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SHAMDI RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION INTERNATIONAL Presents Academic Conference EXPLORING AFRICAN POTENTIALS: TOWARD SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE; A MULTI·DISCIPLINARY APPROACH 30TH MARCH, 2019 VENUE: ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIVERSITY BAUCH I, ' AUDITORIUM HALL YELWA CAMPUS, BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA Programme and Book of Abstracts of the 2nt Multi-Disciplinary Academic Conference on Exploring African Potentials: Toward Sustainable Democracy and Good Governance. A multi –Disciplinary Approach 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) Website: www.smrpi.com PROGRAMME AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS FOR THE SECOND EXPLORING AFRICAN POTENTIALS CONFERENCE THEME EXPLORING AFRICAN POTENTIALS: TOWARD SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE. A MULTI –DISCIPLINARY APPROACH SUB-THEME: . Pure & Applied Sciences . Environmental Technology . Social Sciences . Medical and Biosciences . Agriculture and Food Sciences . Languages & Linguistics . Management, Business and Entrepreneurship . Philosophy & Religion . Engineering, Technology, Creativity & Innovation . Education & Educational Research I Programme and Book of Abstracts of the 2nt Multi-Disciplinary Academic Conference on Exploring African Potentials: Toward Sustainable Democracy and Good Governance. A multi –Disciplinary Approach 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) Website: www.smrpi.com EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Editor- in Chief Prof. Mshelia Inuwa Bello Prof. Sabo Hamma Prof. Ahmad Jibrin Nayaya Department of Mathematical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, AbubakarTafawa Balewa University, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi Bauchi Prof. Ejitayo Lasisi Kazeem Dr. Ijebor John Azohor Department of Mathematical Sciences, Department of Science Laboratory Tech. Federal AbubakarTafawa Balewa University, Polytechnic, Bauchi Bauchi Dr. Sani Jibir Dukku Dr. A.G. Jibrin Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Department of Science Education, Abubakar Tafawa Faculty of Environmental Technology, Abubakar Balewa University, Bauchi Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi Dr. Bala Wuro Shua’aibu Dr. Oluwole Falode Department of Technical Education, Abubakar Tafawa Department of Educational Technology, Federal Balewa University, Bauchi University of Technology, Minna Dr. Mama Benjamin Okwudili Dr. Dorothy Adimora Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Educational Foundation, University of University of Nigeria, Nsukka Nigeria, Nsukka Dr. Ibrahim Hassan Dr. Joseph Abah Apeh Department of Building, Department of Building, Federal University of Technology, Minna Federal University of Technology, Minna Dr. Joseph Chukwuma Dr. Mahmoud Ibrahim Department of Philosophy, niversity Department of Accounting, of Nigeria, Nsukka Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Bauchi State University, Gadau Dr. A. D. Egbunu Dr. Kabiru Magaji Hamid Faculty of Social Sciences, International Department of Immunology, School of Medical University Bamenda, Cameroon Laboratory Science, Usman Danfodio University, Sokoto Dr. Haruna Adamu Dr. Gideon Onuoha Department of Environmental Management Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal Technology, A.T.B.U., Bauchi Polytechnic, Bauchi Engr. (Dr.) Aliyu Muh’d Gadam Dr. Musa Yusuf Yahaya Department of Electrical and Electronics, Department of Political Science, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi Bauchi State University, Gadau Dr. Kabiru Suleiman Dr. Ibrahim Usman Aikawa Biological Science Department, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Collage of Art, Science & Remidial Studies, Kano Kano State Polytechnic II Programme and Book of Abstracts of the 2nt Multi-Disciplinary Academic Conference on Exploring African Potentials: Toward Sustainable Democracy and Good Governance. A multi –Disciplinary Approach 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) Website: www.smrpi.com Dr. Idris Katun Dr. AShiru Muhammad Sharada Department of Building Environment, Federal Department of Adult Education and Polytechnic, Bauchi Community Services, Bayero University, Kano Dr. Aminu Muhammad Dr. Almajir, Tijjani Shehu Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Department of Linguistics and Foreign Bayero University, Kano Languages, Bayero University, Kano Engr. (Dr.) Amos Heman Gbalapun Dr. Ibrahim Abba Department of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronics, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi Kano State Polytechnic Dr. Adamu Alkali Dr. I. U. Salihi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Kano State Polytechnic Bayero University, Kano Dr. Muhammad Safiyyu Abdulkadir Dr. Y. S. Haruna Department of Languages, University Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, of Kashere, Gombe State A.T.B.U. Dr. Yahuza Ibrahim Dr. Chrisostom Oketch Department of Automotive, Engineering, Department of Political and Administrative AbubakarTafawa Balewa University, Bauchi Studies, Kaampala International University, U ganda Dr. Muhammad Rabi’u Tahir Dr. Saeed Isa Ahmed Department of African Languages Department of Chemical and Culture, Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi Dr. Ali Abdulkadir Waziri Mal. Abubakar Muhammad Faculty of law, Department of Computer Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi (NSUK), Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi Nasarawa State Mrs. Maryam Idris Muhammad Bldr. Ibrahim Yakubu Ebenehi Department of Science Laboratory Tech. Department of Building Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi Mal. Bello Madaki Beli Usman Bappah Darazo Department of General Studies, Department of Mass Communication, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi III Programme and Book of Abstracts of the 2nt Multi-Disciplinary Academic Conference on Exploring African Potentials: Toward Sustainable Democracy and Good Governance. A multi –Disciplinary Approach 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) Website: www.smrpi.com CONFERENCE LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE Prof. Sabo Hamma Chairman LOC Department of Mathematical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi Prof. Ahmad Jibrin Deputy Chairman LOC Department of Biological Sciences, Abubakar Nayaya Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi Dr. Mahmoud Ibrahim Secretary LOC Dept. Accounting, Faculty of Social & Mgt. Sciences, Bauchi State Univeristy, Gadau Auwal Dauda Conference Managing Editor/ Research Department, SHAMDI Research and Protocol officer Publication International Fatima Ahmad Welfare officer Computer Science Department, Federal Polytechnic, Abubakar Bauchi Nuhu Ibrahim Mailafia Procurement/ Marketing Community Secondary School, Oruma, Bayelsa State officer Atika Jibrin Ahmad Accounting officer Computer Science Department, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi IV Programme and Book of Abstracts of the 2nt Multi-Disciplinary Academic Conference on Exploring African Potentials: Toward Sustainable Democracy and Good Governance. A multi –Disciplinary Approach 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) Website: www.smrpi.com SPONSORSHIP All Authors sponsor themselves. V Programme and Book of Abstracts of the 2nt Multi-Disciplinary Academic Conference on Exploring African Potentials: Toward Sustainable Democracy and Good Governance. A multi –Disciplinary Approach 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) Website: www.smrpi.com SATURDAY 30TH MARCH, 2019 AUDITORIUM HALL YELWA CAMPUS, ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIVERSITY, BAUCHI (NIGERIA) Time Activities 9:00 -10:00am Registration 9:45 -10:00am Arrival of Guests 10:00am – 10:15am Introduction of Distinguished by The Master of the Ceremony 10:20am- 10:25am Opening prayer 10:25am -10:30am National Anthem 10:30am -11:00am Keynote Address 11:00am – 11:30am Lead Paper presentation 11:31am -01:00pm Plenary Session/Paper presentation 01:00pm -01:35pm Break 01:35pm -01:57pm Reports 03:00pm – 03:15pm Vote of thanks by Secretary LOC 03:53pm – 04:30pm Closing Remark/ National Anthem 04: 31pm – 05:00pm Group Photograph VI Programme and Book of Abstracts of the 2nt Multi-Disciplinary Academic Conference on Exploring African Potentials: Toward Sustainable Democracy and Good Governance. A multi –Disciplinary Approach 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) Website: www.smrpi.com CONTENTS S/N Contents Pages 1 Title page I 2 Editorial Board Members II - III 3 Conference local organizing committee IV 4 Sponsorship V 5 Programme of Activities VI 6 Contents VII 7 Abstracts 01-18 VII Book of Abstracst of the 2nd Multi Disciplinary Academic Conference on Exploring African Potentials: Toward Sustainable Democracy and Good Governance. A multi –Disciplinary Approach 30th March, 2019. Venue: Auditorium Hall Yelwa Campus, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Nigeria) 001 DETERMINATION OF PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SAFETY MEASURES AGAINST BOMB BLASTS IN KADO MARKET IN ABUJA: AN AVENUE TO IMPROVE SECURITY IN THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY OF NIGERIA Odaudu, Ugbede Sunday1 Abdullahi, Muhammad Usman 2 Department of Architecture, Kano Department of Architecture, Kano University of Science and University of Science and Technology, Technology, P.M.B. 3244 Wudil, P.M.B. 3244 Wudil, Nigeria Nigeria [email protected] +234 8064069154 +2348076909686 ABSTRACT