Academic Conference

SHAMDI RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION INTERNATIONAL Presents

Academic Conference

EXPLORING AFRICAN POTENTIALS: TOWARD SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE; A MULTI·DISCIPLINARY APPROACH 30TH MARCH, 2019

VENUE: ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIVERSITY BAUCH I, ' AUDITORIUM HALL YELWA CAMPUS, BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA

Programme and Book of Abstracts of the 2nt Multi-Disciplinary Academic Conference on Exploring African Potentials: Toward Sustainable Democracy and Good Governance. A multi –Disciplinary Approach 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) Website: www.smrpi.com

PROGRAMME AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

FOR THE

SECOND EXPLORING AFRICAN POTENTIALS CONFERENCE

THEME

EXPLORING AFRICAN POTENTIALS: TOWARD SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE. A MULTI –DISCIPLINARY APPROACH

SUB-THEME:

. Pure & Applied Sciences . Environmental Technology . Social Sciences . Medical and Biosciences . Agriculture and Food Sciences . Languages & Linguistics . Management, Business and Entrepreneurship . Philosophy & Religion . Engineering, Technology, Creativity & Innovation . Education & Educational Research

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Editor- in Chief Prof. Mshelia Inuwa Bello

Prof. Sabo Hamma Prof. Ahmad Jibrin Nayaya Department of Mathematical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, AbubakarTafawa Balewa University, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi Bauchi Prof. Ejitayo Lasisi Kazeem Dr. Ijebor John Azohor Department of Mathematical Sciences, Department of Science Laboratory Tech. Federal AbubakarTafawa Balewa University, Polytechnic, Bauchi Bauchi Dr. Sani Jibir Dukku Dr. A.G. Jibrin Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Department of Science Education, Abubakar Tafawa Faculty of Environmental Technology, Abubakar Balewa University, Bauchi Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi Dr. Bala Wuro Shua’aibu Dr. Oluwole Falode Department of Technical Education, Abubakar Tafawa Department of Educational Technology, Federal Balewa University, Bauchi University of Technology, Minna Dr. Mama Benjamin Okwudili Dr. Dorothy Adimora Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Educational Foundation, University of University of Nigeria, Nsukka Nigeria, Nsukka Dr. Ibrahim Hassan Dr. Joseph Abah Apeh Department of Building, Department of Building, Federal University of Technology, Minna Federal University of Technology, Minna Dr. Joseph Chukwuma Dr. Mahmoud Ibrahim Department of Philosophy, niversity Department of Accounting, of Nigeria, Nsukka Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Bauchi State University, Gadau Dr. A. D. Egbunu Dr. Kabiru Magaji Hamid Faculty of Social Sciences, International Department of Immunology, School of Medical University Bamenda, Cameroon Laboratory Science, Usman Danfodio University, Sokoto

Dr. Haruna Adamu Dr. Gideon Onuoha Department of Environmental Management Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal Technology, A.T.B.U., Bauchi Polytechnic, Bauchi Engr. (Dr.) Aliyu Muh’d Gadam Dr. Musa Yusuf Yahaya Department of Electrical and Electronics, Department of Political Science, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi Bauchi State University, Gadau Dr. Kabiru Suleiman Dr. Ibrahim Usman Aikawa Biological Science Department, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Collage of Art, Science & Remidial Studies, Kano Kano State Polytechnic

Dr. Idris Katun Dr. AShiru Muhammad Sharada Department of Building Environment, Federal Department of Adult Education and Polytechnic, Bauchi Community Services, Bayero University, Kano Dr. Aminu Muhammad Dr. Almajir, Tijjani Shehu Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Department of Linguistics and Foreign Bayero University, Kano Languages, Bayero University, Kano Engr. (Dr.) Amos Heman Gbalapun Dr. Ibrahim Abba Department of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronics, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi Kano State Polytechnic Dr. Adamu Alkali Dr. I. U. Salihi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Kano State Polytechnic Bayero University, Kano Dr. Muhammad Safiyyu Abdulkadir Dr. Y. S. Haruna Department of Languages, University Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, of Kashere, Gombe State A.T.B.U. Dr. Yahuza Ibrahim Dr. Chrisostom Oketch Department of Automotive, Engineering, Department of Political and Administrative AbubakarTafawa Balewa University, Bauchi Studies, Kaampala International University, U ganda Dr. Muhammad Rabi’u Tahir Dr. Saeed Isa Ahmed Department of African Languages Department of Chemical and Culture, Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi Dr. Ali Abdulkadir Waziri Mal. Abubakar Muhammad Faculty of law, Department of Computer Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi (NSUK), Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi Nasarawa State Mrs. Maryam Idris Muhammad Bldr. Ibrahim Yakubu Ebenehi Department of Science Laboratory Tech. Department of Building Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi Mal. Bello Madaki Beli Usman Bappah Darazo Department of General Studies, Department of Mass Communication, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi

III

CONFERENCE LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE

Prof. Sabo Hamma Chairman LOC Department of Mathematical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi Prof. Ahmad Jibrin Deputy Chairman LOC Department of Biological Sciences, Abubakar Nayaya Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi

Dr. Mahmoud Ibrahim Secretary LOC Dept. Accounting, Faculty of Social & Mgt. Sciences, Bauchi State Univeristy, Gadau Auwal Dauda Conference Managing Editor/ Research Department, SHAMDI Research and Protocol officer Publication International Fatima Ahmad Welfare officer Computer Science Department, Federal Polytechnic, Abubakar Bauchi Nuhu Ibrahim Mailafia Procurement/ Marketing Community Secondary School, Oruma, Bayelsa State officer Atika Jibrin Ahmad Accounting officer Computer Science Department, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi

SPONSORSHIP

All Authors sponsor themselves.

SATURDAY 30TH MARCH, 2019

AUDITORIUM HALL YELWA CAMPUS, ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIVERSITY, BAUCHI (NIGERIA)

Time Activities 9:00 -10:00am Registration 9:45 -10:00am Arrival of Guests 10:00am – 10:15am Introduction of Distinguished by The Master of the Ceremony 10:20am- 10:25am Opening prayer 10:25am -10:30am National Anthem 10:30am -11:00am Keynote Address 11:00am – 11:30am Lead Paper presentation 11:31am -01:00pm Plenary Session/Paper presentation 01:00pm -01:35pm Break 01:35pm -01:57pm Reports 03:00pm – 03:15pm Vote of thanks by Secretary LOC 03:53pm – 04:30pm Closing Remark/ National Anthem 04: 31pm – 05:00pm Group Photograph

CONTENTS

S/N Contents Pages 1 Title page I 2 Editorial Board Members II - III 3 Conference local organizing committee IV 4 Sponsorship V 5 Programme of Activities VI 6 Contents VII 7 Abstracts 01-18

VII

001

DETERMINATION OF PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SAFETY MEASURES AGAINST BOMB BLASTS IN KADO MARKET IN ABUJA: AN AVENUE TO IMPROVE SECURITY IN THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY OF NIGERIA

Odaudu, Ugbede Sunday1 Abdullahi, Muhammad Usman 2 Department of Architecture, Kano Department of Architecture, Kano University of Science and University of Science and Technology, Technology, P.M.B. 3244 Wudil, P.M.B. 3244 Wudil, Nigeria Nigeria

[email protected]

+234 8064069154 +2348076909686

ABSTRACT Bomb blast in public places such as markets has been leading to the loss of lives and destruction of valuable properties in the northern part and Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Nigeria. Hence, this problem brought a need for a research to be made in Kado market, since it is located in the FCT of Nigeria. The aim of the study is to determine the safety measures against bomb blasts in Kado market in Abuja, in order to generate guidelines to improve security in the FCT markets of Nigeria. The instruments that were used to collect the primary research data are the questionnaires administered to the 71 sales people and 71 buyers in the market via random sampling method in conjunction with focus group discussion that were made up of five sales people in 10 different groups. They are also the discussions that were made with the management staff of the market in conjunction with direct observation schedule. Secondary data were obtained from the reviews of materials that are relevant to this research. Tables and photographs were used as tools for the analysis of research data. Among the findings are: appropriate check against bomb blasts is poor in the market due to the lack of defined car parking spaces and this is leading to the indiscriminate parking of cars in any available space; the market has no patrol team to check for the activities of bombers that may arise within the

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Book of Abstracst of the 2nd Multi Disciplinary Academic Conference on Exploring African Potentials: Toward Sustainable Democracy and Good Governance. A multi –Disciplinary Approach 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) market. Among the recommended guidelines are: markets should have defined car parking spaces to reduce indiscriminate parking of cars in any available space, in order to allow appropriate check against bomb blasts; market patrol team should be provided by the management authorities of markets, in order to check for activities of bombers that may arise within the markets.

Keywords: Bomb Blasts, Guidelines, Markets, Nigeria, Security.

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002 THE SCENERY OF MAKARANTUN ZAURE/ILIMI (CENTRE FOR ADVANCE STUDIES): AN ARENA OF IMPARTING ISLAMIC STUDIES AND ARABIC LITERATURE

Muhammad Safiyyu Abdulkadir Ph.D.1 Muhammad Mujtaba Abdulkadir Ph.D.2 Department of Languages, Arabic Unit, Federal Department of Islamic Studies, University A.D.R.College of Legal and Islamic Studies,Misau, Kashere, Gombe State(Nigeria) Bauchi State (Nigeria)

[email protected] [email protected]

+2348065992340 +2348067735412

ABSTRACT Early scholars of Islamic and Arabic teaching and learning had often established fully educational activities, based on their time and ability. This was attributed to what they have rendered to their Ummah and how they secured the classical mode of Islamic/Arabic teaching, in spite all challenges. their effort assisted in planting the art of Islamic/Arabic scholarship in the whole Northern Nigeria prior to and after Shaykh Uthman bn Foduye’s Jihad, till today their endeavours is been witnessed through Zaure system of education by using traditional syllabus and equipment as was depict in the scenery and the mode of teaching and learning in Zaure classical activities. Till today the system is functioning and remains a legacy generation after generation.

Keywords: Scenery, Makarantun, Zauren/Ilmi, Centre, Islamic and Arabic

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003

USING PORTERS 5 AND PESTEL BUSINESS ANALYSIS MODEL IN ANALYZING BUSINESS PROJECT ENVIRONMENT – SARAWAK OIL PALM (SOP)

Ibrahim Suleiman Yahaya 1 Maryam M.B. Yusuf 2 Masters of Business Administration, Bsc. in Business Administration, Federal University Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State(Nigeria) Dutse, Jigawa State(Nigeria)

[email protected] [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The research paper aims at examine the act of using PORTERS 5 and PESTEL Business model in analyze Sarawak oil palm (SOP’s) business environment by using the frames works of PESTEL and PORTERS 5. This can be achieved by benchmarking the company with the leading competitors from the oil palm sector, comparing the financial performance to identify areas of opportunities and threat for the organization. A recommendation will follow base on the analytical process.

Sarawak Oil Palm’s vision is to become the integrated oil palm producers in Asia continent and more so to be one of the leading players in the oil palm business and be the most efficient and profitable plantation company in Sarawak and world at large and the research will help guide other companies that are facing the same problem as new businesses are come up in thousand every day.

Keywords: Porters 5, Pestel, Sarawak Oil Palm (SOP), Shin Yang Plantations (SY Group) and Pelita Holdings (HP).

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004 STUDENT’S EVALUATION ON LECTURERS TEACHING PERFORMANCE IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITIES EDUCATIONAL SETTING IN NIGERIA

Ibrahim Suleiman Yahaya 1 Maryam M.B Yusuf 2 Masters of Business Administration, Bsc. in Business Administration, Federal University Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State(Nigeria) Dutse, Jigawa State(Nigeria)

[email protected] [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In an increasingly diverse teaching and learning environment today, there have been countless discussions on the effectiveness of teaching. Even with the decades of research, the issue on effective teaching has yet to be resolved. Acknowledging this literature gap, this study was conducted to measure effectiveness of teaching using students’ evaluation of lecturers’ performance at the end of the semester. A 10-item questionnaire instrument was used to measure lecturers’ performance in federal teaching education institutes in Nigeria. A total of 5147 evaluations forms were collected and 94 lecturers in different faculties/departments were evaluated. The findings of the study reviewed that none of the ten items on lecturers’ performance was given an ‘excellent’ rating. The students rated the lecturers as ‘very good’ in their teaching performance in four of the items. These four items were related to the lecturers’ ability in conducting teaching learning activities in accordance to the course pro-forma; the ability to implement course assignments aligned to topics taught, display of commitment towards teaching and learning and the ability in giving clear presentations. The students’ perceptions towards the performance of the other six items were rated as ‘good’, which was one level lower in the performance scale. The ‘good’ performance ratings were given to effective management of teaching and learning, engaging active participation in learning, monitoring and giving feedbacks, awareness on human capital development, providing thought provoking activities and motivation to continue learning. In terms of the differences in lecturers’ performance according www.smrpi.com 5

Book of Abstracst of the 2nd Multi Disciplinary Academic Conference on Exploring African Potentials: Toward Sustainable Democracy and Good Governance. A multi –Disciplinary Approach 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) to gender, the study found that male lecturers were perceived as better performers than their female counterparts and the differences were found to be statistically significant. Recommendations of the study are also included in the report.

Keywords: Student Evaluation; Lecturers’ Performance; Teacher Education; Teaching Effectiveness

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005 MALEVOLENT COMMUNICATION, SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA

Isaac Sunday Oluwaseun Institute of Peace and Strategic Studies (IPSS), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, (Nigeria) [email protected] +2348039430221, +2348073373963

ABSTRACT The constant use of malevolent communication in Nigerian newspapers in recent times have called for concerns. For every malevolent communication, there have been reactions and for every of such reaction, there have been counter actions. This study analyses the various use of malevolent communication in newspaper editorials for the purpose of unravelling the negative effects of such communication. These negative effects are capable of undermining sustainable democracy and good governance in Nigeria no matter how hard we try to achieve them. Four major national newspapers were selected for examination in order to ensure fair representation of the country’s major geographical distribution of North and South as well as the media communication line from 2016 to 2019. Discourse, content and narrative approaches are utilized in the analysis. The use of malevolent communication in various forms such as dissimulations, lies, deceit, bias, abusive languages, stereotype, hidden agenda, hate speech and denial of facts have been used in the daily newspapers which is capable of predisposing the citizens to hostility, discrimination and acts of violence. For sustainable democracy and good governance to be achieved in Nigeria, newspaper practitioners should try to develop certain positive communication languages in their editorials and also advise their respondents to do likewise. Languages that include trust, truthfulness, empathy, objectiveness, respect, apology, collaboration and love should be encouraged to continue to build our nation’s democracy.

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006 PREDICAMENTS UNDERPINNING THE GROWTH OF ALEP IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA Dr. Isa Aisha 1 Dr. Merah Souad 2 Dr. Tahraoui Ramadane 3

Department of Educational Department of Curriculum & Department of Curriculum & Foundations, Faculty of Science Instruction, Institute of Education, Instruction, Institute of Education, and Technical Education, Kano International Islamic University International Islamic University State University of Science and Malaysia (IIUM), Gombak, Kuala Malaysia (IIUM), Gombak, Kuala Technology (KUST), Wudil, Lumpur, Malaysia Lumpur, Malaysia Kano, Nigeria

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] +2348135968031 +60173160371 +60176405258

ABSTRACT The study, explores the views of eight adult learners about their learning experiences at the Adult Literacy Education Programme (ALEP) in Kano State, Nigeria. This was done to identify the causes of the high rate of dropouts from the ALEP that has increased the number of illiteracy rate to 51% in Kano State, Nigeria. The study used qualitative method to purposefully select and interviewed (8) adult learners whose verbatim were referred in discussion on findings. Therefore, to ensure credibility, the co-ratters reliability was determined by Cohen’s Kappa at 90% level of agreement. Then, the thematic analysis was employed. Findings revealed Inadequate Facilities such as: Lack of Teaching Equipment, Dilapidated Teaching Facilities, Lack of Internet Communication Technology (ICT) Facilities and Interrupted Power Supply. Hence, the provision of adequate facilities can increase the retention rate at the ALEP and improves the literacy rate in Kano State, Nigeria.

Keywords: Adult education, Status of illiteracy; Drop-outs; Predicaments; Nigeria.

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007 CONSTRAINTS AND METHODS OF DESIGN OF EXPERT SYSTEM FOR RECOGNITION AND TEST OF HUMAN PERSONALITY

Adonu Sunday Ejiyime Abubakar Muhammad Abdulrahman Abdulkarim

Computer Science Department, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi (Nigeria)

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

ABSTRACT Behaviours and nature of human can be studied under what psychologists refer to as personality. Personality is grouping of humans based on the way they naturally behave, view the environment, succeed or fail in a venture. This classification is understood after careful study of individuals with the aim of finding certain traits that are peculiar to a particular personality type. The process of identifying to which personality type an individual belongs to is known as personality test. This research intends to examine various methods that are used for conducting personality test manually and using computer system. The use of computer system for personality test, brings additional advantages in the form of accuracy, speed, vast storage of result and continuous testing of large number of people. Examining of methods that can be employed in conducting personality test using computer system will provide ample and varying options for programmers, expert system designers, artificial intelligence scientist and software engineers in implementing computer-based personality testing, and that is what this research intends to do.

Keywords: personality test, computer-based personality test, human personality, chatbot, interactive form, face recognition.

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008 EFFECT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY TOOLS ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF ECONOMICS STUDENTS IN BAUCHI STATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS

Habu Shehu

Department of Economics Aminu Saleh College of Education Azare, Bauchi State. [email protected] +2348062586038

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools on academic performance of Economics students in Government Day Sescondary School Azare, Bauchi state, Nigeria. The study adopted experimental design with the samples of 60 SSI Economics students selected through simple random sampling. Economics Achievement Test was used for data collection. The instrument was validated by experts and has the reliability coefficient of 0.84 using Cronbachs’ Alpha reliability test. Non parametric statistics (t- test) were used to analyze the data using SPSS. The findings of the study revealed that there was a significant difference in the academic performance of students taught Economics using ICT tools and those taught without ICT tools. The study also found that there was no significant difference in the academic performance of male and female students taught Economics using ICT tools. The study concluded that students who are introduced to the use of ICT tools for learning would improve their academic performance more than students who could not have the access to the use of such tools. The study recommended that Economics teachers and students should employ the use of ICT tools in teaching and learning Economics in all secondary schools in Bauchi state. Keywords: Academic performance, Computer, Economics, Gender, ICT, Tools.

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009

PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL AMOEBIASIS AMONG CHILDREN ATTENDING INFECTIOUS DISEASE HOSPITAL BAYARA, BAUCHI STATE

Maryam I.M1., Aisha A.2, Umar A.3 and Amina I.S.4 Dept. of Sci. Laboratory Tech., School of Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi. [email protected] 1. 2. 3. 4. +2348038680286 +2348033667962 +2348033241975 +2347063358333

ABSTRACT

Amoebiasis is widespread in its distribution, occurring in all parts of the world. It causes ulcers, diarrhea and acute amoebic dysentery in individuals especially the youngsters. This study determined the prevalence of amoebiasis in children attending infectious Disease Hospital, Bayara community of Bauchi State, Nigeria. Thirty (30) stool samples were examined for the cysts and/or trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica using the direct smear and formol/ether concentration techniques. 8 (26.7%) of the samples were found to be positive for the parasite. Males (20%) were more infected than females (6.7%). Improved sanitation, personal hygiene and deliberate policy for regular deworming of children by the government will decrease the rate of intestinal parasitic infections.

Keywords: Amoebiasis, parasite, children, infection and hygiene.

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010 BUILDING COLLAPSE IN NIGERIA: WHO IS RESPONSIBLE AND THE CRITICAL ELEMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE COLLAPSE?

Dauda Ali1 Lodson Titus Joice 2 Department of Architectural Technology Department of Architectural Technology Federal Polytechnic Bauchi Federal Polytechnic Bauchi (Nigeria) (Nigeria)

[email protected] [email protected]

+2348130629580, +2348028450634 +2348166193669

ABSTRACT

Shelter or housing is the first thing humans need for living in this world even before food. The construction sector is the provider of physical infrastructure essential for human sustenance and economic development. Moreover, the advancement in vertical city expansion is enormous and to be celebrated; however in Nigeria, such development comes with huge human and material losses. For over three decades, Nigeria has been experiencing collapse of multi-story buildings. These incessant cases of collapse of buildings in the country have resulted in the loss of lives, property and left many people injured. Quite a number of factors are responsible for collapse of high-rise, reinforced concrete buildings in Nigeria. Government, professional bodies and people are asking countless questions as to who should be responsible, what are the critical elements associated with the collapse, and how solutions could be proffered. This paper reviewed and highlighted causes of building collapse of high- rise buildings in Nigeria, early Warning Signs of bldg collapse, effects/consequences of building collapse, and remedial measures. The study reveals that the frequency of building collapse in Nigeria is at an alarming rate and is majorly caused by: substandard reinforcement, structural steel and cement used for the production of foundations, columns, beams and slabs are the main causes of building collapse. Professions / professionals linked to the problems were also examined and recommendations are made based on the findings of the research. The paper concludes by suggesting possible measures to be taken by government and other regulatory bodies in the building industry to avert this. www.smrpi.com 13

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011 HAND GESTURE CONTROL OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

Abdulqadir Maigari Fatima Ahmed Atika Ahmad Yamusa Idris Adamu 4 Amatullah Turaki 1 Abubakar 2 Jibrin 3 Yahaya Aliyu5

Computer Science Department, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi (Nigeria)

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] +2348035748312 +2347038927732 +2348096739358 +2348032818150

ABSTRACT

Information nowadays is exchanged electronically through various digital devices. As such there is the need to provide easier ways of performing tasks on these devices. Hand gestures is an attractive alternative interface for human-computer interaction (HCI). Visual analysis of hand gestures in particular be achieved with ease and naturalness desired for HCI. This work tends to provide an easier and comfortable way to control computer devices using hand gesture. With the aid of arduino interface, we will use ultrasonic sensors to get certain distance of hand positioning in order to determine how far the device can be from the sensor.

Keywords: hand gesture, human computer interaction, arduino, ultrasonic sensors

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012

UNDERSTANDING FRANCHISING AS A BUSINESS TOOL TO CREATE NEW BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

Maryam M. B. Yusuf1 Ibrahim Suleiman Yahaya 2 Bsc. In Business Administration, Masters of Business Administration, Federal University Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State(Nigeria) Dutse, Jigawa State(Nigeria)

[email protected] [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this research was to highlight the benefit of franchising, and understand it as a business tool. This research reveals how the top five (5) franchising stores in the world make their success, it also covers the problems of business idea, business skills, promotions and other marketing activities to new owners, and it also serves as a strategy for expansion and creating of awareness to the franchisor. This research focused on, does franchising offer independent to small business supported by the network of big business? Can franchising offers the free experience, skills and know-how to operate new business? Do you make money when you own a franchise? Does franchising have a higher rate of success than a startup business? Is it easier to secure finance for franchise than to start up business?

The instrument used for collection of data was face to face, and questionnaire issued and mailed. Chi-square was used to test the hypothesis; the finding shows that it is easier to secure finance for franchise than that of a new start up business. Base on this research we recommend business owners to embark on franchising an existing and successful business, as it will be a vehicle of success for both the franchisor and franchisee, we also recommend the current franchisers, to follow the foot step of the 5 top franchises in the world in order to maintain good image in the eyes of the world.

Keywords: Franchising, franchisor method, and strategies in new Business www.smrpi.com 16

013

THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE IN SERVICE DELIVERING AS MARKETING TOOLS THAT FORESEEN PROFITABILITY OF PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN NIGERIA

[email protected] [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to analyze the influence of physical evidence in service marketing mix and how it reflect on it profitability and won the market share among their competitors, it also highlight how physical evidence reflects on service quality and students satisfaction in Nigerian private Universities. This study took 20 universities as samples with a stratified random sampling. 500 questionnaires were used for the research purpose, were each university was given 25 questionnaires. The results Agreed with hypothesis one (HI) variables that said that physical evidence is significantly associated with market share of private university, while its disagree with the (H0 )that said physical evidence is not significantly associated with the market share of the private universities, the research also agreed on the second (HI) physical evidence is significantly associated with profitability of the private universities in Nigeria (H0) This research disagreed with the null hypothesis that physical evidence is not associated with the profitability of the private Universities in Nigeria and the success of every private university is to satisfy the need and want of their student, which is being achieved through service quality that had strong influence on students’ satisfaction in Nigerian private Universities. Physical evidence had significant influence in service marketing and service quality had significant influence on student’s satisfaction.

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SHAMDIRESEARCH AND PUBLICATION INTERNATIONAL Presents

Academic Conference

EXPLORING AFRICAN POTENTIALS: TOWARD SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE; A MULTI·DISCIPLINARY APPROACH 30TH MARCH, 2019

SOCIAL SCIENCES p C E I s

VENUE: ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIVERSITY BAUCHI, AUDITORIUM HALL YELWA CAMPUS, BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA PROCEEDINGS OF EXPLORING AFRICAN POTENTIALS CONFERENCE

FOR THE

SECOND EXPLORING AFRICAN POTENTIALS CONFERENCE

THEME

EXPLORING AFRICAN POTENTIALS: TOWARD SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE. A MULTI –DISCIPLINARY APPROACH

DATE:

30TH MARCH, 2019.

VENUE:

AUDITORIUM HALL YELWA CAMPUS, ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIVERSITY, BAUCHI (NIGERIA)

SOCIAL SCIENCES

2nd Conference 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) Website: www.smrpi.com

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Editor- in Chief Prof. Mshelia Inuwa Bello

1. Prof. Sabo Hamma 22. Prof. Ahmad Jibrin Nayaya

2. Prof. Ejitayo Lasisi Kazeem 23. Dr. Ijebor John Azohor

3. Dr. Sani Jibir Dukku 24. Dr. A.G. Jibrin

4. Dr. Bala Wuro Shua’aibu 25. Dr. Oluwole Falode

5. Dr. Mama Benjamin 2 Dr.Dorothy Adimora 5 Okwudili .

6. Dr. Ibrahim 27. Dr. Joseph Abah Apeh Hassan

7. Dr. Joseph Chukwuma 28. Dr. Mahmoud Ibrahim

8. Dr. A. D. Egbunu 29. Dr. Kabiru Magaji Hamid

9. Dr. Haruna Adamu 30. Dr. Gideon Onuoha

10. Engr. (Dr.) Aliyu Muh’d Gadam 31. Dr. Musa Yusuf Yahaya

11. Dr. Kabiru Suleiman 32. Dr. Ibrahim Usman Aikawa

12. Dr. Idris Katun 33. Dr. AShiru Muhammad Sharada

13. Dr. Aminu Muhammad 3 Dr. Almajir, Tijjani Shehu 3 . 14. Engr. (Dr.) Amos Heman 34. Dr. Ibrahim Abba Gbalapun

15. Dr. Adamu Alkali 35. Dr. I. U. Salihi

16. Dr. Muhammad Safiyyu Abdulkadir 36. Dr. Y. S. Haruna

17. Dr. Yahuza Ibrahim 3 Dr. Chrisostom Oketch 7 . 18. Dr. Muhammad Rabi’u 3 Dr. Saeed Isa Ahmed Tahir 8 .

2nd Conference 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) Website: www.smrpi.com

19. Dr. Ali Abdulkadir Waziri 39. Mal. Abubakar Muhammad

20. Mrs. Maryam Idris Muhammad 40. Bldr. Ibrahim Yakubu Ebenehi

21. Mal. Bello Madaki Beli 41. Usman Bappah Darazo

2nd Conference 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) Website: www.smrpi.com

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Editor- in Chief Prof. Mshelia Inuwa Bello

III

2nd Conference 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) Website: www.smrpi.com

Published by SHAMDI Research and Publication International, P.O. Box 3632, Railway road Bauchi, Bauchi state (Nigeria).

First published 2019.

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CONTENTS

S/N Contents Author(s) Pages 1 Malevolent Communication, Sustainable Isaac Sunday Oluwaseun 1 - 21 Democracy and Good Governance in Nigeria

2nd Conference 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria)

Malevolent Communication, Sustainable Democracy and Good Governance in Nigeria

Isaac Sunday Oluwaseun Institute of Peace and Strategic Studies (IPSS), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, (Nigeria) [email protected] +2348039430221, +2348073373963

Abstract The constant use of malevolent communication in Nigerian newspapers in recent times have called for concerns. For every malevolent communication, there have been reactions and for every of such reaction, there have been counter actions. This study analyses the various use of malevolent communication in newspaper editorials for the purpose of unravelling the negative effects of such communication. These negative effects are capable of undermining sustainable democracy and good governance in Nigeria no matter how hard we try to achieve them. Four major national newspapers were selected for examination in order to ensure fair representation of the country’s major geographical distribution of North and South as well as the media communication line from 2016 to 2019. Discourse, content and narrative approaches are utilized in the analysis. The use of malevolent communication in various forms such as dissimulations, lies, deceit, bias, abusive languages, stereotype, hidden agenda, hate speech and denial of facts have been used in the daily newspapers which is capable of predisposing the citizens to hostility, discrimination and acts of violence. For sustainable democracy and good governance to be achieved in Nigeria, newspaper practitioners should try to develop certain positive communication languages in their editorials and also advise their respondents to do likewise. Languages that include trust, truthfulness, empathy, objectiveness, respect, apology, collaboration and love should be encouraged to continue to build our nation’s democracy.

Key Words: Malevolent Communication, Hate Speech, Newspaper Editorials, Positive Communication.

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2nd Conference 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria)

1. INTRODUCTION In time past, the basic need of man included food, water, clothing, shelter, sleep and sexual satisfaction (Maslow, 1954) but recently, it seems to include communication (in whatever form). Around the world, communication is an important factor influencing the efficiency, effectiveness and indeed the viability of any government or legal institution. Communication is so important that the success of any government and its institutions is directly proportional to the level of communication maintained and correct communication must be ensured through constant feedback because feedback is almost the only effective way of measuring correct communication. The way communication is passed across determines to a large extent, the escalation or de-escalation of any conflict.

In the world over, the outbreak of wars and hostilities, the cessation of bi-lateral agreements and relationships are all but resultant effects of large-scale communication breakdown. A good illustration of this is the dropping of the two atomic bombs (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) in Japan during the World War II. Quite significant to us in this study is the reason for the bombing campaign, which was because of language disconnect between the Japanese interpreter and the allied troops. The Japanese emperor communicated to the Japanese troops to seize hostilities but the interpreter who interpreted it to the allied troops was not clearly stating the cessation of the hostility, so the forces had a different view of the situation, and they continued with the execution of the war as if nothing had changed.

Communication can either be effective, positive and constructive, or ineffective, negative and destructive depending on how the recipient perceives the message that is sent, which could be verbal or non-verbal (Norman, 1980). Some nations of the world have had their internal crisis which is primarily traceable to negative communication. Negative Communication is capable of producing radicalist discourse (Chiluwa, 2015) or threatening communication (Gales, 2010) that depicts hate speech, tribalism, racial or ethnic segregations and even linguistic violence.

A very notable example is the 1994 Rwandan Genocide between the two major ethnic groups of Hutus and Tustsis. The Hutu politicians had portrayed the Tutsi minority as an ‘enemy’ seeking to reimpose their rule over Rwanda. The press was constantly used to foment ethnic hatred… through incitement and rumour. The minority Tutsis were constantly referred to as inyenzi, a Kinyarwanda word for cockroach (Meredith, 2006). Other terms used before and during that era

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2nd Conference 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria)

included, “only Hutu should be entrusted to hold strategic positions in government”, “only Hutu should be employed in the armed forces”, “Hutus must stop having mercy on the Tutsis”, “know that person whose throat you do not cut now will be the one who will cut yours”, “the graves are not yet quite full”, “who is going to do the good work and help us finish them completely?” In the space of 100 days, some 800,000 people had been slaughtered- about three quarters of the Tutsi population. According to the World Bank, the genocide had left Rwanda the poorest country on earth (Meredith, 2006).

Nigeria is certainly not left out of this quagmire. In the struggle for cessation and the establishment of the republic of Biafra, the leader of the Indigenous people of Biafra (IPOB) and director of radio Biafra, and Biafra Television have in recent times come to limelight with his utterances against the government and people of Nigeria. In one of his statements among many others, he quotes:

That zoo- the animal kingdom created by the white people and adopted by black fools and slaves; those that their brain does not function … The zoo called Nigeria will not exist… We are here to ensure its destruction … The name ‘Nigeria’ will not exist by December this year (2017) - Chiluwa, 2018

On several occasions, he has been accused of hate speech and inflammatory remarks causing further confusion and ethnic disintegration (Alkassim, 2017). The Imo state government issued a statement on the said Biafran agitation as follows:

Biafra as a secession issue is dead, and nobody should follow that way. I see it as a platform rather than a course. The agitation was born in error and ignorance. There is the commercialization of the Biafran agitation, which is criminal… Biafra agitation is as an industry; a means of making money… a hopeless and futile exercise of which nobody should embark on. -The Guardian, 15 January, 2016

On the issue of the constant strikes in Nigerian universities, there have had several face-offs between the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) and the Federal government. The

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2nd Conference 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria)

Federal Government, on the one hand, listed her intentions in a letter titled ‘Resolutions reached at the meeting between Federal Government and ASUU’ to include the disbursement of 200 billion naira in 2013 and 220 billion from 2014 to 2018 among others. But the Federal Government accused ASUU of bringing in new conditions of which ASUU regarded as lies, rumours and mischief to mislead the Nigerian public (Premium Times, 2013). During the 2014 ASUU strike, ASUU, on the other hand, came out with a press statement as follows:

While ASUU has been struggling for conditions in which Nigerian students would benefit from a very much enhanced academic environment in teaching and research facilities, the Minister of education is thinking of a thoughtless mass sack as a solution to the problems arising from Government’s non- implementation of an agreement reached with ASUU as if Nigerian rulers have made no intellectual progress since Abacha’s regime. (Premium Times, 2013)

The crisis was exacerbated when one side to the dispute (Government represented by the Secretary to the Government of the Federation) announced to the public that the 2012 memorandum of understanding (a document authorized by himself) was not binding on Government since it was signed by a Permanent Secretary and was, therefore, a mere promise and a non-binding piece of paper. The Federal Government listed all it intended to do in a letter titled “Resolutions reached at the meeting between Federal Government an00d ASUU” to include among others, the disbursement of 200 billion naira in 2013 and 220 billion naira from 2014 to 2018 but the Federal Government accused ASUU of bringing in new conditions into the 2009 Agreement. ASUU regarded the accusation as lies, rumours and mischief to mislead the Nigerian Public (Premium Times).

Existing scholarships have discussed the importance of communication in resolving disputes (Mehra, 2010; Moemeka, 1996; Nwagbara & Brown, 2014; Adejimola, 2009; Ferreira, 2006; Mukoro, 2013 and Akanji, Danjibo, & Eselebor, 2011). Morsella (1997) explained communication as a neutral instrument, one that can be used to convey threats as well as offers of reconciliation. Adejimola (2009) emphasized that effective communication in interaction, conversation, dialogue and negotiation can only be achieved through controlled communication

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2nd Conference 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria)

but they failed to explain what constitute such communication used as threats, for reconciliation or controlled interaction. Nwagbara & Brown (2014) avers that integrative and distributed communication can be a platform for managing conflicts but failed to elaborate these and give the elements that constitute this type of communication.

Ferreira (2006) in his work mentioned that positive communication can be vital to the survival of an institution and reduces the possibility of conflict and that the communication used in negotiation by parties should be benevolent but also failed to mention the elements that constitutes positive or benevolent communication. Reich, Bentman and Jackman (1998); Moemeka (1996); Mukoro (2013) warned that to discourage dramatization in a conflict situation, cautious language should be used. However, they only mentioned some elements capable of distorting communication but did not clearly state benevolent (positive) and malevolent (negative) communication as powerful tools in escalating or de-escalating crises situation as well as the elements that constitutes them.

Taking the foregoing into consideration, can we really say that there is positive or negative verbal and written communication? Are they capable of enhancing or otherwise democracy and good governance given the freedom of speech? For most of the communications between the government and the governed and among political actors in Nigeria, there are elements of insincerity, dissimulations, hidden agenda, denial, lies and deceit on all parts. All these are capable of bringing about trust deficit of all sides and in the long run lead to crises that will take serious efforts to curtail.

This Paper therefore evaluates the negative or malevolent nature of the verbal and written communication between the government and the governed and among political actors in Nigeria. It is hoped that ultimately, some lessons could be drawn on communicating better to resolve unnecessary conflicts in Nigeria.

2. METHODOLOGY AND THEORETICAL APPROACH

This paper adopts information from selected newspaper editorials on political issues regarding governance in Nigeria which are freely accessible. Discourse, content and narrative approaches are utilized in the analysis. Four national newspapers were selected for examination using

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2nd Conference 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) stratified sampling method in order to ensure fair representation of the country’s major geographical distribution of North and South as well as the media communication line. In this paper, the editorials of newspapers are used in presenting media opinions on issues.

Similarly, the fact that newspaper editorials could be voluminous calls for further delineation and this prompted the selection of editorial comments between 2016 and 2019 in the four national newspapers, thereby bringing the total number of editorials to twenty i.e. five from each newspaper outfit. To this end, Daily Trust Newspaper represents the Northern Region while The Daily Sun newspaper represent the Southern Region of the country as well as The Punch and Vanguard as national newspapers.

2.1 Selected Newspaper Editorials NO. NEWSPAPER DATE TITLE OF EDITORIAL 1. The Daily Trust Mon. 27/12/2018 Atiku to Buhari: You are the problem not Nigerian system. 2. The Daily Trust Mon. 27/12/2018 Killings persist in Zamfara as Yari stays away. 3. The Daily Trust Thur. 14/07/2017 Corruption: Hypocrisy of Nigerian Lecturers. 4. The Daily Trust Fri. 30/11/2018 Soldiers’ Killings: Declare Nigeria a Nation at war. 5. The Daily Trust Fri. 28/12/2018 Corruption: We’re only Surviving like Animals. 6. The Daily Sun Thur. 04/08/2016 Every Nigerian is Corrupt- Gov. Ajimobi. 7. The Daily Sun Sun. 18/11/2018 Mbang Bombs Buhari: You’ve failed in Insecurity, Corruption fight. 8. The Daily Sun Sun. 13/01/2018 Expect more Bloodshed in Benue, Bosso, Miyetti Allah Leaders warns. 9. The Daily Sun Tue. 18/04/2017 Fayose to Lai Mohammed: FG protecting Looters in government. 10. The Daily Sun Mon. 21/01/2019 Lai Mohammed Fires Missile, alleges Opposition working with Boko Haram, Others.

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11. The Punch Thur. 10/01/2019 We’re Clean, as all our Corrupt Leaders are now in APC says PDP. 12. The Punch Fri. 15/02/2019 Tomorrow, Corruption is on the Ballot. 13. The Punch Tue. 18/09/2018 Why I am Corrupt. 14. The Punch Sun. 09/12/2018 Buhari Hates Benue People. 15. The Punch Wed. 14/11/2018 PDP is a Damaged Product, spreading fake news 16. Vanguard Wed. 05/12/2018 Hold FG responsible for Hate Speech- LNC. 17. Vanguard Mon. 02/07/2018 The Killing Contest between Buhari and the PDP- Reno. 18. Vanguard Sun. 21/10/2018 Atiku: Lai Mohammed is becoming delusional- Olafeso. 19. Vanguard Tue. 28/12/2017 Fuel Crisis: PDP accuses FG of Monumental Fraud. 20. Vanguard Thur. 29/09/2016 Ajimobi stops funding of Tertiary Institutions in Oyo. The study employed malevolent (negative) communication in the study of semantics. Semantics here means the study of language meaning, the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text. Much has been written about Communication and how it can escalate or de-escalate a conflict situation but comparatively little has been written about positive and negative communication and how positive communication resolves conflict and negative communication escalate conflict. This work seeks to fill that gap by developing a framework that can escalate or de-escalate crises in communication, which is referred to as Benevolent Communication, Malevolent Communication and Ambivalent Communication.

The attributes of Benevolent Communication include trust, truthfulness, empathy, respect, apology, collaboration and love. Attributes of Malevolent Communication includes labelling, exaggeration, dissimulation, lies, deceit, bias, abusive languages, stereotype, hidden agenda and denial of facts. It is a gross oversimplification of cause and effect to say that the escalation of conflict arises from malevolent communication and resolution of conflict from benevolent communication.

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2.2 Co-orientation Theory

The co-orientation model avers that conflict emerge through a process of interaction and dialogue between groups (and between individuals) which includes a process of each group (or individuals) interpreting the other. The problem is that groups (or Individuals) use their own naturalized cultural standards to appraise the actions of the other, and these are not the standards by which the others guide themselves (Dubinskas, 1993).

Creating mutual understanding is the fundamental role of communication. These can never be achieved unless there is a mutual understanding of communication content and context, i.e. what is said, who said it, why was it said, what is expected to be said, by whom, where was it said, when was it said, how was it said and with whom it said. When this is understood, communication flows better.

This theory is important to this study because it shows the accuracy/inaccuracy in communication relationship. The communication content may be rejected or accepted and its demands carried out, but the reaction must be based on understanding of the content and demands of the communication.

Behaviour in general is based not only on what we think and feel, but also on our estimates of what those with whom we interact think and feel (Moemeka, 1996). This is why the co- orientation model demonstrates our perception of the orientation of those around us as a very important variable in a communication situation. This way, selfishness in communication is removed and good understanding is created. For effective communication to occur, the participants must be simultaneously oriented to the same content, context and meaning.

Communication is a sure step towards mutual understanding but it does not necessarily produce agreement. Even though mutual understanding does not mean mutual agreement, it is a significant step towards resolving or managing conflict (Moemeka, 1996) Mutual understanding arises out of congruency and leads to intelligent discussion and the possibility of a win-win settlement on the part of both parties. This is the reason why ‘effectedness’ of communication is different from ‘effectiveness’ of communication (Hancock, 1993) in the sense that effectedness is when a message gets to its destination and is completely understood. Effectiveness is

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2nd Conference 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria)

concentrating on getting the demands of the message accepted and implemented but the communication content must first be received and understood.

3. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

3.1 Benevolent Communication: This explains where there is a problem but the stakeholders in a conflict communicate the facts of the problem among themselves in a positive manner to reduce the incidence of conflict. The attributes of Benevolent Communication include trust, truthfulness, empathy, objectiveness, respect, collaboration and love.

3.2 Ambivalent Communication: It is a situation where there is a problem but the stakeholders in a conflict communicate the facts of the problem among themselves in which the language used in communication have several meanings thereby leaving it to the hearer to decide whether it is positive or negative.

3.3 Malevolent Communication: For the purpose of this work, Malevolent Communication is defined as a situation where there is problem but the facts of the problem is communicated among the stakeholders in a conflict in such a negative manner that are capable of escalating the conflict. Attributes of Malevolent Communication includes dissimulation, lies, deceit, bias, abusive languages, stereotype, hidden agenda and denial of facts.

3.4 Freedom of Speech: The power or right to express one’s opinions without fear of retaliation, censorship, restraint or legal sanction.

3.5 Newspaper Editorials: These are articles, short essays or write-ups in newspapers that expresses the opinions or official views of editors, writers, individuals or the media outfit on particular issues. It is a constant feature of newspaper outfits. It is expected to be objective and credible and is most often published on the front page of the newspaper to catch the attention of the readers. This in turn generates public perception of the issues published and also generate reactions from the public.

3.6 Hate Speech: This is abusive or threatening speech or writing that expresses prejudice against a particular group, especially on the basis of race, religion, ethnic origin, national origin,

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disability or sexual orientation and that predispose them to hostility, discrimination and acts of violence.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

As explained earlier, malevolent communication are negative communication. Most of the newspaper publications and reactions have often shown negative tendencies. Hence, the following findings were examined thus:

Oyo state governor, Abiola Ajimobi has said every Nigerian is corrupt in one way or the other either by financial misconduct, attitudinal corruption or the inability to restraint oneself from certain corrupt action. (Daily Trust, 4/8/2016). The above labelling expression coming from a leader in Nigeria shows that nobody is trust worthy in Africa’s most populous black nation on earth. The point here is the fact that it has portrayed Nigeria in a negative light in the eyes of the international community. It simply means that people from outside Nigeria willing to do business with Nigerians are simply doing that at their own risk because everybody in the country is corrupt. It also means that Nigerians can never be trusted especially with funds. This type of communication is purely a malevolent one and could be termed as hate speech against the Nigerian people.

He said looters in the Muhammadu Buhari’s Presidency, especially those being compensated for funding the election of the president in 2015, bury their own loots in the Villa with presidential protection (Daily Trust, 13/1/2018).

This statement was made by the former governor of Osun state. The Villa in the statement is the Aso Villa (officially The Aso Rock Presidential Villa). The Aso Villa is the workplace and official residence of the President of Nigeria since 1992, when Nigeria moved its capital from Lagos to Abuja. It is not a burying place for loots given the official nature of the Villa. The statement actually accuses the President of the Federation as given protection to the looters right inside the Villa. The statement tries to portray the Aso Villa as a very corrupt place. This constitutes malevolent communication.

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Another malevolent communication could be seen in the publication of a spokesman to the former President Goodluck Jonathan as published in the Vanguard newspaper of 2nd July 2018 thus:

How childish can the President and his handlers be? Do they know that by their inaction and by releasing this silly list to compare killings under the PDP to killings under Buhari they are reducing the sanctity of Nigerian lives to mere killing contest…? Did the President leave his conscience in London with his UK doctors?

The lexeme ‘childish’ portrays a sense of relation of synonymy with the words ‘infantile’ and ‘immature’. It was absolutely wrong to use such demeaning word against the number one citizen of a nation. It was absolutely not necessary. We understand that it is the function of government to protect lives and properties of its citizens. When some of the citizens die in crisis or violence, this does not necessarily mean that the sanctity of human lives is reduced as it could be circumstantial. The comparison of the figures could only be seen in the light of data gathering on the number of deaths in Nigeria even though we understand how painful it is to see lives and properties been destroyed. Another malevolent communication used in the statement against the personality of the President is the question ‘Did the President leave his conscience in London with his UK doctors?’ For the fact that the President went abroad for medical treatment does not warrant such statement.

Governor Yari did not return to the state after the protest which led to the killing of many people (Daily Trust, 27/12/2018).

The above expression makes it look as if the governor deliberately did not return to the state after the protest. Meanwhile law and order can still be maintained even in the physical absence of the governor. Invariably, it could be deduced that the writer is accusing the governor of the killing of many people. It underscores the importance of security institutions in the state as having to revolve around the person of the governor alone.

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However, it is morose to say the Nigerian academic environment is the most corrupt institution we have in the country. It is more corrupt than Andrew Yakubu’s NNPC. It is more corrupt than the Nigerian Senate (Daily Trust, 14/9/2017).

The expression ‘the Nigerian academic environment is the most corrupt we have in the country’ is a serious allegation against the academic institutions in the country. It must be noted that the academic environment is a place where teaching and research takes place, where training in learning and character takes place and also a place for building future leaders. When the academic environment is seen as the most corrupt institution, it simply means there is no hope for the future. The statement also alleges corruption against the person of the former Group Managing Director of the NNPC and the Nigerian Senate which represents the legislature and the lawmakers of the country.

On the issue of corruption in Nigeria, a publication was written on the topic ‘Why I am Corrupt’ in the Punch newspaper of 18th September, 2018 on the reason for corruption thus:

I am corrupt because I am hungry. Because I need the food, the whole food and nothing but the food… A hungry man has no principles; morality is a luxury affordable to the well fed.

From the expression above, there is absolutely no reason for any one to be corrupt. Afterall, there is no food for a lazy person. In order for anyone to succeed in life, he must be hard working, creative, persistent and prayerful. Also, it is not true that morality is a luxury affordable to the well fed. If it was true, we need to ask why the well to do people are the ones mostly involved in corruption matters- those who are highly placed in offices, those who are well paid and those who do well in business (because they always want more). Everyone and anyone can be morally upright as well as corrupt. It is a choice of the course of life one chooses to follow.

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2nd Conference 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria)

The APC has said the PDP is a damaged product and cannot be trusted with power by Nigerians for not apologising for its 16 years of misrule (Punch, 14/11/2018).

The lexeme ‘damaged product’ as used does not portray anything positive. It is synonymous with the words harmed, injured or spoiled. Using it with the word ‘product’ makes it even worse, like it should be thrown into the garbage.

Hate speech originated from the current government, the unity govt that we run at the centre… Signing the hate speech bill into law is geared towards guarding the press, those who will draw attention, those who would have spoken about the deficiency of this government which is all open in the market. But they do not want people to speak against them, or shout about them, but we, Nigerians will refuse that kind of nonsensical legislation (Vanguard, 5/12/2018).

The above expression is an agitation against the signing of the hate speech bill into law which criminalises hate speech. From our definition, hate speech is the use of abusive or threatening speech on the basis of race, religion, ethnic origin, national origin, disability or sexual orientation and that predispose them to hostility, discrimination and acts of violence. The hate speech does not stop freedom of speech. It is only when the freedom of speech is abused that it leads to hate speech. Also, the lexeme ‘nonsensical’ used to qualify ‘legislation’ has as its synonyms the words- ridiculous, preposterous, laughable, idiotic or absurd. There was no need including the expression ‘nonsensical legislation’ in the statement. This is malevolent communication.

The APC government is not only grossly incompetent and corrupt, but also a champion in the use of lies and manipulations against innocent and unsuspecting citizens (Vanguard, 28/12/2017).

From the above expression, the words used can be considered malevolent. It includes labelling, stereotype and dissimulation especially with the expression ‘champion in the use of lies and manipulations against innocent and unsuspecting citizens.’

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… has accused the three Senators representing the state of working against a world bank loan request by the state government, saying that they are useless and ignorant… God will reward their wickedness against the masses, may God never bless them… But those ones that are cursed, if they comet to Kaduna, shave their heads and beard. They have shown that they are bastards, they have no origin… (Punch, 5/5/2018).

In the above statement, both malevolent and ambivalent communications are used. The statement tends to see governance like a do or die affair where if actions are not carried out as envisaged, then abusive languages, labelling and even curses can be used to compel the accomplishment of such actions. The lexeme ‘useless’ is so bad for use for individual personality especially for those currently holding a position voted by a majority of people. The use of ‘cursed’ and ‘bastards’ is very inappropriate to use on persons. It is a way of reducing governance to mere street talk and fight.

Infact, it is an insult to the word ‘corruption’ to use it to describe the destructive nature of our academic environment. If you are searching keenly for moral decadence mixed with high-level hypocrisy that stinks to high heaven, just walk into a Nigerian higher institution. Behold, you will find these descriptions in different colours, attires and forms (Daily Trust, 14/9/2017).

From the expression above, it is evident that the writer feels what is worse than corruption is what goes on in our higher institutions. The allegations are so grievous that one will begin to wonder if the higher institutions in Nigeria are actually for learning. The write went further to say that these descriptions are in different colours, attires and forms which signifies something that we might not understand. This is ambivalent communication.

Infact, the whole system is corrupt. Nobody knows who is corrupt in Nigeria. The only two set of people that are not corrupt in Nigeria are those who have no access to corruption

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2nd Conference 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria)

and those, who by their nature, will rather die than to be corrupt, but this constitutes less than point 00.1 percent of Nigerians (Daily Trust, 28/12/2018).

The expression ‘nobody knows who is corrupt in Nigeria’ is ambivalent communication. It is pointing accusing fingers to no one. The statement indirectly accuses majority of corruption with the expression ‘those who have no access to corruption. It simply means when they have the access to corruption, they will be corrupt. The less than 00.1 percent of those who will rather die than to be corrupt simply means that 99.99 percent of people in Nigeria are corrupt which is not a healthy information in the eyes of the international community.

…Nigeria’s general elections are more like battle royale. So, when we conduct elections, we actually go to war… Going forward, we must review our processes of conducting elections. What we have now is a very crazy situation where everybody works like a mad man (Vanguard, 8/3/2019).

The Editor’s expression above suggests that conducting election in Nigeria is a thing of war. Generally, war can be described as a contest between two or more states primarily through their armed forces; the ultimate purpose of each contestant/contesting group being to vanquish others and impose its own condition of peace. This totally negates democratic norms and principles the world over. The more people read editorials like this, the likely people continue to see elections in Nigeria as a matter of war. This is malevolent communication. This is capable of undermining election processes in the country and bringing a bad image to our democracy.

Barely 48 hours after the mass burial of 73 victims of the recent herdsmen attacks in Benue… has warned that more blood will be shed in the state if anti-grazing law introduced… is not completely scrapped (The Sun, 13/1/2018).

From the expression above, the fact that so many people were killed, there is still threat of bloodshed. The expressions as cited from the editorial can therefore be seen as a way of www.smrpi.com 15

2nd Conference 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) amplifying people’s anxiety about the situation considering the threat. It makes the country looks like a lawless place where lives don’t matter which erode the sanctity and dignity of human lives. The statement is capable of causing undue tensions among the citizenry. The statement is also demanding the scrapping of anti-grazing bill by threat to lives even after much live have been lost. This constitutes not only malevolent communication, but also hate speech.

…with the outcome of last Saturdays elections, Kwara is free from a choking and pauperising political hegemony of a self- imposed dynasty. He stressed that never again would the people of Kwara be treated like slaves in their own land. He advised that with the unprecedented victory, the state should declare February 23 of every year as the day of liberation for Kwara state (Daily Trust, 25/2/2019)

Certain words are used against the government of the state and against the people of the state. The words include ‘choking’, ‘pauperising’, ‘political hegemony’, ‘self-imposed dynasty. Another unwarranted statement is ‘treated like slaves in their own land’. The lexeme slavery is synonymous to the words bondage, servitude, subjugation serfdom, yoke etc and does not portray anything positive about the state. If the people see themselves in the light of these words, it could lead to agitations against the government and even crisis if not well managed.

5. CONCLUSION

There is no doubt that newspapers play a very vital and active role in sustainable democracy and good governance in Nigeria. The study reveals and advances the fact that newspapers adopt some malevolent (negative) communication in relation to certain truths about situations in the country. The truth can be subjective. Almost all we read on newspapers are the truth, but very few factual things. Everyone assembles a set of truth as it suits its purpose, and runs with it, neglecting all other truths especially those that may negate its assumed truth, or make for an objective assessment. In doing so, negative communications are used which are capable of creating tensions, hostilities, discriminations and acts of violence. www.smrpi.com 16

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For sustainable democracy and good governance to be achieved in Nigeria, newspaper practitioners should try to develop certain positive communication languages in their editorials and also advise their respondents to do likewise. Languages that include trust, truthfulness, empathy, objectiveness, respect, collaboration and love should be encouraged to continue to build our nation’s democracy. Editorials should try not to pick half-truths and run with them, and in combats with others perceived to be opponents, hurl them as missiles.

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6. REFERENCES Adejimola, A. S. 2009. Language and Communication in Conflict Resolution. Journal of Law and Conflict Resolution Vol. 1. No .1: pp. 001-009. https://www.academicjournals.org/jorunal/JLCR/article-full-text-pdf/EE4B4AB575. Retrieved 02/03/2019. Adeoye, G. & Isenyo, G. May 5, 2018. The Three Senators Representing Kaduna are Useless- el- Rufai. Punch. Retrieved March 8, 2019 from https://punchng.com/the-thre-senators- representing-kaduna-are-useless-el-rufai/ Ajayi, O. March 8, 2019. Going to War, a Reporter’s Diary of Nigeria’s 2019 Presidential Election. Vanguard. Retrieved March 9, 2019 from https://vanguardngr.com/2019/03/going-to-war-a- reporters-diary-of-nigerias-2019- presidential-election/ Akanji, T. A. Danjibo, N and Eselebor, W. A. 2011. Implications of Election Tribunals for Electoral Violence Prevention in Nigeria. Challenges of Democratic Governance in Nigeria. Eds. Akanji, T. A. Danjibo, N and Eselebor, W. A. Dugbe, Nigeria: John Achers Publishers: pp. 1-15. Akinwotu, E. Jan. 16, 2016. Why Nigerian Protesters Still March to Radio Biafra’s Explosive Beat. The Guardian. Retrieved March 3, 2019 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/15/nigerian-protesters-still-march-radio- biafra-beat Alkassim, B. 2017. Group Cautions Kanu Over Hate Speeches Against North. Daily Trust. Retrieved March 3, 2019 from www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/group-cautions-kanu- over-hate- speeches-against-north/210303.html. Atuma, U. Aug. 4, 2016. Every Nigerian is Corrupt- Governor Ajimobi. The Sun. Retrieved February 27, 2019 from https://www.sunnewsonline.com/every-nigerian-is-corrupt-gov- ajimobi/ Atuma, U. April 18, 2017. Fayose to Lai Mohammed: FG Protecting Looters in Government. Retrieved February 15, 2019 from https://www.sunnewsonline.com/fayose-to-lai- mohammed-fg-protecting-looters-in-government/ Atuma, U. Jan. 13, 2018. Expect More Bloodshed in Benue, Bosso, Miyetti Allah Leader Warns. The Sun. Retrieved February 15, 2019 from https://www.sunnewsonline.com/expect-more- bloodshed-in-benue-bosso-miyetti-allah-leader-warns/ Charles, J. Dec. 9, 2018. Buhari Hates Benue People. The Punch. Retrieved March 04, 2019 from https://punchng.com/buhari-hates-benue-people/ Chiluwa, I. 2015. Radicalist Discourse: A Study of Stances of Nigeria’s Boko Haram and Somalia’s Al Shabaab on Twitter. Journal of Multicultural Discourse 10(2): pp.214-235. ______. 2018. A Nation Divided Against Itself: Biafra and Conflicting Online Protest Discourse. Journal of Discourse and Communication 757778: pp.1-25.

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Daily Trust Newspaper, Feb. 25, 2019. Kwara is Free at Last- Lai Mohammed. Retrieved March 4, 2019 from https://dailytrust.com.ng/kwara-is-free-at-last-lai-mohammed.html

David, T. Nov. 18, 2018. Mbang Bombs Buhari: You’ve Failed in Insecurity, Corruption Fight. The Sun. Retrieved February 26, 2019 from https://www.sunnewsonline.com/mbang-bombs- buhari-youve-failed-in-insecurity-corruption-fight/ David, T. Jan. 21, 2019. Lai Mohammed Fires Missile, alleges Opposition Working With Boko Haram, Others. Retrieved February 17, 2019 from https://www.sunnewsonline.com/lai- mohammed-fires-missile-alleges-opposition-working-with-boko-haram-others/ Dubinskas, F. A. 1993. Culture and Conflict: The Cultural Roots of Discord. Local Radio: Community Education for Development. Ed. A. A. Moemeka. Zaria: ABU Press.

Ferreira, G. M. 2006. Communication in the Labour Relationship. Journal of Public Administration. Vol. 25, No. 3: pp. 273-286. https://citeseerx.jst.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.482.9611&rep=rep1&type=pd f. Retrieved 28/02/2019. Folarin, S. Jan. 10, 2019. We’re Clean, as all our Corrupt Leaders are now in the APC, says PDP. The Punch. Retrieved March 03, 2019 from https://punchng.com/were-clean-as-all-our- corrupt-leaders-are-now-in-apc-says-pdp/ Hancock, J. 1993. Communication Conflict. Organizational Change Redesign: Ideas and Insights for Improving Performance. Eds. G. P. Huber & W. H. Glick. New York: Oxford University Press. Chapter: p. 147. Ojo, F. Feb. 15, 2019. Tomorrow, Corruption is on the Ballot. The Punch. Retrieved March 04, 2019 from https://punchng.com/tomorrow-corruption-is-on-the-ballot/ Gales, T. 2010. Ideologies of Violence: A Corpus and Discourse Analysis Approach to Stance in Threatening Communication. Thesis. English, Arts. University of Carlifornia.vi + 101. Government must End ASUU Strike and Halt this Crime against Nigeria. Premium Times. October 26, 2013. Maslow, A. H. 1954. Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper and Row. p. ix Norman, H. W. 1980. So you are Getting Married: The Keys to Building Strong, Lasting Relationship. California: Regal Books Ltd. Nwagbara, U. and Brown, C. 2014. Communication and Conflict Management: Towards the Rhetoric of Integrative Communication for Sustainability in Nigeria’s Oil and Gas Industry. London: Greenwich School of Management pp. 15-23. https://www.upg- bulletin-se.to/archive/2014- 4/2.Nwagbara_Brown.pdf. Retrieved 17/02/2019

Meredith, M. 2006. The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence. London New York: FP Free Press. p. 485-489. www.smrpi.com 19

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ASUU Strike: Presidency Lied against ASUU. Premium Times. October 26, 2013. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/150783-presidency-lied-asuu-nasir- fagge.html. Retrieved 04/08/2016.

Jannah, C. Aug. 7, 2017. Biafra: Nnamdi Kanu Reveals those Behind Anambra Church Killings (VIDEO). Daily Post. Retrieved March 3, 2019 from http://dailypost.ng/2017/08/07/biafra- nnamdi-kanu-reveals-behind-anambra-church- killings-video/

Mehra, P. 2010. Communicating in a Crisis and the Role of a Business Leader: The Case of Jet Airways. Journal of Case Research Vol. II, No. 5. Pp.34-45 https://www.home.ximb.ac.in/~jcr/cases/case03-JetAirways-Dec2011.PDF. Retrieved 1/3/2019. Moemeka, A. A. 1996. Communication and Conflict in Organization: Revisiting the Basics. The Journal of Public Sector Management Vol. 28, No. 2: pp. 1-10. https://optimumonline.ca/pdf/28-2/communication.pdf. Retrieved 1/3/2019. Mukoro, A. S. 2013. Improving Industrial Harmony and Staff Performance in a School Organization through Effective Communication. International Journal of Scientific s Research in Education (IJSRE) Vol. 6, No. 3: pp. 263-270. Ogundele, K. Nov. 14, 2018. PDP is a Damaged Product, Spreading Fake News- APC. The Punch. Retrieved March 04, 2019 from https://punchng.com/pdp-is-a-damaged-product- spreading- fake-news-apc/ Okafor, P. Dec. 5, 2018. Hold FG Responsible for Hate Speech- LNC. Vanguard. Retrieved March 03, 2019 from https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/12/hold-fg-responsible-for-hate- speech- lnc/ Olarinoye, G & Ajayi, O. Sept. 29, 2016. Ajimobi Stops Funding of Tertiary Institutions in Oyo. Vanguard. Retrieved February 11, 2019 from https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/09/ajimobi-stops-funding-tertiary-institutions- oyo/amp/ Omolaoye, S. Sept. 14, 2017. Corruption: Hypocrisy of Nigerian Lecturers. Daily Trust. Retrieved Februaury 22, 2019 from https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/corruption-hypocrisy-of- nigerian- lecturers.html. Owuamanam, A. Nov. 30, 2018. Soldiers’ Killings: Declare Nigeria a Nation at War- Okorocha. Daily Trust. Retrieved on February 23, 2019 from https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/soldiers- killings-declare-nigeria-a-nation-at-war- okorocha.html. Reich, Z. Bentman, M. and Jackman, O. 1998. A Crisis Communication Guide for Public Organizations. https://www.crisiscommunication.le/guide_for_public_organizations.pdf. Retrieved 20/02/2019.

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Sogunro, A. Sept. 18, 2018. Why I am Corrupt. The Punch. Retrieved March 04, 2019 from https://punchng.com/why-i-am-corrupt/ Terzungwe, S. Dec. 27, 2018. Atiku to Buhari: You are the Problem not Nigerian System. Daily Trust. Retrieved February 28, 2019 from https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/atiku-to-buhari- you- are-the-problem-not-nigerian-system-2.html. Tony, I. July 2, 2018. The Killing Contest between Buhari and the PDP- Reno. Vanguard. Retrieved March 3, 2019 from https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/07/1014135/ Umar, S & Mudashir, I. Dec. 27, 2018. Killings persist in Zamfara as Yari Stays Away. Daily Trust. Retrieved February 20, 2019 from https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/killings-persist-in- zamfara- as-yari-stays-away.html. Yaba, M. Dec. 28, 2018. Corruption: We’re only Surviving Like Animals- Balarabe Musa. Daily Trust. Retrieved February 23, 2019 from https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/corruption-were- only-surviving-like-animals- balarabe-musa.html. Yakubu, D. Dec. 28, 2017. Fuel Crisis: PDP accuses FG of Monumental Fraud. Vanguard. Retrieved February 10, 2019 from https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/10/atiku-lai- mohammed-is- becoming-delusional-olafeso/ Yakubu, D. Oct. 21, 2018. Atiku: Lai Mohammed is becoming Delusional-Olafeso. Vanguard. Retrieved February 6, 2019 from https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/12/fuel-crisis-pdp- accuses-fg-monumental-fraud/

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