Opportunities and Challenges in Grape Production

Bruce Bordelon Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Opportunities

• Well established grape and industry – Over 100 wineries in – Over 1,000 acres of wine grapes – Grower associations and State organizations – Two American Viticulture Areas (AVAs) • Many well-adapted varieties • Excellent integrated pest management tools • Reasonable prices/profitability • Interest in “Local Foods” (authenticity) Wine Industry

Vineyards and Wineries in Illinois. A status and economic contribution report. Northern Grapes Project. Brigid Tuck and William Gartner, University of . 2014 Illinois Wineries and Vineyards. Dennis Hoffman. Illinois Department of Employment Security, Economic Information and Analysis Division. October 2013 Market Demand for Grapes

Vineyards and Wineries in Illinois. A status and economic contribution report. Northern Grapes Project. Brigid Tuck and William Gartner, University of Minnesota. 2014 Established grape industry

• Main varieties: – , Seyval, , Vidal, , – , Noiret, , etc. • Many new “Super Cold Hardy” options: – , La Crescent, Brianna, Petite Pearl, Crimson Pearl, Itasca, etc. Grower and State Organizations

• Illinois Grape Growers and Vintners Alliance: www.illinoiswine.com

• Northern Illinois Wine Growers: www.niwg.org

• Wine Trails (8) – Northern Illinois, , East Central Illinois, Mississippi Valley, Wabash Valley, Heartland Rivers, Southern Illinois, Shawnee Hills Economic Impact

• 2012 Economic Impact (Frank, Rimerman +Co. LLP) – $692 million (117% increase from 2007) • 2017 WineAmerica Economic Impact – $6.9 billion ($2.4 bil direct, $1.8 bil supplier, $2.6 bil induced) Opportunities Summary

• Well established industry with significant economic impact • Growth in number of wineries • Room for expansion in grape acreage • Many well adapted varieties to grow Challenges • Weather (winter cold, spring frosts) • Diseases • Herbicide drift • Competition: imports from West Coast, South America, etc. • Distance from grower to winery • Labor Weather The Polar Vortex of 2014 was the most damaging event in recent history Winter Injury from the 2014 “Polar Vortex”

North of I-70 all grape varieties had damage. • All standard wine grape varieties had 75-100% bud damage and severe cordon and trunk damage. They produced little or no crop. All had to be retrained from the ground. • Cold hardy hybrids (Foch, Ventura ) had about 25% bud damage with minor cordon or trunk damage. They produced a partial or full crop. Some retraining. • “Super Cold Hardy” Minnesota and Elmer Swenson varieties had minimal bud damage and no cordon or trunk damage. They produced a full crop and continue to be productive. 2014 observations Lafayette Basically dead with little regrowth from the ground. Cayuga white

Limited growth from cordons in 2014. No crop in 2014. Chardonel

Slightly better than Cayuga, but still no crop. Retained suckers to renew trunks. Vidal

Severe damage, but still a decent crop due to large cluster size. Saved suckers to replace trunks. Super Cold Hardy varieties were undamaged and produced full crops in 2014 and beyond. Some showing signs of damage in 2017.

Frontenac

Full crop in 2014-2017. No apparent damage to trunks or cordons LaCrosse

Full crop in 2014-2016. Seeing some damage to trunks and cordons in 2017. Two types of varieties Those that made it Those that did not Super Cold Hardy Most of the rest Retain as many suckers as possible Remove old trunks Retrain vines from suckers Vine management in 2015 2-4 trunks retained Frost Years • 2007: – Early spring followed by Easter freeze “FrEaster” event wiped out fruit crops throughout much of the Eastern US • 2012: – Warmest March on record followed by normal April with multiple frost events. Wiped out most fruit crops in Great Lakes to Ohio River Valley and beyond • 2016: – Record warmth in February and March. Only minor damage in most areas. • 2017: – Record warmth in February, cooler in March. Some isolated frost damage in May. High Frost Risk early budding varieties

Marquette March 27, 2012 Marquette April 12, 2012 Delayed or Double Pruned

Norton May 3, 2012

Produced 13 lb/vine

Purdue University is an Equal Opportunity/Equal Access institution. Chambourcin, May 3, 2012

Produced 22 lb/vine in 2012 Purdue University is an Equal Opportunity/Equal Access institution. Marquette, May 3, 2012

Produced 0.0 lb/vine in 2012 Purdue University is an Equal Opportunity/Equal Access institution. Average bud burst dates, Lafayette, IN

Variety/Cultivar GDDs to bud burst Date to bud burst Foch 100-120 April 20-May 1 Marquette 100-120 April 20-May 1 La Crescent 100-120 April 20-May 1 Brianna 120-140 May 1-5 Seyval 120-140 May 1-5 Concord 150-180 May 3-10 Traminette 150-180 May 3-10 Vidal 150-180 May 3-10 Norton 150-180 May 3-10

GDDs base 50 from Jan 1. Assumes chilling requirement is met. Integrated Pest Management • Several common grape disease problems

• Proper identification of disease (or insect, abiotic)

• Proper selection of control measures – Cultural management – Chemical applications to prevent infection or damage • Proper application of chemicals (4Rs) – Right Product (many are specific for certain pathogens) – Right Time (Most important) – Right Rate – Right Place (Coverage is also very important) Co-authored by specialists from across the Midwest

Available from: Purdue Education Store: https://edustore.purdue.edu or as a free download at: https://ag.purdue.edu/hla/hort/p ages/sfg_sprayguide.aspx Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide Pesticides Listed for Grapes

• 47 fungicides • 20 insecticides • 12 miticides • 30 herbicides Common Diseases of Grapes in order of occurrence/control • Anthracnose • Phomopsis cane and leaf spot • Black Rot • Powdery mildew • Downy mildew

Initial infections for each of these diseases occur between bud burst and ~4 weeks post bloom.

Berries become naturally resistant to infection by 4 to 5 weeks after bloom. Simple spray program for most varieties Stage of growth Fungicide Target Disease Early (April-May) Mancozeb Phomopsis (start at ½-1 inch, 3-5 inch, (black rot, downy mildew) 8-10 inch shoots, then each (1.5 lb per 25 gpa early, 7-10 days until fruit set) increasing rate and volume 4 or 5 sprays as you go)

Mid (May-June) Mancozeb plus DMI Black rot (Phomopsis, (immediate pre-bloom, or downy and powdery bloom, and 2-3 times more a strobilurin or combo mildew) at 10-14 days) Rotate as needed 3 or 4 sprays that are critical for fruit rot control Mancozeb has 66 day PHI

Later (July-August) Captan, Ziram or phos acid Downy and powdery (14-21 days after last plus DMI, or one of the mildew on foliage spray, depending on strobilurin or combos rainfall) Sevin Japanese beetles Post veraison (August- Pristine Especially on rot prone September) pyrethrins varieties (fruit flies)

Post harvest Several options Downy and powdery mildew if present Variety resistance/susceptibility • Varieties vary widely in susceptibility (Table in the Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide) • Fungal pathogens are prevalent and endemic – Most diseases occur every year at the same time – Weather dependent • Fungicide applications are necessary on susceptible varieties – Preventative not curative • Tailor spray program based on variety susceptibility to specific disease or insect pests – Choice of fungicide or insecticide – Scouting for problems – Timing of application Late Season Fruit Rots

• Some years, no matter how well you have managed the common diseases, fruit rots will create problems. – Rain, fruit cracking, fruit flies, etc. • Sour rot: miscellaneous yeasts and bacteria – Managing fruit flies is important – Fungicides do not work on yeasts – Some success with “sanitizing” agents such as peroxyacetic acid (Oxidate) • Ripe rot: late season fungicides e.g. Captan, strobies, etc. Cracking, fruit flies, sour rot Early stages of ripe rot (Colletotrichum gloeosporoides) Late stages of ripe rot Herbicide Drift • Grapes are very sensitive to growth regulator (auxin type) herbicides – 2,4-D damage is very common – Dicamba damage is likely to become very common – Varieties differ in sensitivity, but none can tolerate direct exposure Glyphosate Resistant Weeds

Marestail Palmer Amaranth

Giant Ragweed New HT Crop Technology

• Dow’s Enlist system: – 2,4-D tolerant crops and new, less volatile formulation Enlist Duo (glyphosate plus 2,4-D choline)

• Monsanto’s Roundup Ready 2 Xtend system – Dicamba resistant crops and dicamba formulations with “Vapor Grip Technology” – Significant label requirements to minimize drift problems, including specific training 2017 damage complaints

3.1 million acres of soybeans damaged nationally (3.5%).

IN: Over 250 drift complaints, about 2/3 dicamba. Normally get less than 100 total. MO: 375 complaints total; 310 related to dicamba. Normally get less than 100 total.

Monsanto had 1,400 complaints and suspect 900 of those are drift. Implications of millions of acres of crops being treated with 2,4-D and dicamba?

Similar amounts of 2,4-D damage

A lot more dicamba damage Current risks from row crop herbicide • Burndown in no-till (glyphosate + 2,4-D or dicamba) • Post emergent corn (glyphosate + 2,4-D or dicamba) – Most 2,4-D used is low volatile ester • Late season applications to turf, right-of-ways pose min risk

Future risks from row crop herbicide • Burndown in no-till (glyphosate + 2,4-D or dicamba) – Most 2,4-D will be low volatile ester – More flexible in timing as HT crops will not have pre-plant restriction • Post emergent corn and soybeans (2x) pre-mix of glyphosate + 2,4-D choline or dicamba alone – Dicamba applications mid season may be a problem Factors Affecting 2,4-D and Dicamba Damage on Grapes • Time of exposure – Pre bloom vs post bloom/fruit set vs mid-season • Dosage – Particle (droplet) drift vs vapor drift • Variety – Range from very sensitive to tolerant – Differential response on foliage and clusters Impact of 2,4-D on clusters when exposure occurs pre-bloom

Significant reduction in berries per cluster, thus yield. Dicamba symptoms Pre-bloom

Upward rolling of leaves Flowers fail to develop normally Failure of flowers to bloom Upward rolling of leaves Dicamba damage

Unlike 2,4-D, entire vine (all growth) shows severe and complete damage, without obvious drift pattern Vidal Response to simulate drift prior to bloom

85% reduction in berries/cluster Norton Response to simulate drift prior to bloom

76% reduction in berries/cluster Challenges from Importation

• Grapes, juice and bulk wine are widely available from the West Coast, New York, Chile, Argentina, etc. • Many states don’t restrict importation • Well known vinifera varieties available at very reasonable prices • Consumers preference for “known” varieties • Ease (convenience) for the winery Logistics for Local Growers

• Wineries spread across the state • Grape harvest occurs during fairly warm temperatures • Post harvest cooling? storage? transport? • More growers turning to mechanical harvesting, making post harvest cooling much more difficult Labor Concerns Availability of skilled and unskilled labor

Vineyards and Wineries in Illinois. A status and economic contribution report. Northern Grapes Project. Brigid Tuck and William Gartner, University of Minnesota. 2014 Summary

• Excellent opportunities – Well established industry – Well-adapted varieties and production systems – Good market potential • Significant Challenges – Weather related damage – Disease pressure – Herbicide drift – Logistics and labor