Impact of Urbanization on Water Quality of Karamana River

Journal of Environmental Engineering and its Scope Volume 3 Issue 1 Impact of Urbanization on Water Quality of Karamana River Anjana Balan B. S.1, Anju Suresh2, Arathi A.3*, Arya S. Nair4, Mini M.5, Anilkumar E. N.6 1,2,3,4Student, 5,6Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering, LBSITW, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. *Corresponding Author E-mail ID:[email protected] ABSTRACT Water is an absolute necessity for all the living organisms on the earth. The evaluation of the river water quality is a critical element in the assessment of water resources. The exploitation of the rivers across Kerala is increasing in an immense manner that is resulting in flooding, water quality deterioration and dangerous extraction of riverbed deposits. Increasing urbanization is causing a number of serious impacts on the river basin system. The present study focuses on the assessment of water quality on a specific stretch of Karamanariver in Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala state. To analyse the effect of urbanization on the water quality level in Karamanariver, the present study has collected data from 7 sampling points from various locations along the stretches of the river. The sampling points selected are Maruthoorkadavu, Iranimuttam, Thiruvallam, Parvathyputhanar, Edayar, Thopadi within the city and Aruvikkara which is a rural place far away from the Thiruvananthapuram city. For assessing the water quality, 10 parameters such as pH value, conductivity, turbidity, sulphate, chloride, phosphate, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total solids and temperature are used. In the present paper, the data collected during the period November 2019 to February 2020 are analysed and presented. The study of water quality monitoring done in Karamanariver has provided an insight about the extent of deterioration of the quality of water in the river. The Karamanariver originates from the southern tip of the Western Ghats at AgastyarKoodam and flows 66 km westward and merges with Arabian Sea at Panathura near Kovalam. The river Killiyar and Parvathyputhanar also merges with the Karamanariver before it merges with the sea. The present study shows that a large quantity of sewage wastes reaches to Karamanariver at many places along the banks of the river and it pollutes water to a larger extend. Keywords:-Urbanization; water quality; Karamanariver INTRODUCTION dumping of garbage, industrial waste and Rivers are a significant member of the overabundance of human exercises that all hydrologic cycle and due to this natural affects the physicochemical characteristics phenomenon the mankind is getting water and microbiological characters of the river supply in an exhaustible manner over a water. Water quality deterioration is a long period of time. All over the world serious issue among nearly 70% of the rivers are the major water resource for Indian surface water reserves and a inland areas, irrigation, transportation, thriving number of ground water sources drinking water and industrial activities. have been polluted by various pollutants Hence, rivers become a sustainable part of [1]. The aftereffects of low water quality human life and needs continuous are felt not just by the lives in the surveillance, conservation and immediate vicinity of its sources but by a enlargement. The rivers are constantly continuum of downstream general public being contaminated by the haphazard as well. The availability of natural water in HBRP Publication Page 1-15 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 1 Journal of Environmental Engineering and its Scope Volume 3 Issue 1 sufficient quantity and quality is a pre- Trivandrum corporation limit and one is requisite for all the sustainable outside the limit. The sampling points are development. The river water capitals in selected in such a way to find the water the state of Kerala are always exposed to quality of the Karamanariver within and considerable stress due to changes in outside the corporation area and to analyse riverine ecology [3]. the impact of urbanization on Karamana river. Water quality index (WQI) is an important tool to determine the drinking water Figure 1 shows the general map of the quality in urban, rural and industrial area. Karamanariver. The ten water quality WQI is defined as an index, reflecting the parameters used for the calculation of composite influence of different water water quality index are turbidity, quality parameters which are considered conductivity, pH, chloride, sulphate, and taken for calculation of water quality dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen index [3]. The main objective of this study demand, phosphate, total solids and is to analyse the impact of urbanization on temperature [5].Water Quality Index, an water quality of Karamanariver. important parameter to access and manage the quality of water is determined by Karamanariver originates from Weighted Arithmetic Method. Correlation Agastyarkoodam mountain and merges and Regression study also reveals into Arabian sea at Thiruvallam. In the significant relationship between the ten present study, seven water samples are parameters considered for the present collected in which six are within the study. Fig.1:- Map of Karamana River LITERATURE REVIEW [4]. Many researchers have previously The pollution of rivers like Karamanariver, evaluated both the surface and ground Killiriver and Parvathiputhanar were water quality of the rivers in Kerala. The studied mainly by conducting sanitation researchers [4] have analysed 14 survey in different stretches of these rivers parameters such as pH value, temperature, HBRP Publication Page 1-15 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 2 Journal of Environmental Engineering and its Scope Volume 3 Issue 1 total suspended solids, conductivity, Neyyattinkara and Poovar were used by chlorides, total hardness, dissolved oxygen the researchers [1]. The river had poor (DO), biochemical oxygen demand water quality in downstream stretches due (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), to the high anthropogenic activities in the Nitrates, Sulphates and total fixed solids. region. Pearson Correlation matrix was Various rejuvenation methods for rivers computed between different were suggested. Various flood mitigation physicochemical parameters from each measures such as increasing bank height station. They recommended for the wherever necessary and flood routing treatment of sewage for maintaining fresh works etc., were suggested in previous water. researches [5]. The quality of water in the river The water quality of Karamana river in the Periyaralong the stretches Eloor-Edayar downstream stretch of the river at industrial area was assessed by [5]. The Thiruvallam (to the river mouth) using researchers have estimated the water Geographic Information System were quality variables using water quality index studied in [7]. The researchers have used method developed by Canadian Council of eighteen parameters such as pH, turbidity, Ministry of Environment. Statistical conductivity, Total dissolved solids, Total techniques such as the correlation and suspended solids, colour, odour, DO, regression using SPSS software was used BOD, amn. Nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, to calculate the relation between various phosphate, chloride, total hardness, total parameters and the Water Quality Index. coliform and faecal coliform for the water The overall water quality index calculated quality analysis. Water Quality Index has shown a poor water quality index. determined by National Sanitation Correlation analysis has shown that the Foundation is used for the study. By water quality index decreases with an evaluating the WQI, various mitigation increase in the parameter concentration. measures like installation of treatment plant for sewage treatment is suggested. The impact of urbanisation on river water quality was assessed for the Pearl River The physicochemical parameters of Delta Economic Zone in [6]. Landsat TM Karamanariver were studied in [3]. The images from 2000 were used to map the parameters like salinity, TSS, TDS, DO, areas for different pollution levels of urban BOD, turbidity, pH, temperature, river sections for the study area. Equalised alkalinity, hardness and dissolved nutrients Synthetic Pollution Index method was of surface water and sediments collected utilised to access field analytical results. from different points (5 stations) of Eighteen parameters were used for Karamana river were measured during analysis. Results indicated that there is a March and July 2009. The research has positive correlation between the rapidity of shown that the presence of phosphate urbanization and pollution levels of urban content is high indicating that the river is river water. eutrophic. The water samples from Ratuwa river The water quality of Neyyarriver is were collected and 12 parameters analysed assessed by evaluating eight which include colour, EC, TDS, Chloride, physicochemical characteristics during Fluoride, Hardness, Alkalinity, May 2015 to April 2016. The six sampling Phosphorus, Calcium, Magnesium and DO sites namely Neyyar dam, Killikkadu, in [2]. Statistical analysis was used to Mandapathinkadavu, Aruvippuram, calculate the correlation coefficients and to HBRP Publication Page 1-15 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 3 Journal of Environmental Engineering and its Scope Volume 3 Issue 1 plot the regression equations of various WQI, Weighted Arithmetic Method is parameters with electrical conductivity. used in this study. From the various research papers analysed Water Quality Index ten parameters are chosen for analysing

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