DOCSLIB.ORG

United States National Museum

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
United States National Museum SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 87 CULTURE OF THE ANCIENT PUEBLOS OF THE UPPER GILA RIVER REGION, NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA SECOND MUSEUM-GATES EXPEDITION WALTER HOUGH Curator, Division of Ethnology, Utiited States National .^fuseum WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFEIC£ I91« SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 87 CULTURE OF THE ANCIENT PUEBLOS OF THE UPPER GILA RIVER REGION, NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA SECOND MUSEUM-GATES EXPEDITION WALTER HOUGH Curator, Division of Ethnology, United States National Museum WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1914 BULLETIN OF THE "UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Issued March 21, 1914. II ADVERTISEMENT. The scientific publications of the United States National Museum consist of two series—the Proceedings and the Bulletins. The scientific publications of the United States National Museum are intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original, and usually brief, papers based on the collections of the National Museum, presenting newly acquired facts in zoology, geology, and anthropol- ogy, including descriptions of new forms of animals, and revisions of limited groups. One or two volumes are issued annually and dis- tributed to libraries and scientific organizations. A limited number of copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, is distributed to specialists and others interested in the different subjects as soon as printed. The date of publication is printed on each paper, and these dates are also recorded in the tables of contents of the volumes. The Bulletins., the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a series of separate publications comprising chiefly monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occa- sionally in several volumes), faunal work, reports of expeditions, and catalogues of type-specimens, special collections, etc. The majority of the volumes are octavos, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes containing papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum, and known as the Con- tributions from the National Tlerhar'mm^ has been published as bulletins. The present work forms No. 87 of the Bulletin series. Richard Rathbun, Assistant Secretary., Smithsonian Institution, In charge of the United States National Museum. Washingtox, D. C, February 13, 1914. Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 1 Itinerary 2 Tularosa Cave 2 Natural history 4 Mammals 4 Birds 5 Other animals 7 Com 7 Cotton 9 Gourds and squashes 9 Beans 10 Fruits 10 Roots 10 Nuts 11 Parts of wild plants 11 Stone, bone, shell, and metal 11 Materials and general remarks 11 Domestic utensils of stone 13 Mortars and pestles 15 Stone vessels 16 Smoothing stones 17 Pottery-working stones 18 Arrowheads, throwsticks, and darts 19 Axes, hammers, and mauls 20 Clubheads, balls 21 Knife 21 Scrapers 22 Saws 22 Drills 23 Beads and ornaments 24 Process of bead making 26 Crystals and reflectors 30 Ceremonial mortars and tablets 30 Plaques 31 Sculptures 32 Pictographs 33 Paint stones 33 Salt 33 Bone 33 Shell 37 Metal work 37 Pottery 38 Coiled ware of the Blue River region 38 Brown ware of the Blue River region 40 Gray ware of the Blue River region 41 Gray ware of Spur Ranch 42 Gray ware of the Tularosa Valley 42 Gray ware of Apache Creek 43 V VI CONTENTS. Pottery—Continued. Page. Red "w^are of Blue River 43 Red ware of Apache Creek 44 Red ware of Tularosa River ; 44 Pottery of Upper Mimbres 45 Pottery of Bear Creek Cave 45 Pottery of Tularosa Cave 45 Pottery designs 46 Wliite Line designs, Blue River 56 Wood 58 Arrow making 63 Fire-making implements 66 Textiles 66 Knots in yucca strips 67 Cord 68 Cord making series and products 69 Weaving tools.'. 73 Braiding 75 Woven textiles 76 Dyes on cords 83 Sandals 83 Hair 86 Leather work 86 Basketry 87 Twined work 87 Wrapped work 87 Tied work 87 Twilled work 88 Diaper work 89 Coiled work 89 Religious objects 90 Deposit of offerings in caves 90 Psychology of the paho 91 Twig pahos 91 Stub pahos 92 Crook pahos 93 Roundel pahos 96 Bow pahos 97 Birds in religious observances 101 Bird circuit symbolism 103 Fire pahos 106 Ceremonial cigarettes 107 Firesticks and torch offerings 110 Cloud blowers Ill Costume pahos 114 Pottery figurines 115 Spring pahos 117 Mountain pahos 118 Basketry pahos 123 Designs on painted basket pahos 124 Flute pahos 125 Game pahos 127 Miscellaneous pahos 128 Ornamentation of offerings 130 Mortuarj- 132 Index 135 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TLATHS. Facing page. 1. Desiccated turkey from Tularosa Cave 5 2. Corn ears, cobs and stems of ears that have been strung 8 3. Stone implements for grinding and abrading 13 4. Stone implements for cutting and pounding 20 5. Coiled and paste-ornamented pottery 40 6. Coiled and paste-ornamented pottery 40 7. Pottery vessels from Spur Ranch 40 8. Gray ware from Blue River and Apache Creek 42 9. Gray ware from Spur Ranch 42 10. Red ware from Blue River 44 11. Pottery vases and bowls from Fort Bayard, New Mexico 45 12. Bent wood rings and wooden hook 59 13. Digging sticks and fire-sharpened wooden implements 62 14. Worked wood and bark and basketry manikin 63 15. Fire-making apparatus and slow wood 66 16. Twilled basketr>' 89 17. Twilled and coiled basketry 90 18. Stub pahos from Bear Creek Cave 92 19. Crook pahos from Bear Creek and Johnson Caves 95 20. Roundel pahos from Bear Creek Cave 96 21. Painted bird offering from Bear Creek Cave 105 22. Painted wooden strips from Bear Creek Cave 106 23. Costume pahos from Bear Creek Cave 114 24. Coiled painted basket pahos from Bear Creek Cave 123 25. Game pahos and game set 128 26. Painted wood and pith offerings 129 27. Desiccated body of an infant buried in Tularosa Cave 132 28. Objects accompanying infant burial 132 29. Desiccated body of an infant 133 FIGURES. Page. 1. Hair brush from Tularosa Cave 3 2. Pottery fire vessel from Tularosa Cave 3 3. Trade bundle of parrot feathers from Tularosa Cave 6 4. Jaybird plume from Tularosa Cave 7 5. Gourd seed vessel from Tularosa Cave 10 6. Brush of yucca from Tularosa Cave 11 7. Metate set on a foundation from Blue 14 8. Grinding stones from Blue 15 9. Stone mortar from Spur Ranch 15 10. Pestle from Spur Ranch 15 11. Carved stone vessel from Solomonsville 16 VII Vni ILLUSTEATIONS. Page. 12. Small stone vessel from Spur Ranch 16 13. Small stone vessel from Spur Ranch 16 14. Stone vessel from upper San Francisco River 17 15. Polishing stone from Apache Creek 17 16. Smoothing stone from Spur Ranch 17 17. Stone rasp from Tularosa Cave 17 18. Arrow-smoothing stone from Spur Ranch 18 19. Smoothing stone from Spur Ranch .• 18 20. Smoothing stone from lower San Francisco River 18 21. Throwstick, darts, knives, and punch from near Lava, New Mexico 19 22. Stone ax from Spur Ranch 20 23. Stone grooved maul from Spur Ranch 20 24. Stone ball from Spur Ranch 21 25. Stone ball from Spur Ranch 21 26. Stone ball from Spur Ranch 21 27. Stone hammer from Spur Ranch 21 28. Stone scraper from Tularosa Cave 22 29. Stone scraper from Spur Ranch 22 30. Stone saw from Joseph, Tularosa River 23 31. Stone saw from Luna, New Mexico 23 32. Stone saw from Apache Creek 23 33. Stone saw from Blue River 23 34. Chalcedony drill from Spur Ranch 24 35. Chalcedony drill from Spur Ranch 24 36. Chalcedony drill from Spur Ranch 24 37. Chert drill from Spur Ranch 25 38. Chert drill from Spur Ranch 25 39. Hematite cylinder perforated from Tularosa River 27 40. Hematite cylinder perforated from Tularosa River 27 41. Perforated cylinders from Tularosa River 27 42. Conoid fetish from Tularosa River 27 43. Carvings in stone and shell from Spur Ranch 28 44. Sandstone disk partly perforated from Tularosa Cave 29 45. Scored spindle-shape stone from Blue 29 46. Lava block with scorings from Blue 30 47. Carved pottery ornament from Spur Ranch 30 48. Chalcedony mirror from Spur Ranch 30 49. Ceremonial painted mortar from Blue 31 50. Ceremonial painted mortar from Spur Ranch 31 51. Painted stone slab from Spur Ranch 31 52. Stone tablet from Spur Ranch 32 53. Sculptured slab from San Francisco River 32 54. Sculpture in form of animal, San Francisco River 32 55. Sculpture in form of animal, San Francisco River 32 56. Sculptured animal head, East Camp, New ^lexico 33 57. Bone awl from Spur Eanch 34 58. Bone awl from Spur Ranch 34 59. Bone awl from Spur Ranch 34 60. Bone awl with spatulate end from Spur Ranch 34 61. Bone awl from Tularosa Cave 34 62. Short bone awl from Spur Ranch 34 63. Bone implement, terraced, from upper San Francisco River 35 64. Bone implement from Spur Ranch 35 . ILLUSTRATIONS. IX Page. 65. Antler spike from Tularosa Cave 35 66. Antler spike with chisel point from Spur Ilanch 35 67. Bird bone awl from Luna, New Mexico 35 G8. Bone awl from Tularosa Cave 35 G9. Leather-working tool of bone from Spur Ranch 36 70. Leather-working tool of bone from Tularosa Cave 30 71. Antler spike with chisel point from Luna, New Mexico 36 72. Deer rib knife from Luna, New Mexico 36 73. Antler punch from Tularosa Cave 36 74. Leather working tool of bone from Spur Ranch 36 75. Bunt head of bone for throwstick darts from Luna, New Mexico 36 76. Bunt heads of bone for throwstick darts from Luna, New Mexico 36 77.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Field-Expedient Weapons, Tools, and Equipment
    FIELD-EXPEDIENT WEAPONS, TOOLS, AND EQUIPMENT As a soldier you know the importance of proper care and use of your weapons, tools, and equipment. This is espe- cially true of your knife. You must always keep it sharp and ready to use. A knife is your most valuable tool in a sur- vival situation. Imagine being in a survival situation with- out any weapons, tools, or equipment except your knife. It could happen! You might even be without a knife. You would probably feel helpless, but with the proper knowledge and skills, you can easily improvise needed items. In survival situations, you may have to fashion any num- ber and type of field-expedient tools and equipment to sur- vive. Examples of tools and equipment that could make your life much easier are ropes, rucksacks, clothes, nets, and so on. 12-1 Weapons serve a dual purpose. You use them to obtain and prepare food and to provide self-defense. A weapon can also give you a feeling of security and provide you with the ability to hunt on the move. CLUBS You hold clubs, you do not throw them. As a field-expedient weapon, the club does not protect you from enemy soldiers. It can, however, extend your area of defense beyond your fingertips. It also serves to increase the force of a blow without injuring yourself. There are three basic types of clubs. They are the simple, weighted, and sling club. Simple Club A simple club is a staff or branch. It must be short enough for you to swing easily, but long enough and strong enough for you to damage whatever you hit.
    [Show full text]
  • Original Draft CWPP
    DRAFT CITY OF SANTA BARBARA May 2020 Printed on 30% post-consumer recycled material. Table of Contents SECTIONS Acronyms and Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................................................................v Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................... vii 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Purpose and Need ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Development Team ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Community Involvement ................................................................................................................................................. 3 1.3.1 Stakeholders ................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.2 Public Outreach and Engagement Plan ........................................................................................................ 4 1.3.3 Public Outreach Meetings .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Arrow Shafts Is Pseudosasa Japonica Or Commonly Called Japanese Arrow Bamboo
    The Japanese Arrow By Godai Katsunaga Intorduction The Ya, or arrow of Japan and was between 34 and 38 inches in length, made of fire hardened bamboo shafts and had a steel arrow head., During this period and earlier arrows used in combat were often marked to identify who owned them, this allowed samurai to get the proper credit for killing an opponent. Period Construction The bamboo used for the arrow shafts is Pseudosasa japonica or commonly called Japanese arrow bamboo. This bamboo grows in slender culms that are packed tightly together, forming a dense hedge, with large, dark green foliage. It is a tough and versatile bamboo that will thrive in shade and in sun while growing to about 15 foot tall and was common throughout Japan. Farmers and other workers harvested the bamboo in the early winter when the plants saps were down. To get the required diameter need to make arrows the plants that were between two and three years in age were preferred. After harvesting, the best bamboo was hand selected and ideally stored for about a year for drying, allowing most of the moisture in the plant material to evaporate. Preparation of each shaft included having the nodes shaved off and then softening the shaft by placing it in hot sand prior to straightening it by hand. After the shafts were straightened, they were exposed to high heat to remove any remaining moisture and harden the natural sugars, creating a stronger bond of the natural fibers; this was known as fire hardening. Fletching was done with hawk, eagle, crane or pheasant tail feathers and could be either three or four flights depending on the arrow head that would be mounted.
    [Show full text]
  • Silent Weapons
    SURVIVAL PAPER #SP96-18 Survival Papers is a service program of Live Free, USA, P.O. Box 375, Dolton, IL 60419-9998, USA, www.live-free.org Dedicated to the support of responsible preparedness and self-reliance SILENT WEAPONS By Christopher Nyerges [Nyerges is the author of Testing Your Outdoor Survival Skills and Guide to Wild Foods. He has been conducting Wild Food Outings and Survival Skills Outings since 1974. A schedule of his classes can be obtained by writing to Survival News Service, Box 41834, Eagle Rock, CA 90041.] As evidenced by the many societies who still today effectively use silent, primitive weapons, the firearm is not the only method of defense or hunting. Still, aren’t all firearms better than any of the primitive weapons? The answer all depends on your perspective. If you consider the relative inherent accuracy of most modern firearms, the relative ease of operation by someone unskilled, and their relative stopping or killing power, then firearms definitely rank superior to most all other weapons. Yet, there are several important reasons for investigating primitive, silent weapons as a part of your overall, long-term survival strategy. The primitive weapons described here are silent, or nearly so. The value of silence in a survival situation is at least two-fold: You may not want to announce your whereabouts, and when hunting, you won’t frighten away every animal in the vicinity after your first rifle blast. In most cases, maintenance of modern firearms requires a simple cleaning kit. But assumes you have a press and all of the needed accessories.
    [Show full text]
  • Prioritizing Investments in Our Community's Recovery & Resiliency
    Prioritizing Investments in Our Community’s Recovery & Resiliency PG&E Settlement Funds Community Input Survey Data Compilation Responses collected September 15 to October 25, 2020 1 Begins on Page 3 ………………………………………………………. Graph data for Spanish Survey Responses Begins on Page 22 …………………………………..…………………. Graph Data for English Survey Responses Begins on Page 42 ……………….. Open-Ended Response: Shared ideas (Spanish Survey Responses) Begins on Page 44………………….. Open-Ended Response: Shared ideas (English Survey Responses) Begins on Page 189 ..………... Open-Ended Response: Comments for Council (Spanish Responses) Page 190………..……….. Open-Ended Response: Comments for Council (English Survey Responses) 2 SPANISH SURVEY RESPONSES Did you reside within the Santa Rosa city limits during the October 2017 wildfires? Total Responses: 32 yes no 6% 94% 3 SPANISH SURVEY RESPONSES Was your Santa Rosa home or business destroyed or fire damaged in the 2017 wildfires, or did a family member perish in the 2017 wildfires? Total Responses: 32 yes no 25% 75% 4 SPANISH SURVEY RESPONSES Do you currently reside within the Santa Rosa city limits? Total Responses: 32 yes no 13% 87% 5 SPANISH SURVEY RESPONSES Survey Respondents Current Area of Residence 32 Surveys Did not Respond Outside SR within 3% Sonoma County 3% Northwest SR 38% Northeast SR 22% Southwest SR 34% 6 SPANISH SURVEY RESPONSES Where do you reside? Outside City Limits No Response City Limits Out of County Out of State within Sonoma County Provided Northeast Sebastopol 1 - 0 - 0 unknown 1 Fountaingrove 1
    [Show full text]
  • Communitywildfire Protectionplan
    COMMUNITY WILDFIRE PROTECTION PLAN GROVE STREET FIRE SAFE COUNCIL, INC. FOR THE COMMUNITIES LOCATED ALONG THE GROVE STREET CORRIDOR IN THE WEST SONOMA HILLS Development This Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) was developed by the Grove Street Fire Safe Council, Inc. (GSFSCI) with guidance and support from Fire Safe Sonoma, the County of Sonoma, The California Fire Safe Council, and the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. This CWPP supplements the Sonoma County Community Wildfire Protection Plan. AUGUST 2020 Grove Street Fire Safe Council Inc. http://grovestreetfsc.org/ 1 DISCLAIMER Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view(s) of any governmental agency, organization, corporation or individual with which the authors may be affiliated. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. This Community Wildfire Prevention Plan (CWPP) is a work in progress. Various changes are anticipated throughout the Plan over the next several years. Readers are urged to consult with their own agencies having jurisdiction regarding the use or implementation of this Plan, as well as their own legal counsel on matters of concern. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this Plan, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by receiving this publication. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your specific situation.
    [Show full text]
  • OCR Document
    MORITZ ARBORICULTURAL CONSULTING 219 SHORELINE HIGHWAY MILL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA 9494 I After the Vision Fire RESTORATION, SAFETY & STEWARDSHIP FOR THE INVERNESS RIDGE COMMUNITIES Report of the EAC Phoenix Team Laurel M. Collins Tom Gaman Ray Moritz Carol L. Rice published by Environmental Action Committee of West Marin with financial support from Marin Community Foundation JUNE 1996 @ 1996 by Environmental Action Committee of West Marin. All rights reserved. CONTENTS: Foreword ..................................................................................................................................1 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. 2 About the Phoenix Project……………………………………………………………………3 1.Introduction...............................................................................................................................5 How To Use This Report ..............................................................................................6 2. The Mount Vision Fire…. ........................................................................................................8 3.Discussion of Study Area..…………………………………………………………………….11 INSERT:Maps……….………………………………………………………………………….14ff 4. Fire Hardening Your Home…………..………………………………………………………15 5. Watershed Awareness for Inverness Ridge Communities……………………………………20 6. Findings & Recommendations Site-wide……………..…………………………………….31 7. Emergency Preparedness for Inverness Ridge Communities…………………………………49
    [Show full text]
  • MOST ANCIENT EGYPT Oi.Uchicago.Edu Oi.Uchicago.Edu
    oi.uchicago.edu MOST ANCIENT EGYPT oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu Internet publication of this work was made possible with the generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber MOST ANCIE NT EGYPT William C. Hayes EDITED BY KEITH C. SEELE THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO & LONDON oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 65-17294 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO & LONDON The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada © 1964, 1965 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1965. Printed in the United States of America oi.uchicago.edu WILLIAM CHRISTOPHER HAYES 1903-1963 oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu INTRODUCTION WILLIAM CHRISTOPHER HAYES was on the day of his premature death on July 10, 1963 the unrivaled chief of American Egyptologists. Though only sixty years of age, he had published eight books and two book-length articles, four chapters of the new revised edition of the Cambridge Ancient History, thirty-six other articles, and numerous book reviews. He had also served for nine years in Egypt on expeditions of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the institution to which he devoted his entire career, and more than four years in the United States Navy in World War II, during which he was wounded in action-both periods when scientific writing fell into the background of his activity. He was presented by the President of the United States with the bronze star medal and cited "for meritorious achievement as Commanding Officer of the U.S.S. VIGILANCE ... in the efficient and expeditious sweeping of several hostile mine fields.., and contributing materially to the successful clearing of approaches to Okinawa for our in- vasion forces." Hayes' original intention was to work in the field of medieval arche- ology.
    [Show full text]
  • Survival Training Contents SURVIVAL PLANNING and SURVIVAL KITS
    Survival Training Contents SURVIVAL PLANNING AND SURVIVAL KITS ................................................................................................... 8 IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING ..................................................................................................................... 9 SURVIVAL KITS ........................................................................................................................................... 9 SURVIVAL ACTIONS ................................................................................................................................. 10 S -Size Up the Situation ....................................................................................................................... 10 U -Use All Your Senses, Undue Haste Makes Waste ........................................................................... 11 R -Remember Where You Are ............................................................................................................. 11 V -Vanquish Fear and Panic ................................................................................................................ 11 I -Improvise ......................................................................................................................................... 11 V -Value Living ..................................................................................................................................... 11 A -Act Like the Natives .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Studies in the Field of Ballistics on Different Types of Arrow Shafts
    Maciej Sadło Experimental Studies in the Field of Ballistics on Different Types of Arrow Shafts Maciej Sadło The invention of metallurgy improved the manufacture of arrow shafts made from split wood; however, it is likely that before this innovation this process relied mainly on stems from trees and shrubs. In Europe, the species employed in shaft manufacture included willow, hazel, dogwood, and viburnum. The goal of the study presented here was to examine how wood type influences arrow flight trajectory. Towards this aim, an experiment was carried out in 2019 using replicas of bows modeled on prehistoric finds from Europe, namely the Bolków and the Holmegaard bows. This article presents the results of this ballistic research, showing possible differences in the use of different species of trees and shrubs. 76 Chronika volume 11iv 76 6/8/21 5:11 PM Experimental Studies in the Field of Ballistics on Different Types of Arrow Shafts Introduction reflected in the literature, where studies devoted to the preservation and influence In Europe, interest in archery emerged of the arrow shaft on flight trajectory are around the mid-nineteenth century as a absent. Only a few prehistoric sites where result of the then popular image of the preserved arrow shafts were found are “noble savage” and the “fashion for history” known in Europe. These include Stellmoore in Victorian England, when the bow was 8 1 in northern Germany , Similaun in the Ötztal a toy for the elite . The development of Alps9, and Langfonne in Norway10. At these science drove scholars to look at this tool sites, the use of several tree species for shaft as an object that could be studied, and at production has been recorded.
    [Show full text]
  • Spear Wood Does Slightly Harden It, but Makes It Much 2 Weaker and More Brittle
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository@Hull - CRIS 1 “Fire-Hardening” spear wood does slightly harden it, but makes it much 2 weaker and more brittle. 3 Antony Roland Ennos1 and Tak Lok Chan, 4 School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, 5 Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull, HU6 7RX, UK 6 1 Corresponding author: [email protected] 7 8 9 10 Abstract 11 It is usually assumed that “fire hardening” the tips of spears, as practised by hunter 12 gatherers and early Homo spp., makes them harder and better suited for hunting. 13 This suggestion was tested by subjecting coppiced poles of hazel to a fire hardening 14 process and comparing their mechanical properties to those of naturally seasoned 15 poles. A Shore D hardness test sho wed that fire treatment slightly increased the 16 hardness of the wood, but flexural and impact tests showed that it reduced the 17 strength and work of fracture by 30% and 36% respectively. These results suggest 18 that though potentially slightly sharper and more durable, fire hardened tips would 19 actually be more likely to break off when used, as may have been the case with the 20 earliest known wooden tool, the Clacton spear. Fire might first have been used to 21 help sharpen the tips of spears, and fire-hardening would have been a mostly 22 negative side-effect, not its primary purpose. 23 24 Keywords 25 Wood, spears, fire hardening, hardness, mechanical properties 26 27 28 Introduction 29 Since our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees, make and use spears (1) it is 30 likely that stabbing and throwing spears must have been invented early in human 31 history.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Seal Evaluation.Rvso Revision 1
    , NEW YORK POWER AUTHORITY Indian Point 3 Nuclear Power Plant. FIRE SEAL. EVALUATION Self Ignition Temperatures of Cable Insulation as it Relates to'the Design of Fire Seals Evaluation Number: IP3-ANAL-FP-O1 392 /-> Revision 1 --- 9701030037 981223 PDR ADOCK 05000286 P PDR z k6 OW NewvYork Power 40 Authority FIRE SEAL EVALUATION Self Ignition Temperatures of Cable Insulation as it Relates to the Design of Fire Seals Evaluation Number: IP3-ANAL-EP-Ol 392 Revision 1 QIN T z C, f ?010J001w NEW YORK.POWER AUTHORITY Indian Point 3 Nuclear Power Plant FIRE SEAL EVALUATION Self Ignition Temperatures of Cable Insulation as it Relates-to the Design of Fire.S~als Evaluation Number: 1P3-ANAL-FP-01392, Revision 1 IITE CN'A N 0 UT LOC:_ ____ Prepared by: S. Reviewed by:t Dr. 'A. Tewarson -Technical Review F.cVrjMu( 1 Rsearch Corporation Reviewed by: P. Koklakis '~.censingReview Approved by: ___ Approved by IP3-ANAL-FP-01392, Fire Seal Evaluation Revision 1 Record of Revisions Bayjai=Q Initial Issue to respond to NRC Unresolved Item (URI) 286/93-24-03 a.,;documented in NRC Inspection Report 50 286/93-24 (Ref(xrence 2.15). Incorporate thel review of EPRI report test data anomaly. IP3-ANAL-FP-0139 2 , Fire Seal Evaluation Revision 1 Table of Contents Setin flatt 1.0 PURPOSE 2.0 REFERENCES 3.0 BACKGROUND 3.1 Initial Fire Seal Qualification 3.2 NRC Inspection 93-24 3.3 Initial Response to URI 93-24-03 3.4 EPRI studies 3.5 NRC Review of Revision 0 3.6 Disposition of NRC Concern 4.0 EVALUATION 4.1 IP3 Fire Seal 4.2 IP3 Fire Seal Design Basis 4.3 IP3 Cables 4.4 Justification for Acceptance 5.0 CONCLUSION 6.0 ATTACHMENTS- IP3-ANAL-FP-01392, Fire Seal Evaluation RevisionRvso 1 1.0 12URPOS~E This evaluation Iwill review the self-ignition temperatures of Indian Point No.
    [Show full text]