Black and Blue. Jazz Et Condition Noire Aux États-Unis

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Black and Blue. Jazz Et Condition Noire Aux États-Unis Jazz BLACK AND BLUE JAZZ ET CONDITION NOIRE AUX ÉTATS-UNIS 1re partie Stanley Péan même aujourd’hui, il y avait hélas aussi loin de la coupe aux lèvres que du rêve au jour de sa concrétisation. Tout juste deux semaines après la marche de Luther King et de ses fidèles sur Washington, le 15 septembre 1963, quatre fillettes noires étaient tuées dans l’explosion d’une bombe à l’église baptiste de la 16e Rue de Birmingham en Alabama. En réaction à cet attentat revendiqué par le Ku Klux Klan, le saxophoniste John Coltrane, l’un des artistes les plus révolutionnaires et influents du jazz moderne, composa e 4 avril 1968, le pasteur Martin 28 août 1963. « Je rêve qu’un « Alabama », sorte de requiem pour Luther King, l’un des champions jour notre pays se lèvera et vivra ces fillettes assassinées. Lde la lutte des Noirs américains pleinement la véritable réalité de Le 18 novembre, le quartet pour leurs droits civiques, était abattu son credo : "Nous tenons ces vérités du saxophoniste entrait au studio d’une balle en pleine mâchoire, pour évidentes par elles-mêmes de Rudy Van Gelder à Englewood succombant face aux ennemis du que tous les hommes sont créés Cliffs, au New Jersey, pour enregistrer progrès. égaux." Je rêve qu’un jour sur les ce morceau lent, solennel, élégiaque, Cinquante ans plus tard, malgré collines rousses de Géorgie les fils qu’on croirait hanté par les spectres des avancées indéniables, la situation d’anciens esclaves et ceux d’anciens des quatre malheureuses, et dont de la grande majorité des Afro- propriétaires d’esclaves pourront Coltrane n’avait dévoilé à personne, Américains ne correspond toujours s’asseoir ensemble à la table de la ni aux techniciens du studio ni aux pas à l’utopie que King formulait avec fraternité. » membres de son quartet, le propos lyrisme sur les marches du Lincoln À l’époque, et on peut oser ou l’origine. Ce jour-là, le groupe Memorial à Washington, D.C., le prétendre qu’il en va encore de en grava cinq prises, dont l’une se 60 L’INCONVÉNIENT • no 73, été 2018 retrouva étonnamment sur l’album Pour l’occasion, le batteur vétéran avait Live at Birdland (Impulse!, 1964), retenu les services d’un certain Ravi pour le reste capté devant le public du Coltrane au saxophone et de Matthew célèbre club new-yorkais. Quiconque Garrison à la basse et aux bidouillages prête l’oreille à cet enregistrement électroniques, respectivement fils de comprend que Coltrane y récitait avec John Coltrane et de Jimmy Garrison, la voix de son instrument une sorte de le contrebassiste du quartet classique de prière. Cette mélodie poignante non Coltrane père. seulement exprime la tristesse suscitée par la tragédie, mais retrace en somme • la longue sarabande d’injustices qui a donné naissance au mouvement pour Il va sans dire qu’« Alabama » ne constituait ni la première ni la dernière fois où un artiste de jazz mettait son noir le drame de la condition nègre aux art au service de la cause noire. Par États-Unis durant les années 1920. ses origines mêmes, qui remontent à la cueillette du coton par les esclaves Cold empty bed, springs hard as lead dans le sud des États-Unis, le jazz a Feel like Old Ned, wish I was dead toujours eu partie liée avec l’Histoire All my life through, I’ve been so black and afro-américaine. Dépouillés par leurs blue maîtres de leurs langues, de leurs cultures, de leurs croyances religieuses Even the mouse ran from my house et même de leurs noms, les Africains They laugh at you, and scorn you too vendus dans le cadre de la traite What did I do to be so black and blue? négrière et leurs descendants n’avaient droit, pour endiguer le désespoir et se S’étant joint à la distribution de donner du courage, qu’aux chants qu’ils Connie’s Hot Chocolates quelque temps improvisaient à l’unisson sous le soleil après sa création, le trompettiste Louis accablant du gallant South. Bientôt, ces Armstrong n’a pas hésité à s’approprier work songs allaient donner naissance la chanson, à en faire l’un des joyaux les aux negro spirituals et à leurs pendants plus emblématiques de son répertoire, sa profanes, les blues, aux ragtimes puis au voix déjà rauque conférant à son propos jazz. la gravité de circonstance. « My only sin On peut voir comme un paradoxe le is in my skin », chante-t-il sur le vieux fait qu’une musique née de l’oppression, 78 tours enregistré l’année de la création les droits civiques. (Conscient de la de la douleur et de l’humiliation quo- du musical, donnant tort par anticipation charge émotive du morceau, le cinéaste tidienne d’un peuple se soit imposée à tous ses détracteurs qui lui reprocheront Spike Lee l’utilisera d’ailleurs à bon comme l’une des premières sources de plus tard de ne s’être jamais trop mouillé escient dans 4 Little Girls (1997), son divertissement dans la bonne société sur la question raciale. Étonnamment, documentaire sur l’attentat.) américaine, mais est-ce si paradoxal au Fats Waller ne grava jamais sur disque Le 7 décembre suivant, le saxo- fond ? Dès 1929, à peine dix ans après cette pierre angulaire de son œuvre, phoniste et son quartet faisaient les débuts phonographiques du jazz, qui compte parmi la vingtaine de ses preuve du même recueillement dans le pianiste et chanteur fantaisiste Fats chansons (« Ain’t Misbehavin’ » était leur interprétation d’« Alabama » à Waller, que d’aucuns tenaient pour un de ce nombre) dont il céda les droits l’émission Jazz Casual, animée à la simple amuseur public, composait sur d’auteur à l’éditeur Irving Mills pour télévision publique par le critique Ralph un texte de Harry Brooks et Andy Razaf une pitance, se privant du coup de Gleason. Les curieux peuvent aujourd’hui la chanson « (What Did I Do To Be redevances considérables. Sachant cela, visionner ce moment d’anthologie à So) Black and Blue ». Créée à Broadway on ne peut s’empêcher de répéter la leur guise sur DVD (John Coltrane: par Edith Wilson dans la comédie question comme une rengaine : what Ralph Gleason’s Jazz Casual, Rhino musicale Connie’s Hot Chocolates, dans did I do to be so black and blue? Home Video, 2003) ou encore sur la laquelle figuraient également deux Dix ans plus tard, ce fut au tour plateforme Youtube. autres immortelles de Waller (« Ain’t de Billie Holiday de prendre position Notons au passage que la relecture Misbehavin’ » et « Honeysuckle Rose »), contre une fière tradition sudiste, du morceau par le trio de Jack « Black and Blue » puisait dans la en adoptant dans son répertoire DeJohnette sur son album In Movement tradition du blues pour exprimer avec « Strange Fruit ». Considérée comme (ECM, 2016) vaut absolument le détour. des accents de tristesse teintée d’humour la première protest song de l’Histoire L’INCONVÉNIENT • no 73, été 2018 61 de la musique populaire américaine, Noir, pendu aux branches d’un arbre. la chanson reprend un poème écrit et La deuxième strophe de Meeropol ne publié en 1937 par Abel Meeropol, laisse aucune équivoque : enseignant juif d’origine russe résidant dans le Bronx et militant au sein du Pastoral scene of the gallant South Parti communiste américain. Sous le The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth pseudonyme de Lewis Allan, Meeropol Scent of magnolias, sweet and fresh l’a lui-même mis en musique, avec Then the sudden smell of burning flesh l’aide de son épouse, la chanteuse noire Laura Duncan, qui en fut la première Pas surprenant que John interprète au Madison Square Garden. Hammond, pourtant libéral, Il s’agit d’un réquisitoire contre le ait catégoriquement refusé que racisme en vigueur aux États-Unis et Billie enregistre cette chanson sous plus précisément contre les lynchages l’étiquette Columbia, le label tenant que subissaient les Afro-Américains, tout de même à continuer de faire qui atteignaient alors un pic dans le sud des affaires dans les États du Sud. du pays. Assurément, « Strange Fruit » S’il faut en croire le Tuskegee détonnait dans le répertoire de Lady Institute, 3 833 personnes ont été lyn- Day, constitué jusqu’alors de standards, ses versions subséquentes, n’a jamais chées entre 1889 et 1940 ; 90 % de ces de chansonnettes de Broadway et d’un surpassées ni égalées. exécutions sommaires et sans procès grand nombre de complaintes de femmes Il serait cependant malhonnête de étaient commises dans les États du Sud malheureuses en amour, trompées, taire la valeur de certaines relectures : et 4 victimes sur 5 étaient noires. Quand maltraitées, voire battues par des brutes celle, très théâtrale, de Nina Simone Billie intégra cette chanson à son tour de sans cœur et sans honneur. Il faudra à (Pastel Blues, Philips, 1965), très en- chant au Café Society en 1939, faisant Billie une dérogation à son contrat pour gagée dans le mouvement pour les fi des conseils du producteur de ses endisquer sa chanson emblématique droits civiques ; celle, plus récitée que disques chez Columbia Records John chez un petit label indépendant, chantée, par Jeanie Bryson sur The Billie H. Hammond, trois lynchages avaient Commodore, fondé par Milt Gabler. Holiday Songbook (Columbia, 1994) du déjà été perpétrés durant l’année et un Déjà célèbre aux États-Unis, Billie trompettiste Terence Blanchard ; les acquit une notoriété internationale deux de Cassandra Wilson sur Blue avec le 78 tours de « Strange Fruit », Light ’til Dawn (Blue Note, 1993) qui se hissa à la seizième position du puis sur Coming Forth by Day (Legacy, palmarès en juillet 1939.
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