Impact of Urbanization on Water Quality of Karamana River

Journal of Environmental Engineering and its Scope Volume 3 Issue 1

Anjana Balan B. S.1, Anju Suresh2, Arathi A.3*, Arya S. Nair4, Mini M.5, Anilkumar E. N.6 1,2,3,4Student, 5,6Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering, LBSITW, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. *Corresponding Author E-mail ID:[email protected]

ABSTRACT Water is an absolute necessity for all the living organisms on the earth. The evaluation of the river water quality is a critical element in the assessment of water resources. The exploitation of the rivers across Kerala is increasing in an immense manner that is resulting in flooding, water quality deterioration and dangerous extraction of riverbed deposits. Increasing urbanization is causing a number of serious impacts on the river basin system. The present study focuses on the assessment of water quality on a specific stretch of Karamanariver in Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala state. To analyse the effect of urbanization on the water quality level in Karamanariver, the present study has collected data from 7 sampling points from various locations along the stretches of the river. The sampling points selected are Maruthoorkadavu, Iranimuttam, Thiruvallam, Parvathyputhanar, Edayar, Thopadi within the city and Aruvikkara which is a rural place far away from the Thiruvananthapuram city. For assessing the water quality, 10 parameters such as pH value, conductivity, turbidity, sulphate, chloride, phosphate, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total solids and temperature are used. In the present paper, the data collected during the period November 2019 to February 2020 are analysed and presented. The study of water quality monitoring done in Karamanariver has provided an insight about the extent of deterioration of the quality of water in the river. The Karamanariver originates from the southern tip of the Western Ghats at AgastyarKoodam and flows 66 km westward and merges with Arabian Sea at Panathura near Kovalam. The river Killiyar and Parvathyputhanar also merges with the Karamanariver before it merges with the sea. The present study shows that a large quantity of sewage wastes reaches to Karamanariver at many places along the banks of the river and it pollutes water to a larger extend.

Keywords:-Urbanization; water quality; Karamanariver

INTRODUCTION dumping of garbage, industrial waste and Rivers are a significant member of the overabundance of human exercises that all hydrologic cycle and due to this natural affects the physicochemical characteristics phenomenon the mankind is getting water and microbiological characters of the river supply in an exhaustible manner over a water. Water quality deterioration is a long period of time. All over the world serious issue among nearly 70% of the rivers are the major water resource for Indian surface water reserves and a inland areas, irrigation, transportation, thriving number of ground water sources drinking water and industrial activities. have been polluted by various pollutants Hence, rivers become a sustainable part of [1]. The aftereffects of low water quality human life and needs continuous are felt not just by the lives in the surveillance, conservation and immediate vicinity of its sources but by a enlargement. The rivers are constantly continuum of downstream general public being contaminated by the haphazard as well. The availability of natural water in

sufficient quantity and quality is a pre- Trivandrum corporation limit and one is requisite for all the sustainable outside the limit. The sampling points are development. The river water capitals in selected in such a way to find the water the state of Kerala are always exposed to quality of the Karamanariver within and considerable stress due to changes in outside the corporation area and to analyse riverine ecology [3]. the impact of urbanization on Karamana river. Water quality index (WQI) is an important tool to determine the drinking water Figure 1 shows the general map of the quality in urban, rural and industrial area. Karamanariver. The ten water quality WQI is defined as an index, reflecting the parameters used for the calculation of composite influence of different water water quality index are turbidity, quality parameters which are considered conductivity, pH, chloride, sulphate, and taken for calculation of water quality dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen index [3]. The main objective of this study demand, phosphate, total solids and is to analyse the impact of urbanization on temperature [5].Water Quality Index, an water quality of Karamanariver. important parameter to access and manage the quality of water is determined by Karamanariver originates from Weighted Arithmetic Method. Correlation Agastyarkoodam mountain and merges and Regression study also reveals into Arabian sea at Thiruvallam. In the significant relationship between the ten present study, seven water samples are parameters considered for the present collected in which six are within the study.

Fig.1:- Map of Karamana River

LITERATURE REVIEW [4]. Many researchers have previously The pollution of rivers like Karamanariver, evaluated both the surface and ground Killiriver and Parvathiputhanar were water quality of the rivers in Kerala. The studied mainly by conducting sanitation researchers [4] have analysed 14 survey in different stretches of these rivers parameters such as pH value, temperature,

total suspended solids, conductivity, Neyyattinkara and Poovar were used by chlorides, total hardness, dissolved oxygen the researchers [1]. The river had poor (DO), biochemical oxygen demand water quality in downstream stretches due (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), to the high anthropogenic activities in the Nitrates, Sulphates and total fixed solids. region. Pearson Correlation matrix was Various rejuvenation methods for rivers computed between different were suggested. Various flood mitigation physicochemical parameters from each measures such as increasing bank height station. They recommended for the wherever necessary and flood routing treatment of sewage for maintaining fresh works etc., were suggested in previous water. researches [5]. The quality of water in the river The water quality of Karamana river in the Periyaralong the stretches Eloor-Edayar downstream stretch of the river at industrial area was assessed by [5]. The Thiruvallam (to the river mouth) using researchers have estimated the water Geographic Information System were quality variables using water quality index studied in [7]. The researchers have used method developed by Canadian Council of eighteen parameters such as pH, turbidity, Ministry of Environment. Statistical conductivity, Total dissolved solids, Total techniques such as the correlation and suspended solids, colour, odour, DO, regression using SPSS software was used BOD, amn. Nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, to calculate the relation between various phosphate, chloride, total hardness, total parameters and the Water Quality Index. coliform and faecal coliform for the water The overall water quality index calculated quality analysis. Water Quality Index has shown a poor water quality index. determined by National Sanitation Correlation analysis has shown that the Foundation is used for the study. By water quality index decreases with an evaluating the WQI, various mitigation increase in the parameter concentration. measures like installation of treatment plant for sewage treatment is suggested. The impact of urbanisation on river water quality was assessed for the Pearl River The physicochemical parameters of Delta Economic Zone in [6]. Landsat TM Karamanariver were studied in [3]. The images from 2000 were used to map the parameters like salinity, TSS, TDS, DO, areas for different pollution levels of urban BOD, turbidity, pH, temperature, river sections for the study area. Equalised alkalinity, hardness and dissolved nutrients Synthetic Pollution Index method was of surface water and sediments collected utilised to access field analytical results. from different points (5 stations) of Eighteen parameters were used for Karamana river were measured during analysis. Results indicated that there is a March and July 2009. The research has positive correlation between the rapidity of shown that the presence of phosphate urbanization and pollution levels of urban content is high indicating that the river is river water. eutrophic. The water samples from Ratuwa river The water quality of Neyyarriver is were collected and 12 parameters analysed assessed by evaluating eight which include colour, EC, TDS, Chloride, physicochemical characteristics during Fluoride, Hardness, Alkalinity, May 2015 to April 2016. The six sampling Phosphorus, Calcium, Magnesium and DO sites namely Neyyar dam, Killikkadu, in [2]. Statistical analysis was used to Mandapathinkadavu, Aruvippuram, calculate the correlation coefficients and to

plot the regression equations of various WQI, Weighted Arithmetic Method is parameters with electrical conductivity. used in this study.

From the various research papers analysed Water Quality Index ten parameters are chosen for analysing The water quality index (WQI) is an the water quality of Karamanariver in the important tool to determine the drinking present study. The chosen parameters are water quality in urban, rural and industrial temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity, area. WQI is defined as an index reflecting sulphate, chloride, TS, DO and BOD. In the composite influence of different water addition to these parameters the phosphate quality parameters. The equation for content is also considered in the present finding water quality index is provided in study for determining the effect of equation 1. Table 1 shows various water eutrophication. quality index ranges and the corresponding classifications. ∑ 푊 푄 METHODOLOGY 푊푄퐼 = 푖 푖 (1) The present research aims to portray the ∑ 푊푖 effect of urbanization on water quality of where, river Karamana. For this purpose we have 푄푖 is the quality rating scale for each collected water samples from the river parameter and is calculated using equation from rural and urban areas. Through the 2 given below. reconnaissance survey a total of seven 푉푖 − 푉표 푄푖 = 100 ( ⁄ ) (2) sampling points were fixed. Among these 푆푖 − 푉표 sampling points, one point is outside the where, corporation limit and others are within the th 푉 is the estimated concentration of i corporation limit. This also includes one 푖 parameter in the analyzed water sampling point from river Killi which is a 푉 is the ideal value of each parameter in major tributary of River Karamana and 표 pure water one from ParvathyPuthanar which is a 푆 is the recommended standard value of canal joining Karamana river within the 푖 ithparameter corporation limit. Till date the samplesare Unit weight 푊 of each water quality collected four months (November 2019– 푖 parameter is calculated by equation 3 February 2020) and the analysis are given below. presented in this article.

퐾 푊푖 = ⁄ (3) Ten water quality parameters such as pH 푆푖 ,Turbidity, Conductivity, Chlorides, where, Sulphates, Total Solids, Dissolved oxygen, 퐾 is the proportionality constant and is Phosphate, temperature and Biochemical calculated using equation 4 given below. oxygen demand (BOD) are used to assess 퐾 = 1 (4) ⁄ 1 the WQI. The correlation analysis and ∑ ( ⁄푆 ) regression analysis are used to assess the 푖 impact of each variable on the variation of water quality. Water Quality Index is Table1:-Water Quality Index defined as a rating reflecting the composite Water Quality Index range Classification of water influence of different water quality <50 Excellent water parameters. It is one of the most effective 50-100 Good water tools used to communicate information 100-200 Poor water about the quality of water to the concerned 200-300 Very poor water citizens and policy makers. To determine >300 Unsuitable for drinking

Sanitation Survey p is the standard deviation. Sanitation survey was conducted on the SITE SELECTION riverfront residents along the banks of For the analysis, seven sampling points are KaramanaRiver after taking the sample taken in total, and six are within the size for the conduction of survey. 4 survey corporation limit and one is outside. It is locations where chosen for surveying. selected so as to find out the water quality Sample sizes were determined using the of river within and outside the corporation equation 5 given below. area. Various sampling points identified 푧2×푝(1−푝) where within a stretch of 7 KM. Sampling 푒2 푠 = 푧2×푝(1−푝) (5) points were selected so as to analyse them 1+( ) 푒2×푁 separately and their effects on where, Karamanariver. Figure 2 shows the various N is the population size, sampling points selected for the present e is margin of error, study. z is score and

Fig.2:-Sampling points

RESULTS the results are helpful in determining the The water quality index is an important magnitude of relationship among the tool to determine the drinking water various physic-chemical parameters quality in urban, rural and industrial area. discussed above. Correlation and The water quality index is determined regression analysis are performed using from the parameters analysed. The SPSS software, version 21. Table 2 analysis of the sample results helped to provides the permissible ranges of various predict the water quality level of the parameters used for the analysis of the Karamanariver using correlation analysis water quality in the present study while and regression analysis. The analyses of Table 3 provides the observed values.

Table 2:-Permissible limits of various parameters analysed No. Parameters Permissible limits 1 Temperature 30°C 2 pH 8.5 3 Conductivity 250 mg/l 4 Turbidity 5 NTU 5 Sulphate 200 mg/l 6 Chloride 250 mg/l 7 Phosphate 1 mg/l 8 DO 5 mg/l 9 BOD 5 mg/l 10 TS 500 mg/l

Table 3:-Observed values of parameters with WQI and correlation analysis

Parameters

Month

Sample

WQI

BOD

Turbidity

Sulphates Chlorides

Phosphates

Total Solids

Temperature Conductivity Sample 1 27.10 7.27 4.30 35.00 0.00 15.49 0.01 6.90 0.80 3.01 92.02

Sample 2 27.00 7.41 12.7 34.00 1.00 17.49 0.02 6.60 2.40 8.89 94.87

Sample 3 27.00 7.43 11.70 36.00 1.00 18.49 0.02 5.30 1.30 8.19 98.81

Sample 4 27.30 7.43 12.00 48.00 6.00 32.99 0.09 1.90 3.00 8.96 137.46

Sample 5 27.30 7.84 34.80 60.00 24.00 251.99 0.24 1.70 3.50 24.36 176.56

November 2019 Sample 6 27.30 7.47 14.90 39.00 6.00 58.99 0.04 5.50 0.90 10.43 105.73

Sample 7 27.40 9.23 125.50 54.00 10.00 127.99 0.04 5.20 2.80 87.85 154.02

Sample 1 27.00 7.74 28.00 25.00 2.00 2.49 0.04 8.00 0.50 19.6 71.39

Sample 2 27.00 7.7 27.80 29.00 21.00 149.99 0.06 6.30 6.30 19.46 96.49

Sample 3 27.00 8.15 50.80 30.00 5.00 17.49 0.05 2.70 1.10 35.56 97.02

Sample 4 27.70 7.99 42.90 39.00 40.00 520.49 0.05 1.90 1.20 30.03 114.30 December 2019December Sample 5 27.90 8.02 44.20 48.00 35.00 472.49 0.10 2.70 2.70 30.94 140.15

Sample 6 28.30 8.22 54.90 45.00 35.00 531.38 0.08 4.60 0.60 38.43 126.41

Sample 7 29.20 8.80 85.20 47.00 40.00 409.98 0.06 8.60 5.80 59.64 140.23

Sample 1 27.00 7.83 84.60 32.00 8.00 7.49 0.23 7.60 0.00 24.22 97.47

Sample 2 27.00 7.92 89.50 34.00 198.00 154.49 0.26 6.60 2.40 27.65 111.14

Sample 3 27.00 8.15 52.00 31.00 3.00 29.99 0.24 2.70 1.70 36.40 106.87

Sample 4 27.30 7.84 35.30 40.00 260.00 653.99 0.39 6.70 4.10 24.71 158.85

Sample 5 January 2020 27.30 8.01 44.20 44.00 170.00 589.94 0.27 2.80 2.80 30.94 140.72

Sample 6 27.30 8.69 80.50 39.00 250.00 607.85 0.26 7.40 3.70 56.35 128.58

Sample 7 27.50 7.83 35.90 43.00 118.00 532.49 0.22 5.90 5.00 25.13 136.14

Sample 1 27.00 8.02 46.10 28.00 8.00 0.00 0.11 8.30 0.50 32.27 82.80

Sample 2 27.00 8.12 50.50 39.00 126.00 127.89 0.26 8.90 3.30 35.35 122.53

Sample 3 27.00 8.16 52.10 30.00 18.00 27.49 0.24 6.10 3.30 36.47 104.30

Sample 4 27.30 8.04 45.90 47.00 78.00 192.49 0.31 0.60 6.00 32.13 159.28

Sample 5 27.30 8.14 50.70 49.00 44.00 344.99 0.35 0.60 6.00 35.49 166.66 February2020 Sample 6 27.30 8.14 50.80 48.00 64.00 394.99 0.33 3.10 6.00 35.56 158.98

Sample 7 27.40 9.04 99.30 41.00 140.00 388.49 0.20 8.00 5.00 69.51 135.61

WQI

Sampling points Fig.3:-Time Flow Diagram of WQI

Time flow diagram (Figure 3) of Water corporation limit. The water quality gets Quality Index over sampling points 1 to 7 greatly affected as Parvathyputhanar flows (Aruvikkara, Maruthoorkadavu, into Karamanariver. Iranimuttam, Thiruvallam, ParvathyPuthanar, Edayar, Thoppadi) over CORRELATION the months November 2019 to February It describes the strength of an association 2020.Diagram clearly reveals that water between two variables. The greater the quality of Karamana river is affected by value of correlation coefficient, the greater urbanization. The quality of water gets will be the relationship between two deteriorated as the water enters the variables (Table 4).

Table 4:-Correlation analysis

Parameters

WQI TEMPERATURE Ph CONDUCTIVITY TURBIDITY SULPHATE CHLORIDES PHOSPHATES DO BOD TS WQI 1.00 TEMPERATURE 0.38 1.00 Ph 0.39 0.39 1.00 CONDUCTIVITY 0.39 0.38 0.99 1.00 TURBIDITY 0.91 0.49 0.32 0.32 1.00 SULPHATE 0.38 0.02 0.25 0.25 0.12 1.00 CHLORIDE 0.60 0.55 0.33 0.33 0.44 0.67 1.00 PHOSPHATE 0.58 -0.16 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.64 0.43 1.00 DO 0.50 -0.01 0.12 0.12 -0.43 0.19 -0.15 -0.18 1.00 BOD 0.64 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.37 0.42 0.48 -0.13 1.00 TS 0.39 0.38 0.99 1.00 0.33 0.25 0.33 0.18 0.12 0.35 1.00

It is observed that all parameters are For the present research the WQI is positively correlated with water quality calculated using the regression equation index. Higher concentration of sulphates, provided as below. phosphates are observed at Thiruvallam. From analysis, Chloride, DO, BOD concentrations were WQI = -273.677 + (38.882 x pH) + (0.473 large in Parvathyputhanar. Edayar has x temp) + (2.233 x turbidity) + (0.020 x showed a higher concentration of sulphate) + (0.004 x chloride) + (64.470 x sulphates, conductivity, turbidity and TS. phosphate) + (-1.074 x DO) + (2.032 x BOD) + (-0.958 x TS) Regression The equation has the form Y= a + bX, Regression analysis is a statistical process which helps to understand how the where Y is the dependent variable (that is criterion variable changes when any one of the Water Quality Index), X is the the independent variables are varied, while independent variable (i.e. the parameters the other independent variables are held analysed), b is the slope of the line and a is fixed. Here, linear approach is used where the y-intercept. the relationships are modelled using linear predictor functions whose model parameters are estimated from the data. Table 5 provides the results obtained from regression analysis in the present study.

The first step in finding a linear regression Table 5:-Regression analysis equation is to determine if there is a Unstandardized coefficients MODEL B Std. Error relationship between the two variables Constant -273.677 581.527 which was analysed in correlation TEMPERATURE 0.473 3.463 analysis. pH 38.882 84.452 TURBIDITY 2.233 0.157 SULPHATE 0.020 0.025 KARAMANA RIVER POLLUTION CHLORIDE 0.004 0.009 CONTROL AND REMEDIATION PHOSPHATE 64.470 12.314 This paper describes the current situation DO -1.074 0.531 of Karamana river, summarized the BOD 2.032 0.568 TS -0.958 2.247 researches and survey on Karamana river

pollution. After compared and analyzed approaches to alleviate the river pollution different techniques from the latest problems specifically on the areas where journals newspaper recordings and the samples has been taken and it is shown in survey conducted, this paper concluded the Figure 4.

Fig.4:-Sampling points

The remediation has been suggested on the Thiruvallam and ParvathyPuthanar at basis of experimental results, questionnaire Moonattumukku. The survival of aquatic and oral survey reports conducted on the life depends on the sufficient level of riverfront residents. The experimental oxygen dissolved in water. Figure 5 shows result clearly reveals the low dissolved a report on the water quality of the oxygen content of Karamanariver at Karamanariver.

Fig.5:-Report on water quality of Karamanariver

Low dissolved oxygen primarily results ParvathyPuthannar canal. The newspaper from excessive algae growth caused by recording clearly reveals the current phosphorous. As the algae dies and situation of ParvathyPuthannar. decompose, the process consumes dissolved oxygen. Sources of phosphorous Since the sanitation facilities in most of include discharges from municipal and these households are very poor, it private waste water treatment, cropland adversely affects the quality of water in and urban storm water runoff and natural canal. Moreover sewage channels are decay of vegetation. It is clear from the joining the canal at different points, adding survey report conducted among the to the pollution load of canal and the Thiruvallam local residents that most of adjoining water bodies and finally leading the household and industrial wastes are to increase in weed growth and decrease in discharged into the river body and most of dissolved oxygen. Dissolved oxygen levels the houses in Thiruvallam portion do not are increased by supplementing wind and have proper storm water drain off facility. wave action, adding plants to water and As a result the storm water is also exposing water to purified action. Install discharged into the river body. Since and run a fixed diffuser system, airlift Thiruvallam is a serene back water stretch, pump, slow moving paddle wheel and fan en route to Kovalam, increasing salt to the river body as recommended by concentration leads to decrease in oxygen IFAS. These fixed systems agitate and mix solubility. The ParvathyPuthanar is an water on a schedule and result in more artificial canal of 16.50 km length, constant dissolved oxygen levels through stretching from Akkulam- Veli in the north wind and wave action and mixing of to Kovalam in the south. Large scale lower, less oxygenated water and upper settlements are found on both sides of the water levels.

Fig.6:-Report on water quality of Parvathy Puthanar

Since the ParvathyPuthannar highly aesthetics, sustainability, technical design consist of household waste water, the grey and affordability. Wetlands preserve water water (domestic waste water excluding quality by removing nitrogen, phosphorous toilet discharge), has a low level of and pesticides from agricultural runoff. pathogens and organic matter. Hence, the Floating treatment wetlands or islands are provision for the reuse of grey water small artificial platforms that allow the particularly in toilet flushing and aquatic emergent plants to grow in water agricultural irrigation should be enhanced. that is typically too deep for them. Their Figure 6 shows the pollution status and root spread through the floating islands water quality of ParvathyPuthanar. Among and down into the water creating dense different treatment technologies, columns of roots with lots of surface area. constructed wetlands have been a widely Figure 7 and Figure 8 shows the floating accepted option for treatment and treatment wetland and Floating Treatment recycling of grey water due to their ability Wetland System. to meet the requirements of public health,

Fig.7:-Floating treatment wetlands

Not only do the plants take up nutrients grow – forming a slimy layer of biofilm. and contaminants themselves, the plant The biofilm is where the majority of roots and floating island material provide nutrient takes up and degradation occurs in extensive surface area for microbes to an FTW system.

Fig.8:-Floating Treatment Wetland System

The shelter provided by the floating mat more dissolved oxygen content, the also allows sediments and elements to presence of algae has been found visually. settle by reducing turbulence and mixing The commonly used chemical agents for by wind and waves. IISD researched by algae removal are copper sulphate, placing a series of FTWs in two lakes, in bleaching powder, poly aluminium and which one lake was high in phosphorous ferrous sulphate. It could remove the algae (lake 227) and one had normal levels(lake effectively and reduce or even eliminate 114). They discovered cattail plants in lake the smell of water. A newspaper report 227 had eight times the productivity and published on December 2018, reveals that five times the amount of roots than those for years the Killiyar has been the dump left in lake 114. They are currently yard of huge quantities of industrial and exploring how FTW could break down oil domestic waste. Figure 9 shows a report constituents after a spill. Though the on the water quality of river Killi, a branch sampling point 2 (Maruthoorkadavu) has of Karamanariver.

Fig.9:-Report on water quality of Kill river

As part of the river walk initiative sufficient water level for all the Kadavus organized by Killi River City Mission, an and will eliminate the reverse flow undertaking of the City Corporation, a boat direction during high tide which could survey was conducted from Thiruvallam to cause entry of saline water and polluted Karamana. The study concluded that the water from ParvathyPuthanar to these ParvathyPuthanar canal which joins the areas. In the sampling point 3 (Kadavu at river is one of the primary carriers of Kallady), most of the people use this waste. The construction of check dam has Kadavu for washing their clothes. They certain positive impacts. The journal use soap oil (chemical) for washing the IJIRSET, December 2016 published a case clothes. The detergent content in river study- A step towards pollution abatement water increases, which ultimately results in of Karamanariver by constructing a check pollution of algae. This process reduces dam. This study suggests that the check oxygen content. The suggestion of dam can be used as a pollution and providing comfort stations, pay and use sedimentation mitigation technique. The washing machine facility, preventing check dam will improve quality of life discharge of waste water into river, through multiple uses. It will enable creating a sense of ownership among

residents and public shall improve the the natural flow of water to bring the trash general environment. to riverbank from where it is removed manually or mechanically. This removal Plastic waste being dumped in our can be done whenever convenient and the waterways pose a health risk from the trash continues to remain at the collection smallest to the largest organism. Around spot. This is a low operating cost solution 90% of the marine plastic transported by without the use of boats. Figure 10 shows rivers to the ocean originates from just 10 a floating trash barrier set up used in a waterways. The floating trash barriers use river bank.

Fig.10:-Floating trash barrier

Ellen McArthur foundation and the World along the river side. The bubble barrier Health Organisation have designed a will allow the free passage of everything solution that intercepts plastics in rivers such as ships and fish, but will prevent the and canals before it reaches the oceans. flow of plastic. Along with the They created a bubble screen by pumping apprehension of the debris the bubble air through a tube with holes in it, which is barriers brings some positive effects such located on the bottom of the bottom of the as a hike in the oxygen levels in the water waterways. The bubble barrier creates an that triggers the ecosystem to prevent he up thrust, which brings waste to the growth of the toxic blue algae in the water. surface of the water. The bubble barrier The bubble barrier can be placed in when kept diagonally along the water various rivers and canals. Figure 11 shows ways will utilise the natural flow of water an arrangement of bubble screen. to keep the plastic to the catchment system

Fig.11:-Bubble screen

The most sustainable solution to the Trivandrum city is showing the depletion pollution of river is active initiative taken of water ecosystem due to the increased by the municipalities, water management urbanization and industrialisation. The boards and the society. Cities can reduce studies conducted over the years have water pollution by upgrading their waste shown that the water quality of water treatment facilities and frequent Karamanariver is deteriorating drastically cleaning actions taken by the Water due to these reasons. Even after various Authorities. First, and most importantly, precautionary measure taken by the the source of water pollution must be competent authorities, the results of the removed, so that additional water present study also showing the low quality contamination does not occur. If of the Karamanariver. The survey companies exceed /pollution limits, they conducted among various stakeholders can be fired. The most beneficial action along the stretches of Karamana River has that individuals can take is to reduce shown that various manufacturing pollution within their own lives. The organizations, healthcare institutions and Government should bring awareness hotels are directing the wastes generated in among the people about the importance of their premises to the Kramana river maintaining water quality. “Effective stretches such as ParvathyPuthanar which Government is the need of the hour. If is being the most polluted stretch of pollution does not stop, the industry has to Karamanariver over past few years. It is be stopped. If sewage dumping does not also observed that nearby houses, shops, stop, local bodies have to be made slaughtering shops, hotels etc. also dump accountable and the head of local bodies their sewage and solid waste. From the are to be prosecuted”. response, many of the houses nearby river do not have a proper septic tank and CONCLUSIONS sewers were directed towards the river. Over the years the river Karamana has been utilised for various purposes such Waterquality index clearly reveals the irrigation, transportation, domestic and effect of urbanization in the river. In the industrial usage of water etc. Due to these present study uses samples from seven multiple usage of the river water in sampling points collected along the banks Kramanariver, it is very essential to of the Karamanariver between Aruvikkara analyse the quality of water and the impact and Thoppadi. The water quality test result of urbanization on the quality levels of shows that water quality index of six Karamanariver. Through the present study sampling points that are in the Trivandrum it is observed that the quality of water in corporation limit are having poor water the river is deteriorating due to multiple quality. The one sample collected from the reasons such as disposal of wastes, both sampling point which is outside the municipal and chemical from different Trivandrum Corporation limit shows a industries along the banks of the river, the medium level water quality index. The rapid urban growth and the house hold parameters which influence more to the wastes flowing to the river, a rise in the water quality are chloride, dissolved industrial activities, over usage of harmful oxygen and biological oxygen demand. All fertilisers in the agricultural production, these reveal that the quality of river is the disposal of wastes from hospitals, seriously affected with the effect of slaughter houses etc. urbanization.

Various studies have shown that for the past few years the water ecosystem of

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