Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (4): 992-1003

Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute www.ejppri.eg.net

Seasonal activity of jasmine unionalis (: Pyralidae) in response to true spiders and temperature degrees in olive orchard Mohamed, E. Mostafa1; Ibrahim, E. Shehata2; Salma, Kh. Ragab1 and Nabil, M. Ghanim1 1 Plant Protection Research Institute. Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. 2Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, El-Behoos St., Dokki, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO Abstract: Article History Received: 13 / 10 /2020 The jasmine moth Palpita unionalis (Hübner) Accepted: 21 / 12 /2020 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the serious pests infesting olive trees. The present study aimed to study some ecological aspects of P. unionalis and true spiders in olive orchard at Dakahlia Keywords Governorate during two successive years (from the 25th of th Ecological aspects, January 2018 till the 16 of January 2020). The obtained results jasmine moth, Palpita indicated that larval population of P. unionalis exhibiting four unionalis, true spiders, and five peaks of abundance during the first and second year and olive orchard and the highest activity was recorded during autumn and spring of the Dakahlia Governorate. first and second year. With respect to true spiders, it exhibited six and five peaks of abundance during the first and second year and the highest activity was recorded during spring of the two studied years. On contrary, the lowest activity of P. unionalis and true spiders was recorded during winter of the first year and summer of the second year. Statistical analysis indicated that P. unionalis population exhibited positively responses to the true spider population during the first (r = 0.092ns) and second (r = 0.601*) year. Both of P. unionalis and true spiders exhibited insignificant responses maximum, minimum and average temperature during the two studied years.

Introduction applications pose the risk of Olive (Olea europaea L.) environmental pollution and growing is of great economic and socio- contamination of the olive products cultural significance for the (Jardak and Ksantini, 1996; Calbras et Mediterranean region, where 98% of al., 1997; Cirio 1997 and Moustafa et the world’s olive production is located al., 2009). The jasmine moth Palpita (Civantos, 2001). The olive tree is unionalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: attacked by various pests, which Pyralidae) is an international can cause considerable yield losses, and lepidopteran pest originating in the current olive cultivation involves Mediterranean Basin (Hegazi et al., regular use of plant protection products. 2012 and Ghoneim, 2015). It is a highly However, frequent insecticide mobile moth and is known to disperse

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Mostafa et al. , 2020 even to Northern Europe (Tremewan, populations such as Trichogramma spp. 2002). It attracted a considerable (Hegazi et al., 2007a) and pheromone attention of some researchers during the traps (Anthanassiou et al., 2004 and last few decades because of its serious Hegazi et al., 2007b). Spiders are attack against young olive trees in important predators of the olive moth nurseries. Where, it is feeding damage Prays oleae (Bernard, 1788) by larvae can reach up to 90% of the (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) and leaf area, thereby seriously affecting the may reduce its population by 80%, development of the plant shoots. During being Philodromus spp., Salticus spp. the fruit ripening season, high larvae and Iciushamatus the most common. infestations may also reduce the fruit They feed on eggs and larvae and in yield by 30% (Solaiman, 1997; Lopez- some cases have reduced the pest Villalta, 1999; Hegazi et al., 2007 a, b population by 60 to 80% in olive groves and 2012 and Ghoneim, 2015). In years in Spain (Morris et al., 1999 and of high population densities, larvae Ghavami, 2006). The occurrence of attack also olive fruits, making them spiders in olive groves can be an unsuitable for marketing (Antonelli and important contribution to reducing Rossi , 2004 and Mazomenos et al., natural populations of phytophagous 2002). This pest is one of the serious due to their exclusively olive pests in Egypt and several predator diet (Rei et al., 2011). countries (Vassilaina-Alexopoulou and Efficient control of economic Santorini, 1973; Tremewan, 2002 and insect pests requires detailed Hamadah and Abo Elsoud, 2018). investigations of its ecology as well as Spiders represent an abundant the recorded natural enemies. Some group of predators within the certain are essential for the control of agroecosystems, and in olive groves of insect pests such as population Europe spiders are important predators dynamics and peaks times of the pest and may significantly reduce the attack and its associated natural enemies of pests. Spiders comprise a large (Öztürk and Ulusoy, 2012 and Abdel fraction of predator in Kareim et al., 2018). According to agroecosystems, where Witzgall et al. (2010), the first step in (especially flies and ) are the managing any pest species begins with main preys. These arachnids are more a proper monitoring program. sensitive to pesticide application than Therefore, the present study deals with their prey, and therefore are good some ecological aspects of jasmine bioindicators of the risk of an outbreak moth P. unionalis and true spiders in of pests in olive groves (Loverre and olive orchard at Dakahlia Governorate. Addante, 2011). The intensive use of Material and methods many conventional insecticides led to An area of two feddans (One several dramatic problems, such as feddan = 4200 m2) cultivated with olive destruction of the natural enemies, trees was selected for the present study environmental hazards and serious at Mansoura district, Dakahlia toxicological problems to humans, as governorate. The present study lasted well as the development of insect two successive years, starting from the resistance toward different insecticides 25th of January 2018 till the 16th of (Davies et al., 2007; Costa et al., 2008; January 2020. Five trees (Homogenous Mosallanejad and Smagghe, 2009 and in size and age) were selected randomly Sharifian et al., 2012). There are several from all the area. Every week, five attempts to use different bio control newly branches (Each branch was about tactics to control P. unionalis 20 cm) of each tree were cut from the

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Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (4): 992-1003 cardinal direction (North, south, east as true spiders were correlated with and west) and center of the tree (On each temperature degree and the simple branch per direction). Then, branched & multi regressions in addition to were put in paper bags, well tied and explained variance were analyzed by transported to laboratory for using the computer program of CoHort investigation. On each branch, numbers Software (2004). of P. unionalis larvae and true spiders Results and discussion were counted and recorded. Among the As shown as in Figure (1), larval available meteorological data of population of P. unionalis occurred in Dakahlia region, daily averaged olive trees during the period from 17th temperature degrees (Maximum, of May till 29th of November 2018 minimum and average) were obtained during the first year. The pest from the Central Laboratory for population was recorded four peaks. Agricultural Climate, Agricultural These peaks were recorded on the 17th Research Center, during the period of May (4 individuals / sample), 23th of from the 25th of January 2018 till the August (6 individuals / sample), 13th of 16th of January 2020. The daily records September (5 individuals / sample) and of each temperature degree were 11th of October (16 individuals / grouped into weekly means according sample). to the sampling dates. The mean weekly numbers of P. unionalis larvae as well 20 P. unionalis True spider

15 twigs

25 25 10

5

0 No. of ndividuals / / ndividualsof No.

Sampling date Figure (1): Seasonal abundance of Palpita unionalis and true spiders population on olive trees in Dakahlia Governorate during 2018/19. With respect to true spiders, it May 2019; while, the second period was recorded all over the first year was recorded from the 12th of (Figure 1). True spiders exhibited six September till the 26th of December peaks of abundance recorded as 18, 9, 2019 (Figure 2). P. unionalis exhibited 13, 13, 11, 6 and 16 individuals / sample five peaks during the second year. (On 25th January, 8th of March, 5th of These peaks were recorded during 11th April, 17th of May, 5th of July, 4th of of April (15 individuals / sample), 2nd of October and 8th of November 2018, May (10 individuals / sample), 19th of respectively). During the second year, September (6 individuals / sample), 10th P. unionalis showed two periods of of October (6 individuals / sample) and activity. The first period was recorded 19th of December 2019 (6 individuals / from the 21st of March till the 23rd of sample).

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16 P. unionalis True spider

12 twigs

25 25 8

4

0 No. of ndividuals / / ndividualsof No.

Sampling date Figure (2): Seasonal abundance of Palpita unionalis and true spiders population on olive trees in Dakahlia Governorate during 2019/20. As shown as in Figure (2), true January and February. On the contrary, spiders exhibited five peaks of activity this pest showed its highest population during the second year. These peaks during October of the first year (with a were recorded as 13, 4, 8, 8 and 6 mean of 14 individuals / sample) and individuals / sample on the 4th of April, during April of the second year (with a 9th of May, 12th of September, 14th of mean of 7 individuals / sample). During November and 19th of December, all of the rest months, the pest respectively. Data illustrated in Figure population showed moderate numbers (3) indicated that P. unionalis was and varied from year to other. recorded with no numbers during 15 P. unionalis True spider 2018/19 12

/ sample / 9

6

3 Mean number number Mean

0 15 2019/20 12

9 / sample / 6 3 0

Mean number Meannumber Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Months Figure (3): Monthly mean numbers of Palpita unionalis and true spiders on olive trees in Dakahlia Governorate during 2018/19 and 2019/20.

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True spiders showed its highest activity P. unionalis were recorded during during April and July of the first year autumn of the first year and spring of with monthly means of 9.25 and 7.5 the second year. On contrary, there individuals / sample. While, during the were no recorded individuals of P. second year, true spiders showed its unionalis during winter of the first year highest population during March (with and summer of the second year. The a mean of 5.75 individuals / sample) general mean number of P. unionalis and April (with a mean of 4.50 was 2.21 and 1.67 individuals / sample individuals / sample). As shown as in all over the first and second year. Figure (4), the highest mean numbers of

P. unionalis True spider 2018/19 8 6

4 sample

2 Mean number / number Mean

0

8 2019/20 6 4

2 sample 0 Mean number / Meannumber Spring Summer Autumn Winter General Season mean

Figure (4): Mean of numbers of Palpita unionalis larvae and true spiders during annual seasons as well as all year on olive trees in Dakahlia Governorate during 2018/19 and 2019/20. correlation (r) and regression (b) were True spider recorded its highest activity during spring of the two studied done, as well as multi regression years. While, its lowest activity was analysis (Table 1). Correlation analysis recorded during winter of the first year indicated that P. unionalis population exhibited positively responses to the and summer of the second year. The increase of true spider population general mean number of true spiders ns reached 4.71 and 2.77 individuals / during the first (r = 0.092 ) and second sample all over the first and second year (r = 0.601*) year. With respect to (Figure 4). The seasonal activity of P. temperature degrees, P. unionalis exhibited positively insignificant unionalis in response to true spiders and temperature degrees was evaluated responses maximum, minimum and average temperature during the two during two years of study. To determine the relation between these factors and studied years. population of P. unionalis, simple

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Table (1): The correlation and regression coefficients between Palpita unionalis population and true spiders as well as temperature degrees on olive orchard in Dakahlia Governorate during 2018/19 and 2019/20. Simple correlation and regression Multi regression Factors E.V R B P R2 B P % 2018/19 True spider 0.092 0.066 0.777 0.8% 0.014 0.981 Max. T. 0.342 0.516 0.276 11.7% 0.680 0.557 15.2 Min. T. 0.287 0.413 0.365 8.2% -0.670 0.703 Av. T. 0.305 0.457 0.335 9.3% 0.190 0.920 2019/20 True spider 0.601 0.344 0.039 36.1% 0.992 0.128 Max. T. 0.079 0.175 0.808 0.6% 1.520 0.654 39.9 Min. T. 0.020 0.047 0.952 0.0% 1.060 0.668 Av. T. 0.045 0.105 0.889 0.2% -2.470 0.664

The simple regression indicated of true spiders (T.s.), maximum that every increase of true spiders by temperature (Max.T.), minimum one individual increased the pest temperature (Min.T.) and average population by 0.066 and 0.344 temperature (Av.T.) could by individuals during the first and second represented as follows: years (Table, 1). On another hand, During the first year: every increase of maximum, minimum P. unionalis = - 6.84 + 0.014 T.s. + 0.66 and average temperature by one degree Max.T. - 0.67 Min.T. + 0.19 Av.T. increased P. unionalis population by During the second year: 0.516, 0.413 and 0.457 individuals, P. unionalis = - 4.94 + 0.992 T.s. + respectively during the first year and by 1.52 Max.T. + 1.06 Min.T. - 2.47 0.175, 0.047 and 0.105 individuals, Av.T. respectively during the second year. Data represented in Table (2) Also, regression analysis showed that showed the effect of temperature the highest effective factor on P. degrees on true spiders’ population. unionalis population during the first These data explained that true spiders’ year was that of maximum temperature population were insignificantly (R2 = 11.7%); while, during the second correlated with temperature degrees year was that of true spiders (R2 = during the two studied year. The 36.1%). The explained variance correlation coefficient values (r) attributed to combined effects of true between true spiders’ population and spiders in addition to maximum, maximum, minimum and average minimum and average temperatures on temperature degrees were 0.394ns, P. unionalis population reached 15.2 0.401ns and 0.425ns during the first year, and 39.9% of the total factors affecting and were -0.101ns, -0.194ns and -0.154ns the pest population during the first and during the second year, respectively. second year (Table 1). Multi regression analysis explained that the relationship between P. unionalis population and all

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Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (4): 992-1003

Table (2): The correlation and regression coefficients between population of true spiders and temperature degrees on olive orchard in Dakahlia Governorate during 2018/19 and 2019/20. Simple correlation and regression Multi regression Factors R B P R2 B P E.V% 2018/19 Max. T. 0.394 0.734 0.266 12.2% -0.558 0.409 Min. T. 0.401 0.805 0.196 16.1% -0.280 0.798 26.8 Av. T. 0.425 0.890 0.168 18.1% 1.010 0.376 2019/20 Max. T. -0.101 -0.41 0.734 1.1% 2.030 0.308 Min. T. -0.194 -0.82 0.547 3.7% 1.070 0.469 20.7 Av. T. -0.154 -0.62 0.632 2.4% -3.070 0.362

Regression analysis showed that Fodale and Mule, 1990). The present average temperature was the most results showed that P. unionalis effective factor of true spiders’ exhibited four to five peaks of activity population during the first year (R2 = on olive orchard annually in Dakahlia 18.1%); while, during the second year governorate. These results are was that of minimum temperature (R2 = approximately in agreement with those 3.7%). Multi regression explained that of Hegazi et al. (2011), they reported the combined effects of the three tested that P. unionalis exhibiting six to seven temperature degrees on true spiders’ and three to four overlapping flight population was 26.8 and 20.7% of the peaks in Alexandria governorate. Also, total factors affecting true spiders’ in Alexandria, Hegazi et al. (2012) population during the first and second reported that this pest recorded three to year (Table 2). In Egypt, lepidopterous four peaks of activity annually. On pests are important constraints for olive another hand, the obtained data showed production, especially in recently that the heist activity of P. unionalis established, intensively managed olive was recorded during autumn plantations (Hegazi et al., 2012). The (Especially in October) and spring present study showed that there were (Especially in April). While, in observed differences in either weekly Alexandria, the heist activity was numbers of P. unionalis larvae or the recorded during summer especially in time of its peaks. Similar findings were June (Hegazi et al., 2012). In the coastal obtained by Osman et al. (2001), region and Middle Egypt, P. unionalis Hegazi et al. (2011) and Hegazi et al. recorded its highest populations in May (2012), they reported that the number of (El-Kenawy, 2012). In Iran, field P. unionalis was generally varied from observations indicated that the first year to other and from site to other. generation being completed by the end Many authors reported that P. of March and in early April. However, unionalis is a multivoltine species with the population reaches its peak during several overlapping generations per the third and fourth generations (Noori year (Ghoneim, 2015). As reported by and Shirazi, 2012). The differences Grossley (2000), the pest has 2-3 between the present results and others generations in cold to mild regions may explained by the study of Ghoneim while more than 5-6 in mid-tropical and (2015), who reported that P. unionalis tropical regions. It has 5 generations per has varied number of generations year in in Spain (Fodale and Mule, annually in the same country, 1990), 4-5 in Italy (Martelli, 1916 and depending on the host plant, seasonal

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Mostafa et al. , 2020 temperature and other environmental positively insignificant responses conditions of over its universal or maximum, minimum and average regional distribution. Also, Kacar and temperature during the two studied Ulusoy (2013) observed that shoot years. Also, Halder et al. (2017) development and climatic factors reported indica (Saunders) (Temperature and humidity) affected (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) exhibited the larval population fluctuation. positive responses to maximum, According to the present study, minimum and average temperature true spiders exhibited five to six peaks degrees in India. In contrary, of annual activity. The highest activity Rahmathulla et al. (2012) recorded was recorded during spring of the two negative responses of the pyralid, studied years. On contrary, its lowest Diaphania pulverulentalis Hampson in activities were recorded during winter mulberry plantations. The variation and summer. These results between the present results and other approximately came in the same line may be attributed to the variation of with Mohafez et al. (2010), they agroecosystems, ecological factors reported that the population numbers of and/or the behavior of pest species. true spiders had two highest peaks in Dahi et al. (2017) reported that the most September and July on mango trees in favorite temperature for P. unionalis Sohag Governorate; while, it started to (which recorded high hatch rate, increase gradually during Spring emergence rate and sex ratio) was that months to reach the first peak in early of 22°C followed by 27°C. This may Summer season, then a sharp decline in explain the highest activity of P. spider population in late Summer, unionalis during April and October Autumn and winter; then, started to months (which the average temperature increase gradually to reach peak in ranged between 21 and 25°C). Also, the September. same authors conducted a study which Statistically, the true spider aimed to calculate temperature population exhibited positively thresholds (t0) and accumulated heat responses to the increase of P. unionalis units (DD’s) for each stage of P. population during the two studied years. unionalis as a primary step for So, it could play an efficient role as a developing a forecasting system that biological control agent to reduce the will help to define the most precise time pest population. This suggestion is for different control programs. They supported by Morris et al. (1999) and found that the time required for Ghavami (2006) in Spain, they reported development through egg, , pupa that spiders are important predators of and pre-ovipostion increased at lower the olive moth, P. oleae and may reduce temperatures. The lower threshold of its population by 80%. The same development (t0) to complete a authors added the spiders feed on eggs generation was 12.04°C and the average and larvae in olive groves. Also, Rei et accumulated heat units required for its al. (2011) reported that the occurrence development was 443.07 degree-days. of spiders in olive groves can be an According to Mohafez et al. important contribution to reducing (2010), true spider population in some natural populations of phytophagous fruit orchards in Sohag governorate arthropods due to their exclusively decreased to form the lowest activity in predator diet. winter and exhibited its highest activity On another hand, the present during spring months. This may study explained that jasmine moth, P. confirm the positively insignificant unionalis (Pyralidae) exhibited correlation between true spiders and

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