2 Geschichte Und Funktion Des Method Acting

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2 Geschichte Und Funktion Des Method Acting DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Realismusfunktionen des Method Acting“ Verfasserin Katharina Karrer angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 317 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ulrich Meurer, M.A. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................. 1 2 Geschichte und Funktion des Method Acting ....................................................... 4 2.1 Lee Strasberg ........................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Strasberg auf Entdeckungskurs ............................................................................................... 4 2.2.1 Rhythmus in Schauspiel und Film .................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 Schauspielen von innen und außen ................................................................................. 8 2.2.2.1 Die Physiognomie eines Schauspielers ...................................................................... 11 2.2.2.2 Das Gesicht und seine Seele ...................................................................................... 13 2.3 Stanislawskis „System“ als Grundlage ................................................................................... 14 2.3.1 Das Moskauer Künstlertheater...................................................................................... 21 2.4 Unterricht am American Laboratory Theatre ........................................................................ 23 2.5 Leitung am Group Theatre .................................................................................................... 27 2.6 Leitung am Actors Studio ...................................................................................................... 29 2.7 Kritik an der Methode ........................................................................................................... 32 3 Anforderungen an Schauspieler und deren Schulung ........................................ 34 3.1 Entspannung .......................................................................................................................... 34 3.2 Sensiblisierte Wahrnehmung und Aufmerksamkeit, Konzentration und Spontanität.......... 36 3.3 Vorstellungskraft und Phantasie ........................................................................................... 38 3.4 Hervorbringung eines privaten Moments ............................................................................. 39 3.5 Szenenkern analysieren und interpretieren .......................................................................... 43 3.6 Stereotyp – „Sein oder Nicht-Sein“`? .................................................................................... 45 4 Anforderungen an Zuschauer ............................................................................ 50 4.1 Bewusstsein und Sinne .......................................................................................................... 51 4.1.1 Funktion des Abbilds ..................................................................................................... 55 4.2 Vorstellungsvermögen und Informationsverarbeitungskapazität ........................................ 59 4.2.1 Figurenrezeption ........................................................................................................... 59 4.2.1.1 Artefakte .................................................................................................................... 60 4.2.1.2 Fiktive Wesen ............................................................................................................ 60 4.2.1.3 Symbole ..................................................................................................................... 60 4.2.1.4 Symptome ................................................................................................................. 61 4.2.1.5 Sonstige ..................................................................................................................... 61 4.3 Emotionales Erleben .............................................................................................................. 62 4.3.1 Empathie ....................................................................................................................... 66 4.3.2 Identifikation ................................................................................................................. 68 5 Filmanalyse „Man on Fire“ (USA 2004) - Schauspielleistung von Method Actor Denzel Washington .................................................................................................. 72 5.1 Grundkonflikte der Darstellung ............................................................................................. 72 5.1.1 Denzel Washington als Typ & Star................................................................................. 72 5.1.2 Die Figur „Creasy“ im Rausch der Großaufnahmen & Stereotypie ............................... 74 5.1.3 Montagetechnik lässt schauspielerische Darstellung verblassen ................................. 76 5.1.4 Die Kamera spielt auch noch mit ................................................................................... 78 5.2 Momente der Sichtbarkeit von Method Acting .................................................................... 80 5.3 Illusions-, Einfühlungs- und Störungszustände...................................................................... 86 6 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................. 91 7 Bibliografie ......................................................................................................... 95 8 Filmografie ......................................................................................................... 99 9 Anhang ............................................................................................................. 100 1 Einleitung Der Beruf eines/r Schauspielers/in bringt zahlreiche Herausforderungen mit sich, die von dem oder der Künstler/in zur Ausübung dieses Berufes beherrscht werden müssen. Jeder Mensch, der schon einmal im Theater war oder einen Film rezipiert hat, kennt dabei das oftmals anschließende Gefühl, entweder fasziniert oder enttäuscht über das Dargebotene zu sein. Zwar wird zumeist ein Gesamtwerk bewertet, welches sich bekanntlich aus mehreren Komponenten zusammensetzt, aber essentiell ist die Tatsache, dass ohne Schauspieler kein Spielfilm und kein Theaterstück vollbracht werden könnte. Natürlich gibt es Ausnahmen, wie beispielsweise manche Experimentalfilme, wo keine SchauspielerInnen von Nöten sind, aber diese Art der Kunst wird hier nicht thematisiert. Das bedeutet, dass für die Erwartungshaltung eines „erfolgreichen“ Theater- oder Kinobesuches vor allem die dargebotene Schauspielkunst entscheidend ist. Dabei besteht oftmals eine Erwartungshaltung seitens des Zuschauers „große Schauspielkunst“ erleben zu dürfen. Den Anspruch „große Schauspielkunst“ zu bieten, besitzen aber ebenso die Schauspieler. Ein/e Schauspieler/in vollbringt auf der Bühne oder im Film eine Leistung, indem er/sie den Zuschauern eine Geschichte, ein Leben, ein Verhalten über eine Figur, über eine Rolle erzählt und widerspiegelt. Im besten Fall soll diese Leistung der Schauspielkunst beim Publikum eine Wirkung erzielen. Das Ziel einer Wirkung hat als Ursache nicht nur einen wirtschaftlichen und finanziellen Aspekt, sondern auch einen Emotionalen, der mit einem Erfolgserlebnis bei den Schauspielern und auch beim Publikum zusammenhängt. Erfolg wird als „allg. positives Ergebnis einer Bemühung“ verstanden, speziell in der Psychologie sieht man darin „das Erreichen eines Ziels“. Das Erfolgserlebnis „hängt vor allem von der Übereinstimmung der Leistung mit den selbstgesetzten Erwartungen ab.“ (vgl. Meyers 1979:573) Schauspieler und Zuschauer fragen sich nämlich oft nach dem Geheimnis, was große Schauspielkunst denn eigentlich ausmacht. Jeder will sie erreichen oder zusehen können, wie sie sich entfaltet, um an einem Erlebnis bzw. an einem Erfolg teilzuhaben. Die Anforderungen an die Schauspieler sind dabei groß. Die mehrheitliche Erwartungshaltung geht dahin, dass Schauspieler „überzeugend spielen“ sollten, „echt“ sein und Glaubwürdigkeit und Wahrheit präsentieren, Kraft und Präsenz signalisieren sollten und Vieles mehr. Das heißt, es besteht eine große Forderung nach Authentizität und nach Realismus bei der Schauspielleistung. Allerdings hat dieser Realismus in Wahrheit seine Grenzen, welcher sich die Rezipienten oft nicht bewusst sind. Um diese Grenzen zu veranschaulichen, muss man verschiedene, ineinandergreifende und zusammenhängende Sichtweisen berücksichtigen: 1 Die Forderung nach Realismus besteht nämlich genauso beim Filme produzieren an sich – meistens zumindest. Realismus entwächst hier zumeist diversen Darstellungskonventionen, Stereotypen und genau festgelegten Bildern, wobei dann die Realität der Schauspielkunst - speziell im Film - oft in den Hintergrund geraten kann. Dadurch entstehen Spannungsverhältnisse in Anbetracht des Realismus in der Schauspielkunst. Bis heute haben sich verschiedenste Ansätze zum Schauspielen herauskristallisiert, dennoch gibt es einen Ansatz, der behauptet, diese Überzeugung, Echtheit, Glaubwürdigkeit, Wahrheit – eine Realität
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