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Wooden Tools and Fire Technology in the Early Neanderthal Site of Poggetti Vecchi (Italy)

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Wooden Tools and Fire Technology in the Early Neanderthal Site of Poggetti Vecchi (Italy) Wooden tools and fire technology in the early Neanderthal site of Poggetti Vecchi (Italy) Biancamaria Arangurena,1, Anna Revedinb, Nicola Amicoc, Fabio Cavullid, Gianna Giachie, Stefano Grimaldid, Nicola Macchionie, and Fabio Santaniellod aMinistero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali e del Turismo, Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio di Siena Grosseto e Arezzo, 50121 Florence, Italy; bIstituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria, 50121 Florence, Italy; cUniversità degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Universitario Città di Prato–PIN, 59100 Prato, Italy; dDipartimento di Lettere e Filosofia, Università degli Studi di Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy; and eConsiglio Nazionale delle Richerche–Istituto per la Valorizzazione del Legno e delle Specie Arboree, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy Edited by Paola Villa, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Richard G. Klein December 29, 2017 (received for review September 12, 2017) Excavations for the construction of thermal pools at Poggetti The Site and Paleoenvironmental Context Vecchi (Grosseto, Tuscany, central Italy) exposed a series of Poggetti Vecchi is located near Grosseto (southern Tuscany) in a wooden tools in an open-air stratified site referable to late Middle confined, depressed plain at the foot of an 11-m-high hill. Warm Pleistocene. The wooden artifacts were uncovered, together with water springs occur locally (6), connected with the intense geo- stone tools and fossil bones, largely belonging to the straight- thermal system present in many areas of southern Tuscany (7). Paleoloxodon antiquus tusked elephant . The site is radiometrically In 2012, diggings for a thermal pool exposed an about 3-m-thick dated to around 171,000 y B.P., and hence correlated with the succession of lithostratigraphic units. A following systematic early marine isotope stage 6 [Benvenuti M, et al. (2017) Quat Res 2 – excavation over an area some 60 m wide, supervised by the 88:327 344]. The sticks, all fragmentary, are made from boxwood Soprintendenza Archeologia of Tuscany, encountered a strati- (Buxus sempervirens) and were over 1 m long, rounded at one end fied succession of alternating lacustrine and colluvial deposits. and pointed at the other. They have been partially charred, possi- Seven stratigraphic units have been recognized, named U 1–U bly to lessen the labor of scraping boxwood, using a technique so 7 from the bottom upward, most of which are mudstones, more far not documented at the time. The wooden artifacts have the size and features of multipurpose tools known as “digging sticks,” or less calcareous, deposited during successive lake-level fluc- which are quite commonly used by foragers. This discovery from tuations. The succession is confined within a quite narrow, east/ Poggetti Vecchi provides evidence of the processing and use of west-trending depression that formed a shallow embayment wood by early Neanderthals, showing their ability to use fire in carved into older alluvial beds. U 1 consists of 60 cm of marginal tool making from very tough wood. lacustrine mudstone. An erosional surface separates it from U 2, a paleosurface formed with low sediment input. U 2 contains the digging stick | early Middle Paleolithic | charring | boxwood oldest anthropic evidence of the site, represented by stone tools and wooden sticks, interspersed with bones of large vertebrates, his study is focused on the wooden artifacts found in the especially P. antiquus. Typologically, the stone artifacts (about Tstratified site of Poggetti Vecchi in southern Tuscany (central 200) of U 2 are only broadly indicative of an early Middle Pa- Italy) that was dated to the final Middle Pleistocene. A stratified leolithic age. Several tens of tiny flakes are interpreted as succession of seven units, six of which are archeological levels, was discovered during the construction of a thermal pool. The Significance lowermost archeological unit (U 2) is a paleosurface where wooden and stone tools were found interspersed among a con- Wood is a widely available and versatile material, which has ad- centration of fossil bones, mostly of the straight-tusked elephant mittedly played a fundamental role in all human history. Wood, Paleoloxodon antiquus. Some wooden and stone tools were also however, is most vulnerable to decomposition. Hence, its use is very found in U 6. Radiometric datings suggest that the Poggetti rarely documented during prehistory. The present study yields new Vecchi succession accumulated during a time spanning the lat- insights into the cognitive abilities of the early Neanderthals in est marine isotope stage 7 (MIS7) interglacial and the whole wooden tool production and pyrotechnology. The early Neander- MIS6 glacial. A multidisciplinary research has been conducted thals from the late Middle Pleistocene site of Poggetti Vecchi (central on the paleoenvironmental conditions at the time of the for- Italy) were able to choose the appropriate timber and to process it with fire to produce tools. The artifacts recall the so-called “digging mation of the site (1). Due to the low resistance to decay of ” wood, prehistoric wooden tools, and especially early Middle sticks, multipurpose tools used by all hunter-gatherer societies. Paleolithic ones, are very rarely found. Wooden spears are Author contributions: B.A. and A.R. designed research; B.A. and A.R. performed research; known from a few European localities. The most numerous ones N.A., F.C., and G.G. analyzed data; B.A., A.R., G.G., S.G., N.M., and F.S. wrote the paper; are those from Shöningen (2, 3), whereas individual items were B.A. coordinated the research, studied the wooden tools, and performed the experimen- recovered from Clacton-on-Sea (4) and Lehringen (5). In the tal study; A.R. studied the wooden tools and performed the experimental study; N.A. performed 3D digital acquisition of wooden tools; F.C. coordinated the geographic in- latter two sites, spears were found associated with remains of formation system operations; S.G. and F.S. performed the experimental study; and G.G. Paleoloxodon. Although fragmentary, the wooden finds of Poggetti and N.M. studied the characterization of the wood artifacts. Vecchi are an important collection of hitherto unknown tools of The authors declare no conflict of interest. this type and age. The study enabled the reconstruction of the This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. P.V. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial morphology and the manufacturing techniques. Analysis of the Board. finds, which was complicated by the poor state of preservation, Published under the PNAS license. has been supplemented by experimental archaeology and ethno- See Commentary on page 1959. graphic comparisons. The Poggetti Vecchi wooden tools differ 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected]. morphologically and dimensionally from other ones known so far. This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. They are possibly multipurpose sticks, not necessarily weapons, 1073/pnas.1716068115/-/DCSupplemental. and were produced with the use of fire. Published online February 5, 2018. 2054–2059 | PNAS | February 27, 2018 | vol. 115 | no. 9 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1716068115 Downloaded by guest on October 1, 2021 possible byproducts of a retouching activity that took place on site. Wooden artifacts found on the paleosurface U 2 were SEE COMMENTARY mostly concentrated in a relatively small area (some 17 m2 wide) at the western end of the excavation. They were all horizontally and randomly oriented, and in contact with the elephant remains (Fig. 1 and Fig. S3 A, d). Some of them were found even under the bones. The poor state of preservation of the wooden artifacts rendered their recovery and following analysis very difficult (Supporting Information). Thermal activity affected this marginal lake area already be- tween U 1 and U 2, and grew progressively stronger from U 3 and U 4 onward. U 4 has been radiometrically U-dated to 171 ± 3ka based on pisoliths and electron spin resonance/U-series–dated to 170 ± 13 ka on a left lower molar of Bos primigenius. These ra- diometric datings indicate that the Poggetti Vecchi succession accumulated during a time spanning the latest MIS7 interglacial and whole MIS6 glacial, when the climate was globally de- teriorating (1). Subsequent to U 4, the lake level dropped and then rose again. This led to the depositional and ecological con- ditions indicated by U 6, when organic-rich mudstones settled in the Poggetti Vecchi depression. A few wooden artifacts were found at the base of U 6, and therefore possibly accumulated on the lake bottom. From the paleoenvironmental viewpoint, the fossil mammals are suggestive of extensive open grasslands inhabited by large grazers, such as P. antiquus and B. primigenius. The red deer Cervus elaphus and the roe deer Capreolus capreolus ANTHROPOLOGY browsed in sparse groves. The different kinds of herbaceous plant pollen, particularly of Poaceae, which dominates the spectra along all of the stratigraphic succession, indicate that the site was sur- rounded by a highly diverse grassland. Hygro- and hydrophytes attest to the presence of wetlands in the plain and in proximity to the site. Tree pollen is scanty, and Buxus pollen is also present. Pollen grains from U 1, from the top of U 2, and from U 6 reveal an abundance of freshwater ferns but also a high variety of wet- land plants, which confirms the indications of the periodic oc- Fig. 2. Poggetti Vecchi wooden tool drawings (charred parts are shown in currence of freshwater bodies and seeps given by the mollusk and red, blue spots indicate measurements of film thickness) and photographs. ostracod assemblages (1). Handles: no. 2 (A), no. 9 (B), no. 50 (C), and no. 18 (D). Pointed tips: no. 55 (E), no. 41 (F), and no. 3+28 (G). The Wooden Artifacts Fifty-eight wooden remains (46 from the paleosurface U 2 and 12 from U 6), ranging in size from a few centimeters to over 1 m, were found at Poggetti Vecchi.
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