktheFalkland of 9 History at the University Complutense of Madrid,alsoargued attheUniversity History Complutenseof 4 making Argentina more conservative making by implementingneolib- 3 Proceso deReorganización Nacional(National 6 after the 8 forced the - - -
May be photocopied for classroom use. Copyright © 2021 by Mary Ehrenworth, Pablo Wolfe, and Marc Todd from The Civically Engaged Classroom: Reading, Writing, and Speaking for Change. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. have Historians must more physically hadaccesstofar information. move totheplacethey are studyingas I conducting researchwould “in-country” where Iimagine and therefore of Ireflected ontheimportance realize now how historianscan’t for rely theirinvestigations. ontheinternet Idecidedtogothelibrary.the internet, Iwent tofour different and reviewed libraries I atleast35books. work thatcouldbeusedintheinvestigation. WhenIrealized Iwasn’t on goingtofind much information online. Myinvestigation was extremely narrow andspecificsoIlackedqualitysources andhistorians’ is how perspective theirpersonal slantstheway they receive, present andreflect oninformation. challengeshistorianswho have thebiggest recognize connectionwiththetopicsfaced, how personal oneof gentina. This boy was myDad.Duetothis For thefollowing Whenhewas month,thedadwas for released, tortured information. hisfamilyfledAr hisfather. Whentheboy’s arrived father abouts of themenputabagover hisheadandpushedhiminacar. menpointedM4machinegunsata12year oldboy para-military In 1977,fourteen anddemandedthewhere- Section 3:Reflection: the Junta Militar. figureSince hewas inthedictatorship, themostimportant fall meanttheendof his in theircataclysmic demise,themostsignificantcause theopposition. was JorgeRafael Videla’s treatment of the Junta Militar resulted these three majorflaws Islands. of EvenBritish Falkland thoughthecombinationof better thepreviously mentioneddecaying economy, inhisattempttoconquerthe LeopoldoGaltierifailed theJunta militar. to Inaneffort theoppositionwhich of leadtothefall that itwas notonly thistreatment of terror,his ruthless resulted inhissuccession.Nevertheless, throughoutmyinvestigation ithasbecomeclear er. pressure, The increase includingthemany ininternational majorhumanrightsorganizationsunmasking was indeedasignificantcause for theirdownfall, sinceit was responsible pow for - JorgeRafael Videla’s lossof theNationalReorganization Government.the leadingcausefor thedownfall of private newbusiness, according economicpolicies, toBenítz createdwas inorder toincrease theprofitsof power. thethree outof Ultimately these removing oneof meaning itwas significantinitsconsequenceof theJunta Militar. theeconomicpoliciesendedwithseconddictator, AsBenítezaffirms for of thefall approach, movedapproach, Viola away fromthegovernment”. Benitez’s perspective exposes nomica asectioninLaDictaduraMilitar, thisnew strategic 1976-1983,how “theeconomicchange,theresult of power earlierthanexpected pressure humanrightsorganizations.” Videla by international losinghis amountof 29, 1981dueto“agreat 16 15 May 2018. 14 13 12 11 the victimsaswell asthehumanrightsdefenders”. Healso salary. LatinAmericanHistory, Benítez Professor of Diego Hernán average thenationalGDP by an11.4%as well as34%lossof a209%inflation,dropof 1982, Galtierifaced indebtedness went in1983,almosta500%increase. After in1976to45milliondollars from8milliondollars External organization Processinitiatedtothelast,anddatashows significanteconomictransformation. Comparisonshavecause for theirdefinitedeterioration. beenmadebetween thefirst yeartheNational Re- theJunta. the oppositioninearly phasesof theJunta Militarwasbehind theprocess. duetothetreatment This of would indicatethatthebreakdown of Personal interview withPablo Barenblit Sheinin. 7May 2018. Personal Interview withValentín 7 May Barenblit 2018. Gertzenstein. Mónaco, César. Militar, “LaDictadura 1976-1983.”Riehr.N.p., 2007.Web.
May be photocopied for classroom use. Copyright © 2021 by Mary Ehrenworth, Pablo Wolfe, and Marc Todd from The Civically Engaged Classroom: Reading, Writing, and Speaking for Change. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Bibliography: family’s past,but Ialsohave more respect for thework historiansdo. through theseroughtimes. Ihave benefitedfromthisassignment,sincenotonly doInow feel closertomy topeoplewho Ialsogottofeel havethe topic. likeareal historianby andtalking studyinginlibraries, lived abilities. over theirtranslating sources they thosewho are able aren’t, toread andthevalue of duetotheamountof historians tomywork were theoneswritinginSpanish.Itisclearthatpolyglot historianshave anadvantage Junta Militar. outsearching only but Istarted inEnglish, asIcontinued itbecameclearthatthemostvaluable I was able sources toread aswell actualvideofootage primary fromthe andunderstand asArgentinian books as specificmine. faceappreciate thedifficultyhistorians everyday forqualitysources with topics whenanalyzing andlooking myconclusion.Inow of five thecontributingfactors, andtheconstruction have intheanalysis of beenuseful one cannotrely Even solely ontheinternet. thoughevery bookhelpedindeveloping myknowledge, only • • • • • • • • • • • • Overall, I’ve enjoyed researching andinvestigating for connectionto thisprojectduetomypersonal Even thoughitwas ahard process, beinganative Spanishspeakerhasdefinitely beenanadvantage, since .riehr.com.ar/detalleEdu.php?id=7>. 9May 2018. Mónaco, César. Militar, “LaDictadura 1976-1983.”Riehr.N.p., 2007.Web.
May be photocopied for classroom use. Copyright © 2021 by Mary Ehrenworth, Pablo Wolfe, and Marc Todd from The Civically Engaged Classroom: Reading, Writing, and Speaking for Change. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.