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Digital Library Use: Social Practice in Design and Evaluation Ann Peterson Bishop, Nancy A

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Digital Library Use: Social Practice in Design and Evaluation Ann Peterson Bishop, Nancy A Digital Library Use Contributors Digital Library Use Philip E. Agre, Imani Bazzell, Ann Peterson Bishop, Christine L. Borgman, Geoffrey C. Social Practice in Design and Evaluation Bowker, Barbara P. Buttenfield, Anita Komlodi, David M. Levy, Clifford Lynch, Gary Edited by Ann Peterson Bishop, Nancy A. Van House, Marchionini, Catherine C. Marshall, Bharat Mehra, Bonnie A. Nardi, Laura J. Neumann, and Barbara P. Buttenfield Vicki L. O’Day, Catherine Plaisant, Cynthia Smith, Mark A. Spasser, Susan Leigh Star, Foreword by Bruce Schatz Nancy A. Van House. The contributors to this volume view digital libraries (DLs) from a social as well as technological perspec- tive. They see DLs as sociotechnical systems, networks Of related interest of technology, information artifacts, and people and practices interacting with the larger world of work and Digital Libraries society. As Bruce Schatz observes in his foreword, for William Y. Arms a digital library to be useful, the users, the documents, The emergence of the Internet and the wide availability of affordable computing equip- Digital Library Use and the information system must be in harmony. ment have created tremendous interest in digital libraries and electronic publishing. This The contributors begin by asking how we evaluate book provides an integrated overview of the field, including a historical perspective, the Social Practice in Design and Evaluation DLs—how we can understand them in order to build state of the art, and current research. An underlying theme of the book is that no aspect better DLs—but they move beyond these basic con- of digital libraries can be understood in isolation or without attention to the needs of the cerns to explore how DLs make a difference in people’s people who create and use information. Bishop, House, Van and Buttenfield, editors edited by lives and their social worlds, and what studying DLs might tell us about information, knowledge, and social From Gutenberg to the Global Information Infrastructure and cognitive processes. The chapters, using both Access to Information in the Networked World Ann Peterson Bishop, empirical and analytical methods, examine the social Christine L. Borgman impact of DLs and also the web of social and material Will the emerging global information infrastructure (GII) create a revolution in communi- Nancy A. Van House, and relations in which DLs are embedded; these far- cation equivalent to that wrought by Gutenberg, or will the result be simply the evolu- ranging social worlds include such disparate groups tionary adaptation of existing behavior and institutions to new media? Will the GII replace Barbara P. Buttenfield as community activists, environmental researchers, libraries and publishers? What are the trade-offs between tailoring information systems middle-school children, and computer system to user communities and standardizing them to interconnect with systems designed for designers. other communities, cultures, and languages? This book takes a close look at these and Topics considered include documents and society; other questions of technology, behavior, and policy surrounding the GII. the real boundaries of a “library without walls”; the ecologies of digital libraries; usability and evaluation; information and institutional change; transparency as a product of the convergence of social practices and information artifacts; and collaborative knowledge construction in digital libraries. The MIT Press Ann Peterson Bishop is Associate Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Foreword by Bruce Schatz Graduate School of Library and Information Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign. Nancy A. http://mitpress.mit.edu Van House is Professor, School of Information Management and Systems, University of California, 0-262-02544-2 Berkeley. Barbara P. Buttenfield is Professor, Department of Geography, University of Colorado, ,!7IA2G2-acfeeh!:t;K;k;K;k Boulder. Digital Libraries and Electronic Publishing series Digital Library Use Digital Libraries and Electronic Publishing William Y. Arms, series editor Gateways to Knowledge: The Role of Academic Libraries in Teaching, Learning, and Research edited by Lawrence Dowler, 1997 Civic Space/Cyberspace: The American Public Library in the Information Age Redmond Kathleen Molz and Phyllis Dain, 1999 Digital Libraries William Y. Arms, 1999 From Gutenberg to the Global Information Infrastructure: Access to Information in the Networked World Christine L. Borgman, 2000 The Intellectual Foundation of Information Elaine Svenonius, 2000 Digital Library Use: Social Practice in Design and Evaluation Ann Peterson Bishop, Nancy A. Van House, and Barbara P. Buttenfield, 2003 Digital Library Use Social Practice in Design and Evaluation Edited by Ann Peterson Bishop, Nancy A. Van House, and Barbara P. Buttenfield The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England ( 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. This book was set in Sabon on 3B2 by Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Digital library use : social practice in design and evaluation / edited by Ann Peterson Bishop, Nancy A. Van House, and Barbara P. Buttenfield. p. cm. — (Digital libraries and electronic publishing) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-262-02544-2 (hc. : alk. paper) 1. Digital libraries—Social aspects. 2. Digital libraries—Planning. 3. Information technology—Social aspects. I. Bishop, Ann P. II. Van House, Nancy A. III. Buttenfield, Barbara Pfeil. IV. Series. ZA4080.D546 2003 0250.00285—dc21 2002045248 10987654321 Contents Foreword vii Bruce Schatz 1 Introduction: Digital Libraries as Sociotechnical Systems 1 Nancy A. Van House, Ann Peterson Bishop, and Barbara P. Buttenfield Part I 2 Documents and Libraries: A Sociotechnical Perspective 25 David M. Levy 3 Finding the Boundaries of the Library without Walls 43 Catherine C. Marshall 4 An Ecological Perspective on Digital Libraries 65 Vicki L. O’Day and Bonnie A. Nardi Part II 5 Designing Digital Libraries for Usability 85 Christine L. Borgman 6 The People in Digital Libraries: Multifaceted Approaches to Assessing Needs and Impact 119 Gary Marchionini, Catherine Plaisant, and Anita Komlodi 7 Participatory Action Research and Digital Libraries: Reframing Evaluation 161 Ann Peterson Bishop, Bharat Mehra, Imani Bazzell, and Cynthia Smith 8 Colliding with the Real World: Heresies and Unexplored Questions about Audience, Economics, and Control of Digital Libraries 191 Clifford Lynch vi Contents Part III 9 Information and Institutional Change: The Case of Digital Libraries 219 Philip E. Agre 10 Transparency beyond the Individual Level of Scale: Convergence between Information Artifacts and Communities of Practice 241 Susan Leigh Star, Geoffrey C. Bowker, and Laura J. Neumann 11 Digital Libraries and Collaborative Knowledge Construction 271 Nancy A. Van House 12 The Flora of North America Project: Making the Case [Study] for Social Realist Theory 297 Mark A. Spasser List of Contributors 329 Index 335 Foreword Bruce Schatz The world has changed radically with the emergence of the Internet. Information retrieval used to be a specialized topic known by a few experts and practiced by a few librarians. Today, millions of ordinary people all over the world routinely search the Internet in an attempt to find useful information to solve their problems. This emergence has made the process of organizing and searching digital collec- tions a critical international need. As the Internet itself becomes increasingly part of the structure of the world, so will the process of creating useful digital libraries become a critical part of society (Schatz 1997). Previous generations of the Internet were focused largely on the technology itself. When the Internet was originally developed in the 1960s, the focus was on transmitting packets of data correctly from one machine to another. Such transmitting could be engineered in a value-free fashion in the abstract world of bits. Today the focus has shifted dramatically to searching documents usefully across many collections over the Internet. Such searching must be engineered to meet the needs of users in the concrete world of people. There are not correct answers to most queries in information retrieval, merely useful ones. This shift from correct to useful has correspondingly created a shift in the focus of projects needed to develop infrastructure for the Internet. Advances in technology remain important, but considerations in sociology become equally important. The development of an information-retrieval system is determined largely by technology. But the deployment is determined largely by sociology. A successful digital library is a place where a group of users (people) can effec- tively search a group of documents (collection) via an information system (technol- ogy). These three components must be in harmony, and all must be effective for the digital library to be useful. viii Foreword Shortly after the Internet began to be widely used in the mid-1990s, the first gen- eration of digital library projects began. Since the technology was still quite new, these projects were largely research projects by government-sponsored universities or major library
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