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Prunus Avium L.), GUINDO (Prunus Cerasus L.) Y SUS HÍBRIDOS (Prunus X Gondouinii Rehd.) DE LA PROVINCIA DE SALAMANCA (ESPAÑA

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Prunus Avium L.), GUINDO (Prunus Cerasus L.) Y SUS HÍBRIDOS (Prunus X Gondouinii Rehd.) DE LA PROVINCIA DE SALAMANCA (ESPAÑA RODRIGO PÉREZ SÁNCHEZ PROSPECCIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN AGROMORFOLÓGICA, BIOQUÍMICA Y MOLECULAR DE CULTIVARES TRADICIONALES DE CEREZO (Prunus avium L.), GUINDO (Prunus cerasus L.) Y SUS HÍBRIDOS (Prunus x gondouinii Rehd.) DE LA PROVINCIA DE SALAMANCA (ESPAÑA) EDICIONES UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA COLECCIÓN VITOR 257 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca y Rodrigo Pérez Sánchez 1ª edición: Diciembre, 2009 I.S.B.N.: 978-84-7800-227-6 Depósito Legal: S. 1679-2009 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca Plaza de San Benito, s/n 37002 Salamanca (España) Página en internet: http://webeus.usal.es Correo-e: [email protected] Edeltex, S.L. Tfno: 923 238705 e-mail: [email protected] Impreso en España – Printed in Spain Todos los derechos reservados. Ni la totalidad ni parte de este libro puede reproducirse ni transmitirse sin permiso escrito de Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca RESUMEN Durante el año 2.003 se prospectaron las dos principales zonas productoras de cereza y guinda de la provincia de Salamanca, “Arribes del Duero” y “Sierra de Francia”, con el objetivo de localizar el mayor número posible de cultivares tradicionales. Se seleccionaron para su estudio un total de 33 cultivares (28 de cerezo y 5 de guindo) distribuidos por 36 parcelas de los términos municipales Masueco, Aldeadávila de la Ribera y su pedanía Corporario, Mieza, Sotoserrano, Madroñal de la Sierra y Santibañez de la Sierra. En el periodo 2.003-2.005 se llevaron a cabo exhaustivos trabajos de caracterización agromorfológica, analizándose un total de 61 descriptores (37 cuantitativos y 24 cualitativos) en árbol, rama de un año, inflorescencia, hoja y fruto y 5 descriptores relacionados con la fenología. Como resultado de la caracterización agromorfológica se pudo constatar que existían importantes diferencias entre los cultivares de cerezo mejorados y locales. También se observó que cuatro de los cultivares inicialmente prospectados como guindos, Guindo Tomatillo 1, Guindo Tomatillo 2, Guindo Garrafal Negro y Guindo del País 2, presentaban características intermedias entre las de los cerezos y el cultivar Guindo del País 1 por lo que se planteó la hipótesis de que pudieran pertenecer al taxon Prunus x gondouinii Rehd. Además se identificaron 3 parámetros cuantitativos (longitud del pecíolo, acidez titulable y número de lenticelas) y 5 cualitativos (forma y viabilidad seminal, forma del lóbulo central y de los lóbulos laterales de las brácteas internas de los fascículo florales y coloración de los pétalos al final de la floración) que presentaron valor de diagnóstico diferencial para los tres hipotéticos taxones. Durante los años 2.004 y 2.005 se llevó a cabo también una caracterización bioquímica (mediante isoenzimas) de todos los cultivares incluidos en el estudio. Se analizaron un total de 4 sistemas isoenzimáticos, PGI, PGM, IDH y 6-PGD, que aportaron, a pesar del nivel medio-bajo de polimorfismo registrado, una información muy relevante para la correcta de identificación de los cultivares. PGM, PGI e IDH permitieron diferenciar claramente los posibles cultivares de Prunus x gondouinii Rehd. de Guindo del País 1. También PGI, IDH y 6-PGD mostraron importantes diferencias entre los cultivares Del País 1 o Del País 2 y Del País T. Finalmente, en 2.005 y 2.006 se realizaron análisis moleculares mediante la técnica de los microsatélites. Se analizaron 4 pares de primers SSR, UDP96- 005, UDP98-022, PS08E08 y PCHGMS1, que presentaron un gran poder de discriminación entre cultivares, llegándose incluso a detectar diferencias entre clones. PCHGMS1 se mostró especialmente útil para la caracterización de cultivares de cerezo, guindo y su híbrido dado que presentó un alto grado de polimorfismo (14 fragmentos alélicos). UDP96-005, UDP98-022 y PCHGMS1 también permitieron diferenciar claramente Guindo del País 1 de los cuatro posibles cultivares de Prunus x gondouinii Rehd. El conjunto de los tres tipos de estudios (agromorfológicos, bioquímicos y moleculares) se complementaron muy bien y permitieron caracterizar, de forma muy exhaustiva, todos los cultivares incluidos en el trabajo. También consiguieron identificar cuatro cultivares del taxon Prunus x gondouinii Rehd. y confirmar las sinonimias Monzón, Boba y Garrafal Napoleón; De Valero, Moracha y Rabo Largo Negro, Del País 1 y Del País 2 y Guindo Tomatillo 1 y Guindo Tomatillo 2 y las homonimias Aragonesa y Ramón Oliva y Del País 1 o Del País 2 y Del País T. Se elaboró también una ficha-resumen para cada uno de los cultivares de Prunus avium L., Prunus cerasus L. y Prunus x gondouinii Rehd. estudiados en la que se recogen sus principales características agromorfológicas. ABSTRACT During 2003, we prospected the two main sweet and sour cherry producing zones of the province of Salamanca: the “Arribes del Duero” and the “Sierra de Francia” with a view to locating the greatest number possible of traditional cultivars. For study, we selected a total of 33 cultivars (28 of sweet and 5 of sour cheery), distributed over 36 plots in the municipalities of Masueco, Aldeadávila de la Ribera and its satellite village Corporario, Mieza, Sotoserrano, Madroñal de la Sierra, and Santibáñez de la Sierra. In 2003-2005, we carried out exhaustive work on agromorphological characterizations, analyzing a total of 61 descriptors (37 quantitative and 24 qualitative) on the trees, one-year-old branches, inflorescences, leaves and fruits, and 5 descriptors related to phenology. As a result of such efforts, important differences between the improved and local cultivars were detected. It was also observed that the characteristics of four of the cultivars initially prospected as harbouring sour-cherry trees -Guindo Tomatillo 1, Guindo Tomatillo 2, Guindo Garrafal Negro y Guindo del País 2- were intermediate between those of the sweet cherry trees and the Guindo del País 1 cultivar, such that we postulated the hypothesis that they could belong to the Prunus x gondouinii Rehd taxon. Additionally, we identified 3 quantitative parameters (length of petiole, titratable acidity and number of lenticels), together with 5 qualitative parameters (seed shape and viability, shape of the central lobe and of the lateral lobes of the internal bracts of the floral fascicles, and colouring of the petals at the end of flowering) that were of differential diagnostic value for the three hypothetical taxa proposed. In 2004-2005, we also performed a biochemical characterization (using isoenzymes) of all the cultivars addressed in the study. In all, we analyzed 4 isoenzyme systems -PGI, PGM, IDH and 6-PDG-, which despite the low- medium level of polymorphism recorded provided very relevant information for correct identification of the cultivars. PGM, PGI and IDH allowed us to clearly differentiate between cultivars of Prunus x gondouinii Rehd and Guindo del País 1. Also, PGI, IDH and 6-PGD revealed important differences among the Del País 1 or Del País 2 and Del País T cultivars. Finally, in 2005-2006 we performed molecular analyses using the microsatellite technique. We analyzed 4 pairs of SSR primer -UDP96-005, UDP98-022, PS08E08 and PCHGMS1-, which were seen to provide high discriminatory power among the cultivars, and even managed to detect clonal differences. PCHGMS1 proved to be especially useful for the characterization of cherry, sour-cherry and hybrid cultivars since it revealed a high degree of polymorphism (14 allelic fragments). UDP96-005, UDP98-022 and PCHGMS1 also allowed the clear differentiation of Guindo del País 1 from Prunus x gondouinii Rehd. All three types of investigation (agromorphological, biochemical and molecular) were well complemented and allowed an exhaustive characterization of all the cultivars studied. It was also possible to identify four taxa of the Prunus x gondouinii Rehd. taxon and confirm the synonimies Monzón, Boba and Garrafal Napoleón; De Valero, Moracha and Rabo Largo Negro, Del País 1 and Del País 2 and Guindo Tomatillo 1 and Guindo Tomatillo 2, and the homonimies Aragonesa and Ramón Oliva and Del País 1 or Del País 2 and Del País T. We also compiled a summary data sheet for each of the cultivars of Prunus avium L., Prunus cerasus L. and Prunus x gondouinii Rehd studied, in which their main agromorphological characteristics were recorded. ÍNDICE Índice ÍNDICE GENERAL INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................. 19 1. ORIGEN GEOGRÁFICO Y DISTRIBUCIÓN ACTUAL ............................. 20 2. CARACTERIZACIÓN BOTÁNICA ............................................................ 20 2.1. Taxonomía ......................................................................................... 20 2.2. Morfología .......................................................................................... 22 3. SITUACIÓN ACTUAL DE LOS CULTIVOS .............................................. 24 3.1. En el mundo ....................................................................................... 24 3.2. En España .......................................................................................... 27 3.3. En Castilla y León .............................................................................. 28 3.4. En Salamanca .................................................................................... 30 4. EL CULTIVO DEL CEREZO Y DEL GUINDO .......................................... 32 4.1. Condicionantes climáticos .................................................................. 32 4.2. Condicionantes edáficos ...................................................................
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