Index

Abramis brama...... 42, 53 Ancylocoelium israelense ...... 277 Abudefduf vaigiensis...... 263 Ancyrocephalus atherinae...... 277 Abu Jafar al Mansur ...... 212, 214 Angiola punctostriata ...... 257 Acabaria erythrea...... 254 Anguilla anguilla...... 35, 54 Acanthophora spicifera ...... 166 Anguillicola crassus ...... 63, 68, 80 Acar plicata ...... 260 Anguinella palmata ...... 169, 182, 187, 188 Acartia tonsa ...... 64, 69, 79 Angulus flacca...... 261 Acetabularia calyculus...... 253 Antigona lamellaris ...... 261 Acteocina crithodes ...... 259 Antithamnionella ternifolia ...... 62 Acteocina mucronata...... 259 Aphanius dispar...... 272 Acipenser...... 51, 52, 65, 68 Aphelochaeta marioni ...... 64 Adocia cinerea...... 170 Aplidium nordmanni...... 62 Adolf I of Holstein ...... 13 Apogon nigripinnis...... 269 Adriatic Sea ...... 243, 265, 266, 275 Apogon pharaonis ...... 263 Aedes aegypti...... 105, 107 Aponurus lagunculus...... 277 Aegean Sea...... 267, 275, 287 Aquarium releases ...... 59, 166, 174, 191-193 Afrocardium richardi ...... 261 Arab-Israeli War...... 220 Aglaothamnion halliae ...... 62 Argyrosomus regius...... 275 Alaria esculenta...... 62 Arnaud de Pomponne ...... 213 Alburnus alburnus ...... 53 Asajirella gelatinosa ...... 193, 194 Alepes djedaba ...... 263, 267, 277, 282, 286, 288 Ascophyllum nodosum...... 62 Alexandre La Valley ...... 109 Ashtoret lunaris...... 255 Alexandria ...... 208, 215-217, 225, 239, 268, 274, Asterina burtoni...... 262, 271 275, 282-284 Asterina gibbosa...... 272 Alexandrium minutum ...... 62, 80 Astyanax aeneus ...... 195, 196, 198 Alexania floridana...... 156, 167, 173, 185 Aswan Dam...225, 226, 229, 230, 241, 244-246,284 Alpheus audouini ...... 255, 274 Atactodea glabrata...... 261 Alpheus inopinatus ...... 255, 266, 274 Atergatis roseus...... 256 Alpheus migrans...... 255 Atherinella chagresi ...... 195, 197, 198 Alpheus rapacida...... 255 Atherinomorus lacunosus...... 236, 262, 269, 277 Alster ...... 12 Atlantic-Pacific Interoceanic Canal Study Alster-Beste-Kanal ...... 12 Commission...... 159 Alster-Trave-Kanal...... 12 Atrato River...... 92 Aly Bey Shafei ...... 211 Atyaephyra desmarestii ...... 65 American Mud-minnow ...... 58 Atys cylindricus ...... 259 Amnis Trajanus ...... 212, 214 Audouin, V...... 233 Amphibalanus (=Balanus) improvisus 48, 64, 67, 79 Bacteria...... 45, 49, 123 Amphibalanus (=Balanus) amphitrite .. 168, 175, Baench...... 15 178, 185, 187 Balantidium sigani ...... 277 Amphibalanus (=Balanus) eburneus ..... 168, 179, Balanus calidus ...... 168, 179 187 Balanus trigonus ...... 169, 175, 179, 185, 187 Amphibalanus (=Balanus) reticulatus.. 168, 175, Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de ...... 96 178, 185, 187 Ballast 1, 2, 10, 11, 22, 61, 67, 71,114-120, 123-125, Amr ibn-al-Asi ...... 212 142,145-148, 150-153, 155-160, 163, 166, 170- Anadara natalensis...... 260 174,177, 179, 180-184, 188-194, 198, 221, 225, Anchoa parva ...... 163, 164, 197 266 Ancistrus chagresi ...... 195, 197 Bankia cieba...... 168, 179, 185

307 308 Index

Bankia destructa...... 168, 179, 185 Caulerpa scalpelliformis ...... 253 Bankia fimbriatula...... 168, 179, 185 Cellana rota...... 256, 273 Bankia zeteki ...... 190 Central American isthmus, closure of ..91-93, 96, Barbulifer ceuthoecus...... 170, 183, 185 127, 135, 142, 150, 199 Bardawil ...... 272 Centroceras clavulatum...... 166 Barfod, H...... 42 Centropomus parallelus ...... 197 Bavay, A...... 236, 268, 273, 274 Ceratomyxa sp...... 277 Bemlos leptocheirus ...... 256 Ceratonereis mirabillis...... 254 Berthier...... 213 Cercopagis pengoi...... 64, 73, 74, 80 Beste...... 12 Cerithium columna...... 257 Bimeria fransiciana...... 63, 72 Cerithium egenum ...... 257 Bismarck, Otto von...... 14, 15, 37 Cerithium lividulum...... 274 Bitter Lakes ..... 4, 208, 209, 211, 213-215, 224- Cerithium nesioticum ...... 257 228, 231, 232, 234, 236-238, 240, 243, 286 Cerithium scabridum...... 257, 266, 267, 269, 274 Blackfordia virginica...... 167, 171, 188 Cerithium vulgatum...... 274 Bleak...... 50, 53 Cerithopsis pulvis...... 257 Boccardiella ligerica...... 167, 172, 188 Cerithopsis tenthrenois...... 257 Boden ...... 15 Ceritidium diplax...... 257 Bolivar Trough ...... 92 Chaetogammarus ischnus...... 65 Bonnemaisonia hamifera...... 62 Chagres River...... 96-98, 107, 129, 194-196, 198, Boops boops ...... 275 219 Botrycladia madagascariensis ...... 253 Chama gryphoides...... 274 Botrylloides perspicuum...... 175, 183, 187 Chama pacifica ...... 260, 268, 274 Botryllus schlosseri ...... 169, 183, 187, 188 Chara connivens...... 62 Bourdalou ...... 215 Charles I of Spain...... 96 Brachidontes pharaonis...... 260, 266, 273 Charybdis hellerii...... 256, 266, 267 Branchiomma boholense ...... 254 Charybdis longicollis ..... 250, 251, 256, 268, 279 Branchiomma luctuosum...... 254 Chattonella cf. verruculosa...... 62 Brandt, K...... 41 Chelicorophium curvispinum ...... 65, 69, 79 Bream ...... 42, 50, 52 Chelidonura fulvipunctata...... 259 Brunsbüttel ... .6, 7, 22, 23, 27-30, 32, 34, 35, 40, Chelophyes appendiculata ...... 167, 171, 185 41, 43, 48, 51, 53, 54, 60, 61, 67 Chelophyes contorta...... 171, 174, 185 Brycon chagrensis ...... 195, 197, 198 Chilomycterus spilostylus...... 264 Brycon petrosus...... 195, 197 Chinese mitten crab...... see Eriocheir sinensis Bucephalus labracis ...... 278 Chiton hululensis...... 261 Bugula stolonifera ...... 169, 182, 186, 187 Cholera ...... 18, 105 Bulla ampula ...... 259 Chondria collinsiana ...... 253 Butis koilomatodon...... 155, 189 Chondrilla nucula ...... 170 Chondria pygmaea ...... 253 Caffarelli...... 213 Chrisomon israelensis ...... 277 Cairo...... 212-215, 225, 237, 282 Christian II...... 13 Calappa hepatica ...... 255 Christian VII...... 13 Caledonian Canal ...... 97 Chromodoris quadricolor...... 259 Callinectes exasperatus...... 169, 180, 185, 186 Chrysallida fischeri ...... 258 Callinectes sapidus...... 65 Chrysallida maiae ...... 249, 258 Callionymus filamentosus...... 264, 274, 277 Chrysallida pirintella ...... 258 Callista florida ...... 261 Chthamalus proteus...... 169, 179, 187, 188 Caloria indica...... 259 Cingulina isseli...... 258 Cambridge Expedition to the Suez Canal..... 236, Circenita callipyga...... 261 238, 240 Cladophora glomerata ...... 47, 49 Cantharus tranquebaricus...... 258 Cladophora montagneana...... 166 Carassius auratus...... 58, 65, 144 Cladophoropsis javanica ...... 253 Carp ...... see Cyprinus carpio Clathria prolifera ...... 166, 171, 188 Carter, Henry Rose ...... 105 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty...... 102 Carupa tenuipes ...... 256 Clementia papyracea...... 261 Cassiopea andromeda ...... 236, 253 Clinton, De Witt ...... 97 Caulerpa mexicana ...... 253 Clupea harengus ...... 54 Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii f. requienii Clypeomorus bifasciatus ...... 257 ...... 253 Cnemidocarpa irene...... 175, 183, 187 Index 309

Cod ...... 35, 42 Eastern Mediterranean Transient...... 265 Codium fragile tomentosoides...... 62, 147 Echinolittorina ziczac...... 167, 173, 185 Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique Eckernförde ...... 15, 55, 70 de Panama ...... 100, 219 Ectenurus lepidus ...... 277 Conus fumigatus...... 258 Eel ...... see Anguilla anguilla Conus mus ...... 167, 173, 185 Ehrenberg ...... 233 Coral reefs ...... 134 Eider ...... 9-11, 13, 14, 17-19, 28, 29, 51 Corbicula fluminalis...... 64 Eiderkanal...... 13, 14, 17, 28 Cordylophora caspia.... 63, 67, 79, 156, 191, 193 El Ballah sabkha...... 211, 215, 221, 226, 231 Coregonus albula ...... 53 Elamenopsis kempi...... 192, 193 Corethron criophilum...... 62 Elasmopus pectenicrus...... 256 Corophium insidiosum ...... 48 Elbe ...... 5, 13, 15, 19, 29, 48 Corophium lacustre...... 49 Elbe-Lübeck-Kanal ...... 12 Corophium multisetosum...... 48, 65 Electra bengalensis ...... 182, 189 Corophium sextonae...... 65 Electra monostachys...... 169, 182, 186, 187 Coryogalops ochetica...... 264 Electroma sp...... 174, 187 Coscinodiscus wailesii...... 48, 62 Eleotris picta ...... 194-196, 198 Crassostrea angulata ...... 64 Eleotris pisonis...... 194, 195, 197 Crassostrea gigas...... 64, 75, 181 Elminius modestus...... 64, 180 Crassostrea virginica ...... 64, 171 Elodea canadensis...... 62, 68 Crenidens crenidens ...... 263, 277 El-Raswah Canal ...... 229, 244 Crepidula fornicata ...... 63 Elysia grandifolia...... 259 Cryptocaryon irritans...... 278 Elysia tomentosa ...... 259 Culebra Cut...... 99, 107-109, 127, 194, 219 Enfantin ...... 215, 217 Cullen, Edward...... 98 Engina mendicarla ...... 258 Cycloscala hyalina ...... 258 Ensis americanus...... 64 Cylichnina girardi ...... 259 Entamoeba sp...... 277 Cynoglossus sinussarabici...... 264 Epinephelus coiodes...... 243, 263 Cyphocharax magdalenae...... 196 Epinephelus malabaricus ...... 263 Cyprinus carpio...... 35, 65 Ergalatax contracta...... 247, 258 Ergalatax obscura ...... 258 Dahlström, Hermann ...... 15 Erie Canal...... 96 Daira perlata...... 256 Eriocheir sinensis...... 65, 69, 75, 76, 79 Damietta ...... 228, 233, 284 Erosaria turdus ...... 257 Darius, Dareius...... 207, 208, 209, 211 Erugosquilla massavensis ...... 250, 256, 275, 282 Dasya baillouviana...... 62 Erythrean . 207, 234, 237-243, 245-252, 265-286, Delvenau...... 12 288, 289 Dendrodoris fumata ...... 259 Esox lucius...... 53 Dendrostrea frons...... 260 Etrumeus teres...... 262 Derbesia boergesenii ...... 253 Eucinostomus californiensis...... 196 Devaleraea ramentacea...... 62 Eucrate crenata...... 256, 266, 268 Deversoir ...... 221 Eunice cf. indica...... 254 de Volney, Comte...... 213 Eurypanopeus dissimilis...... 169, 180, 185, 186 Diala varia ...... 257 Diodora funiculata ...... 256 Févre...... 214 Diodora ruppellii...... 256 Fibrocapsa japonica...... 62 Diodorus of Sicily ...... 208 Ficopomatus enigmaticus...... 64, 70, 79 Diphtherostomum israelense...... 277 Finella pupoides...... 257 Diplodonta bogii...... 260 Finlay, Carlos ...... 105 Diplosoma virens...... 175, 183, 187 Fischer, P...... 233, 234 Discordis liliacina ...... 259 Fisheries .... 42, 53, 237, 245, 246, 252, 274, 281, Divalinga arabica...... 260 283, 284, 286, 288 Dolphin...... 60 Fissiparity...... 272 Dorippe quadridens...... 255 Fistularia commersonii ...... 262, 266, 267 Dormitator maculatus ...... 195-197 Fistulobalanus pallidus ...... 131, 169, 179 Dosinia erythraea...... 261 Flabellina rubrolineata ...... 259 Dreissena polymorpha ...... 64, 67, 75, 80, 147 Flemhuder Lake...... 7, 8, 13 Dussumieria elopsoides...... 245, 262, 281, 285 Flounder ...... 35, 42, 54 Dysentery...... 105 Forsskål, P...... 233, 275 310 Index

Fouling 43, 68, 70, 75, 138, 143, 144, 147, 148, Halophila stipulacea ...... 253 150-159, 162, 163, 165, 166, 170-174, 176, 177, Haminoea cyanomarginata ...... 259 179-184, 188, 190-193, 223, 224, 238, 251, Hay, John...... 102 266 Hemigrapsus penicillatus ...... 72 Fourier ...... 214 Hemigrapsus sanguineus...... 175, 181, 188 Fox.. 223, 228, 229, 237, 238, 240, 244, 251, 282 Hemiramphus far...... 243, 262, 265, 266 Friedrich I...... 12 Hemiurus appendiculatus...... 278 Fuchs, Th...... 236, 267 Heniochus intermedius...... 263 Fülscher, Johann...... 17 Hemprich...... 233 Fulvia australis...... 261 Herklotsichthys punctatus ...... 262, 281, 287 Fulvia fragilis...... 261, 266 Herodotus ...... 207, 208 Fusinus marmoratus...... 285 Herring ...... 35, 42, 50-52, 54-58 Fusinus verrucosus...... 258 Heteropanope laevis...... 256 Heterosaccus dollfusi ...... 256, 279 Gafrarium pectinatum ...... 261, 268, 285 Hiatula ruppelliana ...... 261 Gamboa Retention Dam ...... 109 Himantura uarnak ...... 262 Gammaropsis togoensis ...... 256 Hinemoa cilindrica...... 258 Gammarus daiberi...... 169, 180, 188 Hinkelmann, A...... 42, 50 Gammarus tigrinus...... 65, 70, 71, 79 Hippocampus fuscus...... 262 Gastrochaena cymbium...... 261 Hohenlohe ...... 24 Gatun Lake .... 109, 127, 128, 130, 132, 143, 147, Holtenau ...... 7, 16, 27-32, 34, 40, 41, 43 152, 160, 163, 164, 191-198 Humboldt, Alexander von ...... 96 Gatun Locks .. 127, 128, 153, 155, 156, 163, 164, Hyastenus hilgendorfi...... 256 175, 183, 190, 191, 193 Hydrilla verticillata...... 192, 194 Geminate pairs...... see Sibling species Hydroides alateralis...... 167, 172 Genitocotyle atlantica ...... 277 Hydroides cf. brachyacanthus...... 254 Geodia gibberosa ...... 166, 170, 185 Hydroides gairacensis...... 167, 172 Gerris cinereus...... 196 Hydroides heteroceros ...... 254 Gibborissoa virgata...... 257 Hydroides homoceros...... 254 Giesbrecht, W...... 236 Hydroides minax ...... 254 Global warming...... 288 Hydroides operculatus ...... 254 Glycymeris arabicus...... 260 Hydroides sanctaecrucis ...... 167, 172 Gnathia sp...... 277, 278 Hyotissa hyotis ...... 174, 177, 187 Gnathodon speciosus...... 175, 184 Hypleurochilus aequipinnis...... 170, 183, 185, Gobiomorus dormitor...... 197 186 Gobiomorus maculatus...... 195, 196, 198 Hypnea cornuta ...... 253 Gobiosoma hildebrandi...... 154, 190, 191 Hypnea valentia ...... 253 Gobiosoma homochroma...... 154, 190, 191 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ...... 65 Gobiosoma nudum...... 131, 154, 176, 183-185 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis ...... 65 Goethals, George Washington...... 108 Hyporhamphus affinis ...... 262 Goniopsis cruentata ...... 169, 181, 185, 186 Hypselodoris infucata...... 259 Gorgas, William ...... 105 Hysterolecitha sigani...... 278 Grant, Ulysses S...... 98 Gruvel, A...... 224, 237, 239, 240, 275, 281, 282 Ictalurus nebulosus ...... 65, 68 Guavina micropus ...... 190, 191 Idotea metallica...... 65 Gulf of Suez.... 209, 213, 225, 227, 230, 231, 234 Imparales panamensis...... 196 Gymnodinium aureolum ...... 62 Interoceanic Canal Commission...... 98 Gymnodinium catenatum...... 62 Iolaea neofelixoides...... 258 Iskenderun ...... 247, 267, 268, 282, 283, 287 Haifa Bay...... 244, 267, 268, 273 Ismail...... 218 Haithabu ...... 8-11 Ismailia...... 218, 219, 229, 230, 236, 272 Halichondria bowerbanki...... 166, 171, 188 Isthmian Canal Commission ...... 103, 107 Halichondria panicea...... 170 Ixa monodi...... 255, 268 Haliclona coerulescens ...... 167, 170, 185 Haliclona loosanoffi...... 167, 171, 188 Jaffa ...... 249, 267 Haliclona permollis...... 156, 170 Halimede tyche...... 256 Kabret...... 221, 231 Haliotis postulata ...... 256 Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal ...... 24 Halodule wrightii ...... 170 Keller, G...... 93, 228, 234, 235 Index 311

Kiel Canal...... (chapter starts on page) 5 Leptophilypnus fluviatilis ...... 195, 197 Bridges over ...... 30-32, 48 Lesseps, Charles de ...... 100 Cargo shipped through ...... 32, 36-38 Lesseps, Ferdinand de ...... 98-100, 215-219, 228, Construction ...... 16-22 232, 235 Costs of...... 18, 33, 35 Leucontina cfr. eva...... 259 Currents in...... 55, 56, 68, 69 Leucosia signata...... 255 Death of workers ...... 18 Leucotina natalensis...... 258 Depth ...... 15, 28, 29, 45 Lienardia mighelsi...... 257 Early proposals...... 8-16 Limon Bay...... 96, 109, 127, 133, 155, 163, 179, Excavation...... 17-20 183, 184, 188 Length...... 2, 28 Limopsis multistriata...... 260 Locks .. 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 39, 40, 47, 48, 50, Limulus polyphemus...... 64 51, 54-56, 61, 76, 78 Linant de Bellefonds ...... 211, 215, 217 Military value ...... 14 Linopherus acarunculata ...... 254 Navigational benefits...... 3, 36 Lithoglyphus naticoides...... 64 Organism transport mechnism.. 41-47, 78-81 Littoraria angulifera ...... 168, 173, 185 Passing bay...... 6, 30 Liza carinata ...... 263 Salinity ...... 2, 39-41 López de Gómara, Francisco...... 96 Shipping through ...... 2, 36, 37, 38, 69, 76 Lophocladia lallemandii ...... 253 Species migrating through.42, 53, 55, 61-72, Lophogobius cyprinoides ...... 154, 162-164, 166, 78-80 185, 186 Temperature ...... 38 Louis XIV...... 212 Transit time ...... 3, 37 Lübeck...... 9-12 Kiel Fjord ... 5, 13, 19, 34, 35, 40, 43, 44, 48, 49, Lucifer hanseni...... 255 50, 57, 68, 71, 76 Lupinoblennius dispar... 155, 163, 164, 166, 185, Krauss, W...... 228 186 Krukenberg, Friedrich ...... 228, 236 Lutjanus aregentimaculatus ...... 263 Lyrodus medilobatus ...... 174, 178, 187 Lagocephalus sceleratus ...... 264 Lysidice collaris ...... 254 Lagocephalus spadiceus...... 264, 269 Lagocephalus suezensis ...... 264 MacAndrew, R...... 234 Lake Menzaleh .. 214, 215, 226, 229, 233, 243, 244 Macroalgae...... see Seaweed Lake Timsah.. 209, 211, 212, 215, 221, 224, 225, Macrophthalmus graffei...... 256, 268 229, 231, 237, 272 Mactra lilacea ...... 261 Lamellodiscus elegans...... 277 Mactra olorina ...... 261 Lampedusa...... 266, 267 Mactrinula tryphera ...... 247 Lampetra fluviatilis ...... 42, 51 Maeotias marginata ...... 167, 171, 188 Laplace ...... 214 Magnus II ...... 12 Laternula anatina...... 261, 268 Mahan, Alfred Thayer ...... 100 Le Père, J.M...... 213, 215 Mahmoudieh Canal ...... 215 Leander paulensis...... 169, 180, 185 Malaria ...... 105 Lebanon...... 251, 267, 268, 272, 276, 278, 286 Malvufundus regulus ...... 260, 267 Lecithochirium haifense ...... 277 Mangrove, Red...... see Rhizophora mangle Lecithochirium magnicaudatum...... 277 Marenzelleria viridis ...... 64, 80, 167, 172, 188 Lecithocladium excisum ...... 277 Marenzelleria wireni ...... 64 Leibnitz...... 212 Marsupenaeus japonicus..... 250, 251, 255, 274, Leiognathus klunzingeri . 243, 263, 265, 266, 287 282, 284 Lensia challengeri ...... 171, 174, 187 Martens, E...... 234, 236 Leonnates decipiens ...... 254 Martesia cuneiformis...... 168, 177, 185 Leonnates indicus...... 254 McKinley, William...... 100 Leonnates persicus ...... 254 Megalops atlanticus ...... 154, 160, 164, 196, 197 Lepas anatifera...... 65 Mehemet Ali...... 212, 215 Lepas fascicularis...... 65 Melibe viridis...... 259 Lepidonotus tenuisetosus...... 254 Melicertus hathor ...... 255, 268 Lépinay, Godin de ...... 99 Melicertus kerathurus...... 274 Lepomis gibbosus ...... 59, 66, 68 Membranipora annae...... 169, 182, 187 Leptocheirus pilosus...... 49 Membranipora savartii...... 182 Leptochela aculeocaudata...... 255 Merluccius merluccius ...... 275, 283 Leptochela pugnax ...... 255, 268 Mersin...... 247, 265, 267, 284, 287 312 Index

Metapenaeopsis aegyptia ...... 255 Nodularia spumigena ...... 62 Metapenaeopsis consobrina ...... 255 Nord-Ostsee-Kanal...... see Kiel Canal Metapenaeus monoceros ...... 255, 266, 274, Nosema ceratomyxae...... 277 284 Notomastus mossambicus...... 254 Metapenaeus stebbingi ...... 255 Notopus dorsipes...... 255 Metasychis gotoi...... 254 Metaxia bacillium...... 257 Octomitus sp...... 277 Micippa thalia ...... 256 Octopus aegina...... 261 Microciona atrasanguinea ...... 167, 170, 187 Octopus cyaneus...... 261 Microphthalmus similes...... 64 Odontella sinensis ...... 62, 69, 79 Mimaut ...... 215 Odostomia lorioli ...... 258 Miraflores Lake ..... 127, 130, 146, 186, 190, 191, Oenone cf. fulgida ...... 254 194, 195, 197 Ogyrides mjobergi...... 249, 255 Miraflores Locks ... 127, 129, 130, 132, 153, 155, Oil pollution ...... 225, 240 160, 163, 165, 179, 181, 186, 190-192, 196- Omobranchus punctatus...... 154, 188, 189, 264 198 Oncorhynchus mykiss...... 35, 58, 66 Miraflores Third Lock Lagoon...... 132-133, 154- Oostethus lineatus ...... 163-165, 197, 198 156, 162-164, 166, 169, 170, 180, 184, 190, Opechona polonii ...... 277 191, 195, 197, 198 Ophiactis parva...... 262 Modiolus auriculatus...... 260 Ophiactis savignyi ...... 262 Moltke, Helmut Karl Bernhard von...... 14 Orchestia cavimana...... 65 Monilicaecum ventricosum...... 277 Orconectes limosus ...... 65 Monishia ochetica ...... 282 Ortholinea sp...... 277 Monotygma lauta...... 258 Oscarella lobularis...... 170 Mougel Bey ...... 215 Oscilla jocosa...... 258 Mt. Pelée...... 103, 104 Osmerus eperlanus...... 53 Muggiaea atlantica...... 63, 171, 174, 185 Ostrea palmula...... 132 Muggiaea kochi ...... 167, 171, 185 Oxynoe viridis ...... 259 Mugil cephalus ...... 226 Oxyurichthys petersi...... 264 Mullus barbatus...... 242, 275, 283 Muraenesox cinereus...... 262 Padina boergesenii ...... 253 Murchisonella columna...... 258 Padina boryana ...... 253 Murex forskoehli...... 224, 258 Pagellus erythrinus ...... 283 Musculista perfragilis...... 260 Palaemon longirostris ...... 65 Musculista senhousia ...... 260 Palaemon pandaliformis ...... 194, 195 Mya arenaria...... 9-11, 64, 66, 80 Palaemonella rotumana ...... 255 Myra subgranulata...... 256 Palaemonetes schmitti...... 190 Mytilaster minimus...... 273 Palinurus ornatus...... 255 Mytilopsis (=Congeria) leucophaeta...... 64, 72 Palmadusta lentiginosa ...... 257 Mytilopsis sallei...... 132, 156, 168, 176 Panama Canal...... (chapters start on page) 91 Ballast water transport.... 115-120, 143, 145- Napoleon ...... 213-215, 233 148, 150-153, 156, 158-160, 163, 166- Nares, G.S...... 227 185, 190, 191, 193-195, 201 Nassarius obvelatus...... 258 Bridges over ...... 128 Nasser plan ...... 220, 241 Colombia´s role in...... 98, 99, 104 Natica gualteriana...... 258 Construction, American phase ...... 105 Neanthes willeyi ...... 254 Construction, French phase ...... 98-100, 105 Necho, Necos ...... 207, 208, 211 Cost of ...... 103-105, 109-110 Negrelli...... 215, 217 Cargo shipped through ... 114, 115, 117, 118, Nemopsis bachei...... 63 120, 121, 123 Neogobius melanostomus ...... 66, 73, 74 Currents in...... 133 Neptune’s Staircase...... 97 Deaths of workers...... 100, 105-107 Nereis gilchristi ...... 254 Depth...... 132, 134, 146 Nereis persica...... 254 Early proposals...... 96-98 Nereis virens...... 64, 80 Excavation...... 100, 108-110 Nerita sanguinolenta ...... 257 Freshwater barrier .. 122, 143, 148, 150, 152, Nile. 207-209, 211-215, 227-229, 231, 241, 243- 158 246, 284, 293, 296-298 Freshwater use in locks ...... 129, 130, 133 Index 313

Length...... 2, 127 Pista unibranchiata ...... 254 Locks ...97, 98, 109, 127-132, 143, 146, 148, Placospongia intermedia...... 170 150, 152-157, 161-163, 165, 167, 175, Plaice ...... 35 180, 191, 192, 194-196 Planaxis griseus ...... 257 Military value ...... 100-103 Platycephalus indicus...... 263 Navigational benefits...... 3, 102, 151, 152 Pleurobranchus forskalii...... 259 Nicaragua route ...... 96, 98, 99, 103 Pleurocope floridensis...... 169, 180, 187, 188 Organism transport mechanisms...... 142-148 Pliny the Elder...... 209 Organism transport pathways...... 148-150 Plocamopherus ocellatus ...... 259 Salinity ...... 2, 130, 131, 143 Plotosus lineatus ...... 262 Sea level canal proposals...98-100, 107, 154, Podocotyle (Pedunculotrema) israelensis...... 277 160 Polyandrocarpa zorritensis.... 175, 183, 187, 188 Species introduced to ...... 191-195 Polydora (=Boccardiella) ligerica ...... 64 Shipping through .2, 113-122, 124, 125, 127, Polydora redeki...... 64 150, 154, 180, 188 Polylabris cf. mamaevi...... 277, 278 Species migrating through...... 122, 141-143, Polysiphonia atlantica...... 166, 185, 186 148, 150, 155, 156, 160, 161, 165, 172, Polysiphonia denudata...... 165, 166, 188 185, 196-198, 200 Pomadasys bayanus ...... 198 Species transported through ...... 165-191 Pomadasys crocro...... 197 Temperature ...... 132, 133 Pomadasys stridens ...... 263 Tides near ...... 134, 135 Pomatoleios kraussii ...... 254 Transit time ...... 3, 121, 124, 125, 144, 152 Pontogammarus robustoides...... 65 Tropical disease and ...... 100, 105-107 Por , F.D...... 239, 252 Panama Canal Authority ..... 4, 96, 108, 114, 117, Port Said . 217-221, 224-230, 232-236, 243, 246, 146 265, 267, 268, 282-284 Panama Canal Company...... 145, 189 Port Taufiq...... 219, 230, 232 Panama Pacific International Exposition...... 110 Portumnus latipes...... 65 Panama Railroad...... 97-99, 104, 105, 107 Portunus pelagicus...... 226, 256, 266, 282 Panamax vessels...... 4, 152-153 Potamopyrgus antipodarum...... 63, 67, 80 Panopeus rugosus...... 169, 181, 185 Prionospio saccifera...... 254 Paphia textile...... 261 Proasellus coxalis ...... 65 Papilloculiceps longiceps...... 263 Prorocentrum minimum ...... 62 Paradyte cf. crinoidicola...... 254 Prorocentrum redfieldii...... 62 Parexocoetus mento ...... 243, 262 265, 266 Prosuberites sp...... 167, 171, 188 Pasammotreta praerupta...... 261 Pseudochama crocieri...... 260 Patella caerulea ...... 273 Pseudohaliotrematoides polymorphus .. 276, 277, Pectinatella magnifica...... 63 278 Pelates quadrilineatus...... 263, 269, 277 Pseudominolia nedyma...... 257 Pelusium, Pelusiac, Pelusaic ...... 208, 209, 211, Pseudomonocelis cetinae ...... 43, 63 212, 215 Pseudonereis anomala ...... 254 Pempheris vanicolensis ...... 263, 264, 267 Pseudorasbora parva ...... 59, 66 Penaeus semisulcatus ...... 255, 284 Pteragogus pelycus ...... 263 Periclimenes calmani ...... 255 Pterois miles...... 263 Perinereis nuntia ...... 254 Ptolemy...... 208, 209 Perna viridis...... 174, 176, 187 Pumpkin Seed...... see Lepomis gibbosus Petricola pholadiformis...... 64, 71, 79 Purpuradusta gracilis notata ...... 258 Petrolisthes robsonae ...... 175, 181, 185 Pyrunculus fourierii ...... 259 Petroscirtes ancylodon ...... 264, 282 Philippi, R.A...... 234, 274 Qantara ...... 211 Phoca hispida...... 60 Photis lamellifera ...... 256 Rabbitfish ...... 249, 269, 283 Phyllorhiza punctata ...... 172, 174, 253 Rachycentron canadum ...... 263 Physella acuta ...... 64, 79 Rainbow trout...... see Oncorhynchus mykiss Pikeperch...... 35, 50, 52, 54 Rastrelliger kanagurta ...... 264 Pilumnopeus vauquelini ...... 256, 266 Redicrice sulcata ...... 261 Pilumnus hirsutus...... 256 Reed, Walter...... 105, 106 Pinctada margaritifera...... 174, 177, 187 Rendsburg.... 13, 15, 19, 27, 30, 31-33, 42, 43, 53 Pinctada radiata...... 260, 266, 286 Retusa desgenettii...... 259 Pipefish...... 48, 50, 163-165, 197, 198 Rhabdosargus haffara ...... 263 314 Index

Rhinoclavis kochi ...... 257, 274 Silhouetta aegyptia...... 264 Rhinoclavis sinensis ...... 257 Sillago sihama...... 263, 278, 286 Rhithropanopeus harrisii...... 65, 68, 72, 80, 169, Sinelobus stanfordi...... 191, 193 181, 186-188 Siphonaria crenata...... 260 Rhizophora mangle...... 132, 177, 185 Six Days War ...... 221, 239, 246 Rhizosolenia indica ...... 62 Smallpox...... 105 Rhodymenia erythraea...... 253 Smaragadia souverbiana ...... 256 Rhopilema nomadica...... 253, 288 Smelt ...... 35, 50-53 Rhynchoconger trewavasae...... 262 Société Civile Internationale du Canal Richards, J.C...... 227, 228 Interocéanique de Darien...... 98 Rissoina ambigua ...... 257 Société d’études pour le Canal de Suez...... 215 Rissoina bertholleti...... 257 Société de Géographie de Paris ...... 98 Rissoina spirata...... 257 Sokullu Mehmed Pasha...... 212 Roach...... 52 Solea vulgaris...... 235 Roeboides guatemalensis...... 195, 197 Solenocera crassicornis ...... 255 Roeboides occidentalis ...... 195, 197 Solieria dura...... 253 Roosevelt, Theodore...... 100-104, 107, 108 Sorsogona prionota ...... 263 Ross, Ronald...... 106 Spanish-American War ...... 100, 101 Ruditapes decussata ...... 226 Sphaerosyllis longipapillata...... 254 Sphaerozius nitidus ...... 256 Sabia conica ...... 257 Sphenia rueppelli...... 261 Saccostera cucullata...... 260 Sphyraena chrysotaenia 243, 250, 264, 265, 267, Said, Mohammed...... 216-218 278, 286 Saint-Simonians...... 215 Sphyraena flavicauda...... 264 Salmo salar...... 52 Sphyraena obtusata ...... 282 Salmo trutta ...... 52 Spirobranchus tetraceros ...... 255 Salvelinus fontinalis ...... 60, 66 Spondylus gaederopus...... 274 Sarconema filiforme ...... 253 Spondylus groschi ...... 260 Sarconema scinaioides ...... 253 Spondylus nicobaricus...... 260 Sardina pilchardus ...... 245, 285 Spondylus spinosus...... 260, 267, 273, 286 Sardinella aurita...... 245, 285 Spratelloides delicatulus ...... 262 Sargocentron ruber ...... 263, 277 Spyridia filamentosa...... 166 Sarpa salpa...... 275 Squilla mantis...... 275 Saurida undosquamis .... 242, 243, 262, 275, 277, Stain, Isaac ...... 98 283 Stecknitzkanal ...... 11, 12 Savary...... 213 Steinitz...... 238, 239, 248, 266, 275 Savigny, J.C...... 233 Stephanolepis diaspros...... 264, 267, 282 Scarus ghobhan ...... 263 Steuer...... 239, 275 Schleswig-Holsteinische Canal ...... 13, 14 Stevens, John...... 106 Scomberomorus commerson...... 264, 274 Sticteulima cf. lentiginosa ...... 258 Seal...... see Phoca hispida Stiliger fuscovittatus...... 173, 174, 188 Seaweed...... 47, 135, 147, 165, 174 Strabo ...... 208, 209, 214 Sepia pharaonis...... 261 Stomatella impertusa...... 257 Sepioteuthis lessoniana ...... 261 Strombus mutabilis...... 257 Septifer forskali ...... 260 Strombus persicus ...... 257, 267, 286 Serapeum...... 214 Sturgeon ...... see Acipenser Sesarma rhizophorae...... 175, 181, 185 Styela clava ...... 65 Sesarma sulcatum...... 175, 181, 185 Styloptygma beatrix...... 258 Sesostris...... 208, 209 Stypopodium schimperi ...... 253 Seti I ...... 211 Suez ...... 218 Shipworms 69, 77, 144, 156, 167, 178, 186, 187- Suez Canal...... (chapter starts on page) 209 190 Cargo shipped through ...... 222, 223 Shur of Egypt...... 211 Construction ...... 219-222 Sibling species...... 94, 136, 141 Costs of...... 217, 220 Sicydium altum ...... 195 Currents in...... 224, 230, 231, 240, 247 Siganus luridus...... 249, 264, 277 Depth...... 209, 220, 221, 228, 229, 232, 242, Siganus rivulatus ... 264, 265, 267, 269, 275, 277, 245, 247, 248, 275 286 Early proposals...... 207-215 Index 315

Excavation...... 218, 220 Torpedo sinuspersici ...... 262 Length...... 2, 219 Torquigener flavimaculosus...... 264 Military value ...... 227 Tortonese, E...... 237, 272 Navigational benefits...... 3, 222, 223 Trachysalambria palaestinensis...... 255, 266 Organism transport mechanism...... 232, 241 Trajan ...... 212 Passing bay...... 219 Trapezium oblongum...... 260 Salinity in ...... 2, 226-232, 243, 244 Trave ...... 12 Shipping through 2, 220, 222, 223, 225, 240, Treaty of Versailles ...... 27 251, 266 Tributyltin...... 224 Species migrating through 232-242, 248-271 Trochospongilla leidii ...... 131, 156, 191, 193 Temperature ...... 227, 242, 243 Trochus erithraeus ...... 257 Transit time ...... 3, 220 Tubonilla edgarii...... 258 Suez Canal Authority ...... 4, 220, 221, 223 Tursiops tursio...... 60 Suez Canal Company ..... 220, 231, 234, 236, 281 Tylerius spinosissimus...... 264 Sultan Selim II...... 212 Tylosurus choram...... 262 SUMED pipeline ...... 223 Synaptula reciprocans ...... 262 Umar ibn al Khattab ...... 212 Synodus saurus...... 284 Umbra pygmea ...... 58, 66, 68 Syphonota geographica...... 259 Universal Company of the Maritime Suez Canal Syrnola cinctella...... 258 ...... 217 Syrnola fasciata...... 249, 258 Upeneus moluccensis .... 242, 263, 269, 275, 278, 282, 283, 287 Talabot...... 215, 217, 220 Upeneus pori ...... 263, 282, 286 Tarpon, Atlantic ...... see Megalops atlanticus Uromunna reynoldsi...... 132, 192, 193 Tel el-Farama ...... 209 USS Oregon...... 101 Telford, Thomas ...... 97 Tellina valtonis...... 261 Vaillant, L...... 232, 233 Telmatogeton japonicus...... 65, 80 Vexillum depexum ...... 257 Tenellia adspersa ...... 168, 173, 188 Vibrio vulnificus ...... 62 Tens rule...... 271 Victorella pavida...... 43, 63 Terapon puta ...... 263 Vieja maculicauda...... 186, 195, 197 Terebella ehrenbergi ...... 255 Vieja tuyrensis...... 196 Teredo bartschi...... 168, 178, 187 Viking...... 8-11 Teredo furcifera...... 174, 178, 188 Voorwindia tiberiana ...... 257 Teredo navalis ...... 64, 67, 75, 76, 79 Wadi Tumilat...... 209, 211, 214 Tethya aurantia ...... 170 Walker Commission...... 103 Tethya diploderma...... 170 Watersipora subtorquata...... 175, 182, 188 Tetrancistrum plectocirra...... 277, 278 Wegener ...... 13 Tetrosomus gibbosus ...... 264 Wilhelm I...... 15-16, 25 Thais lacera...... 224, 258, 267 Wilhelm II ...... 22-24 Thais sacellum...... 258 Wilson, Woodrow ...... 109 Thalamita poissonii ...... 256 Wittling...... 35 Thalassia testudinum...... 170 World War I ...... 27, 33, 37, 109 Thalassiosira hendeyi...... 62 World War II ...... 27, 37, 114 Thalassiosira punctigera...... 62 Wüst ...... 228 Tharyx killariensis...... 64 Wyse, Lucien Napoléon Bonaparte...... 98 Thecadinium mucosum ...... 62 Thorson, Gunnar...... 241, 243, 244, 248 Yellow fever...... 105 Thymallus thymallus...... 60 Tillier, L...... 236, 268, 272-274 Zafra savignyi...... 258 Time lag...... 80, 267, 268, 269, 271 Zafra selasphora ...... 258 Timoclea marica...... 261 Zeuxo kurilensis...... 175, 188 Tissot ...... 227 Zschokkella icterica...... 277 MONOGRAPHIAE BIOLOGICAE

Series Editor: Prof. Henri J. Dumont State University of Ghent, Institute of Animal Ecology, Ghent, Belgium, [email protected]

Published titles within the series:

Volume 83 Bridging Divides - Maritime Canals as Invasion Corridors Gollasch, Stephan, Galil, Bella S., and Andrew N. Cohen 2006, 315 p., Hardcover, ISBN: 1-4020-5046-1

Volume 82 Biogeography and Ecology of Bulgaria Fet, V. Forthcoming, Hardcover, ISBN: 1-4020-4417-8

Volume 81 Monograph of the Spathidiidae Foissner, W., and Xu, K. 2006, 486 p., Hardcover, ISBN: 1-4020-4210-8

Volume 80 Nouragues Dynamics and Plant-Animal Interactions in a Neotropical Rainforest Bongers, F.; Charles-Dominique, P.; Forget, P.-M.; Théry, M. (Eds.) 2002, 456 p., Hardcover, ISBN: 1-4020-0123-1

Volume 79 Environmental Change and Response in East African Lakes Lehman, J.T. (Ed.), 1998, 250 p., Hardcover, ISBN: 0-7923-5118-5

Volume 78 Monograph of the Oxytrichidae (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) Berger, H. 1999, 1092 p., Hardcover, ISBN: 0-7923-5795-7

Volume 77 The Pantanal of Poconé Biota and Ecology in the Northern Section of the World's Largest Pristine Wetland Heckman, C.W. 1998, 592 p., Hardcover, ISBN: 0-7923-4863-X

Volume 76 An Introduction to Saline Lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Zheng Mianping 1997, 328 p., Hardcover, ISBN: 0-7923-4098-1

Volume 75 Rocas Alijos Schmieder, Robert W. 1996, 520 p., Hardcover, ISBN: 0-7923-4056-6

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