Taking Advantage of the SAS® System on the Windows® Platform

Gary Mehler, SAS, Cary, NC

ABSTRACT background will help the reader understand the quickly changing landscape of basic capabilities As the Microsoft Windows platform continues to on personal computers. evolve and mature, business applications can more effectively realize large-scale benefits in this relatively cost-effective environment. This PLATFORM ISSUES paper presents a discussion of the state of the Windows platform {including Windows 2000 and It is useful to survey the state of operating Terminal Services) and how the SAS System systems and hardware from time to time, and takes advantage and integrates with the much has occurred in the last year: Windows operating system. New features of the Version 2000, Windows 98 Second Edition, and 8 SAS System are also covered. improved PC hardware is now available. In addition, future processor improvements and the advent of 64-bit personal computers are INTRODUCTION expected later in 2000.

In the history of SAS software on the Windows platform, SAS Institute has provided various Welcome to Windows 2000 methods of taking advantage of features and other applications available on personal During 1999, much of the interest in the computers. In addition to reflecting the native Microsoft Windows platform revolved around the look and feel of the Windows platform, expected · release of the Windows 2000 interoperability has been a hallmark of the SAS operating system. After a very long development System for Windows. This interoperability has .cycle, Microsoft finally released some versions of taken the form of support for e-mail, Lotus Windows 2000 in February 2000, and the wide Notes, Windows Explorer integration, and other range of new capabilities of Windows 2000 methods of interacting with client application deserves study by administrators and software. organizations considering its deployment.

As the Windows platform has evolved as a Windows 2000 joins the Windows NT4 and capable server platform, this focus has shifted Windows 98 platforms as a modem, business­ towards server exploitations of high-end targeted platform that scales from individual hardware capabilities and large-scale processing workstations {called Windows 2000 abilities in Windows NT. These exploitations Professional) through servers {in Windows 2000 center around the most effective use of the SAS Server and Advanced Server) and very large System on large NT Server systems in configurations {with Windows 2000 DataCenter applications such as data warehousing and Server). decision support. In one sense, taking advantage of the SAS System on the Windows As Table 1 indicates, the server versions of platform is easy because SAS has included Windows 2000 include a range of features and much of the basic support in the software itself, limits. Terminal Server {TS) and Enterprise ready for use. In another sense, though, the Memory Architecture (EMA) are available on task is more complex than before, because some of the higher server levels, and are server-based features can be technically more discussed later in this paper. Failover clustering difficult to understand as they relate to the support (formerly known as "Wolfpack") is also operation of a specific use of SAS software. built into some Server versions.

This paper will cover the current state of Windows operating system software and high­ end server hardware likely to be applied to large­ scale computational tasks. Some of this Table 1. Comparison of Windows 2000 capabilities

405 Pro Server Advanced Data As of this writing, Windows Millennium is Server Center Server expected to ship in mid-2000 and will become #CPU 2 4 8 32 the most current member of the family that limit includes Windows 95 and 98 and is generally RAM limit 4GB 4GB 8GB 64GB {EM& CEMAl used in consumer applications. Originally Cluster? None None 2node 4node expected to include major GUI changes, Single Yes T.S. T.S. T.S. User? Millennium is now expected to be more of a Windows 98 replacement, including many modernizations included in Windows 2000. An In addition to feature differences, the highest­ additional expected aspect of Windows capability version, DataCenter Server (expected Millennium was the merging of codebase to laster in 2000) is planned to become available between the consumer line (Windows 98) and only through computer vendors as part of a business line (Windows 2000). As of this writing, certified package. DataCenter Server may ship this merging still awaits a future version of a at the same time as Service Pack 1 of Windows Windows product. 2000.

Windows 2000 Server versions now incorporate Windows 2000 Benefits Terminal Services, which was a separate version of Windows NT in the past. Terminal Services In addHion to the new features already allows multiple users to share a single Windows discussed, H may be found to be an ideal Server, using their own GUI and normal platform for other reasons as well: applications that have been installed on the server. In the style of X-Windows on UNIX, • Microsoft has worked hard to improve administration is centralized and client systems reliability, and Steve Ballmer of Microsoft don't need to be as capable since they're only · has indicated that $162M was spent to used as "dumb terminals" when Terminal improve the quality of the system. This Services is in use. translates into fewer crashes or other service interruptions. Deployment of Windows 2000 in large organizations can be a very complicated affair, • The addition of Plug and Play support and Microsoft makes available a 1206 page means that laptop computer users can finally Windows 2000 Deployment Planning Guide to step up to a very reliable operating system. assist in this undertaking. Much of this Moreover, Windows 2000's improved power complexity has to do wHh the directory service management support could lead to longer integrated into Windows 2000 servers. Called battery life for traveling users. the Active Directory, it will become the basis for many forms of organizational data used by future • Administrators could find it easier to manage software products. Since the optimal operation through features like lntellimirror, roaming of these products depends on an accurate user support, and group policies. Also, the underlying organization, many enterprises will convergence of management applications to need to devote much study to developing an the Microsoft Management Console makes organizational structure that can grow wHh their various types of administration and anticipated future needs. management easier to locate and know how to use. On the smaller system side, Windows 98 Second Edition has become available and is now Administrators will benefit from the Active the basic standard for lightweight PC application • Directory, which can act as a central requirements. Although the Windows 98 family information reposHory for data about continues to evolve, Windows NT and Windows computers, users, and resources in the 2000 remain the optimal Windows platform on enterprise. In addHion, the central location which to run mission-critical and data-intensive will make H easier for applications to access processing typically performed wit~ the s~s this information. System. Reliability and inter-application secunty remain key reasons why Windows 98 is best suited to lightweight application requirements.

406 • Microsoft has claimed that many users will similar to ESMA but much more integrated into notice a performance boost when running normal operating system operation. applications on Windows 2000, as compared with Windows NT, Windows 98, and Version 8 of the SAS System also takes Windows95. advantage of other features of the Pentium Ill processor line which are called Streaming SIMD • Windows 2000 includes Internet Explorer 5, instructions. These new processor capabilities which is a faster and more reliable browser facilitate faster completion of some types of than previous versions of Internet Explorer. operations such as data retrieval and data throughput as well as improved floating point calculation performance. Current State of the Art: 32-bit Personal Computer Processors The SAS System utilizes new instructions that ask the processor to prefetch data before it is 1999 saw continued consistent improvements in actually needed for calculations. In this way, the processor speed, with current speed limits at processing of data can continue to proceed BOOMHz as of this writing, nearly twice as fast as nearly as quickly as the processor can run a year ago. Other improvements in RAM instead of having to stop frequently to ask for technology and bus speed have produced and then receive data from slower main memory commensurate throughput improvements. In areas. Another way in which Version 8 of the addition, the capacity of disk drives continues to SAS System exploits the Pentium Ill processor grow steadily as does their basic performance. line is through wider data movement. Utilizing new, wider registers present in the Pentium Ill While Windows NT 4 was available for various processor, the SAS System can move larger hardware platforms including the Intel x86 family individual pieces through the processor to speed (such as the Pentium processor), Compaq Alpha overall throughput. In these ways, throughput is and MIPS processors, Windows 2000 only maximized more effectively than on other types supports the Intel compatible processor family. of processors. lntel-compatible processors such as the AMD Athlon are also coming into wider use and offer a For high-end lntel-based servers, the arrival of a cost effective yet high-performance alternative to standard 8-way platform in 1999 brought very genuine Intel processors. high-performance operation into the Windows NT world. These systems support up to 8 CPUs For the lntel-based IA-32 family of processors, in and currently up to 16GB of RAM per system. March 1999 the Pentium Ill Xeon processor Internally, a dual PCI bus architecture ensures became available for server systems. This maximal throughput to disks and other processor continues to provide the highest peripherals. throughput levels in a PC-class server. Xeon processors include a memory addressing mode The future of Intel's IA-32 family looks to remain that allows use of more than 4GB of memory, continuously improving in terms of processor which is the typical limit for 32-bit computers. speed and new capabilities, starting with the next processor expected code named Foster. As This mode, which actually uses 36-bits of new features become available that lend addressability instead of the otherwise standard themselves to useful performance 32-bits raises total memory availability from 4GB improvements, SAS will continue to evaluate (~) to 64GB (tJ6). Version 8 of the SAS them for inclusion into future versions of SAS System takes advantage of this capability though software. its support for ESMA (Extended Server Memory Architecture). This architecture allows an On the non-lntel front, AMD released the Athlon application to utilize more memory than the processor in mid-1999, which has increased Windows NT operating system is capable of customer options on the high-end PC front. accessing via an Inter-supplied driver program. Through Athlon, AMD has kept upward pressure Windows 2000 Advanced Server and on the Inter-compatible processor line, the end DataCenter Server platforms also take results of which are lower customer cost and advantage of this capability natively using EMA accelerated performance increases. In some (Enterprise Memory Architecture), which is cases, the Athlon may outperform the current

407 best Intel Pentium Ill processor, depending on • improved floating point performance . to product release schedules. SAS includes the speed typical mathematical operations, of AMD Athlon in its mix of processors in which which SAS applications are typically SAS software is tested comprised

• speculative data loading to request data On the hori:z:on: 64·bit Personal early and execute programs as if the data Computer Processors were retrieved in a timely fashion. Again, another form of "what-if" processing that Beyond the 32-bit world, news of the lntel-based allows the processor to remain busy and 64-bit processor family (IA-64) has been ready for multiple eventualities. available for some time. The processor formerly known as Merced has been renamed the SAS continues to work on its 64-bit readiness as ltanium™ in 1999. This processor is expected to well as studying features of the ltanium ship sometime in the latter half of 2000. processor to facilitate timely availability of the SAS System for the ltanium. As part of this SAS views the 64-bit IA-64 family of Intel effort, SAS has worked with simulator systems processors (of which ltanium is the first that run on conventional32-bit PCs and simulate implementation) as very significant because of the run-time ltanium environment. the vastly increased scalability it will allow for truly high-end applications. The Institute plans to In spite of the significant benefits of the IA-64 support the ltanium processor with SAS software family, many users of SAS software will likely ready when the processor becomes available. continue to remain dependent on 32-bit ESMA and EMA · provide some scalability computing platforms for a variety of reasons: improvement on 32-bit platforms, but the most generally useful way to improve scalability is with • some applications won't need the vastly 64-bit processing directly. improved memory scalability to perform their basic tasks The key benefit of SAS applications running on ltanium is scalability. With 64-bit addressing, • ltanium systems will likely not be as cost­ 64 memory can be addressed up to 2 (or effective as 32-bit PC hardware for smaller 18,446,744,073,709,551,616) bytes, opening the applications door to more sophisticated algorithms that can benefit from the vast memory space. • performance of 64-bit ltanium systems might not be significantly different from then­ In addition to scalability, the ltanium includes current 32-bit processors for applications in hardware compatibility with IA-32 software and which scalability isn't a concern. Future 54- new throughput enhancements. These bit processors may change this significantly, enhancements include: however, closer to 2002.

• the ability to execute multiple instruction • 32-bit systems will continue to evolve and sequences concurrently, which is called remain attractive due to performance and Instruction Level Parallelism, effectively feature improvements. 32-bit PC processor multiplying throughput by the parallelism performance is expected to reach 1 GHz factor . (gigahertz) by the end of this year. Intel has publicly indicated a future 32-bit plan for • a much larger set of processor registers improvements through at least 2002. allowing higher degrees of algorithm optimization • Although SAS products will become 64-bit capable in a timely manner, other software • instruction predication to facilitate a more packages may remain 32-bit. The premium consistently busy processor. Using price of a 64-bit PC may not be easily predication, multiple code sequences can justified, even if that PC can run 32-bit execute in "what-if" scenarios whose applications well. outcome only later become known

408 • Later generations of the IA-64 family (code File Systems named McKinley, Madison, and Deerfield, listed here in the expected delivery order) NTFS remains the filesystem of choice for should demonstrate large improvements complex applications. NTFS 5, newly available over ltanium. It is likely that initial ltanium on Windows 2000 adds basic functionality to the performance many not be significantly overall NTFS picture, of which maximum different from Foster, the next generation of reliability is the key benefit. IA-32 processors. NTFS support for journalled recovery, dynamic In short, customer choice options will grow with resizing, fault tolerance, off-line (lntellimirror) the advent of 64-bit PC systems. Both 32-bit support, hierarchical storage management, and and 64-bit systems will continue to evolve and built-in compression or encryption make it a lead to a wider range of choices for SAS high-performance and safe location for critical software users. data storage. NTFS also remains the only Windows filesystem capable of storing individual files that exceed 2GB in size. Although FAT32 PLATFORM FEATURES supports overall partitions larger than this size, it limits individual file size to a 2GB limit. As a Beyond taking advantage of basic operating result, SAS System applications that require system and processor capabilities, the personal access to files larger than this limit should use computer platform has evolved towards a NTFS. complete system on which to run mission-critical applications. SAS System support for these A frequently forgotten aspect of filesystem capabilities is covered in this section. performance is fragmentation. As larger and larger disk drives are used, the potential for high degrees of fragmentation rises dramatically. In lnteroperability addition, with single drives past 36GB in size, some systems will operate with a smaller The SAS System takes advantage of number of "spindles" or individual disks in use. interoperability with other applications available The heavy use of very large volumes can on the Windows platform. exacerbate the effects of high fragmentation. A high-quality defragmentation package (and · Communication to applications such as Lotus schedule for its use) is a must for mission-critical Notes Mail, Microsoft Exchange, and other applications. SMTP-based systems is supported through MAPI and SMTP. This SMTP support is enhanced in Version 8.1 of the SAS System, WINDOWS COMPATIBILITY which supports SMTP mail directly (as compared with earlier versions that depended on MAPI mail Since the SAS System first became clients to perform this function). SAS System available on the Windows platform, output can be formatted in HTML to allow SAS has strived to keep the product sharing and collaboration with many maximally compatible to allow SAS users to reap applications. the full benefit of Microsoft's investment in the Windows environment. As the latest version Beyond HTML, Version 8.1 has a new portable available, Version 8 of the SAS System engine, named XML, that generates XML tagged demonstrates this through having received the output from a SAS data set. "Designed for Microsoft Windows NT and Windows 98" logo.

Security This testing was completed on the latest versions of Windows The SAS System takes full advantage of security available when Version 8 of the services provided by the operating system. This SAS System became available. includes the improved security services present Micro soft" The logo indicates that the SAS in Windows 2000 such as Kerberos support. System meets basic requirements t:= for user experience, installation

409 and uninstall, stability, and other application standards.

rvs Another product that has received the .. same logo certification is Enterprise Guide Version 1.0. This product is an alternate front-end for SAS users who want a more menu-driven interface to the power of the SAS System. Like the SAS System itself, logo certification of this product indicates it is among the state of the art applications for the Windows platform. Please refer to the paper, "Enterprise Guide, An Intelligent Client interface that or frozen. provides access to all of the power of the SAS Figure 2. Viewer columns can be hidden System", in SUGI 25 Proceedings.

Like other applications that use a unique as a Windows NT Service file format, the SAS System also makes Operation available a lightweight viewer which .can the SAS System adds the be freely distributed to facilitate access to SAS Version 8.1 of as a service, data formats. The SAS System Viewer capability of running a SAS session mode, and continues to improve, and for Version 8.1 adds which can be started in unattended using the full column customizability so that the viewed which can be remotely administered Manager. The data can be organized in the manner desired by Windows NT Service Control allows ease of the user. This customizability allows the user to SAS Service Configuration Utility a GUI-based drag and drop columns or use a column chooser installation for administrators via via a data file. dialog to organize columns of data as needed. interface, command line interface

Figure 1. Column chooser from the Version 8.1 SAS System Viewer.

In addition to reordering, the new Viewer also supports the hiding of columns and column "freezing".

Freezing allows the user to specify a range of Figure 3. Version 8.1 SAS Service Configuration Utility for columns that don't scroll with the rest of the data installation and removal of SAS services. so that specific columns can be used as label This utility can be used to specify various service values. parameters and also to perform various maintenance activities on the running service.

Options related to service operation are highly configurable through the GUI interface and all of

410 this information can be saved to a data file that SAS Enhanced Editor can be re-used to configure a collection of servers to run similar services. New for Version 8 of the SAS System is an important addition called the Enhanced Editor. It can be recognized by the icon shown here.

The Enhanced Editor includes many of the features from the standard SAS Program Editor in addition to the following:

• SAS program elements are color-coded, including procedures, keywords, informats and formats, dates, numeric and string constants, macro keywords, undefined keywords, and more.

• SCL programs, HTML documents and text documents can be color-coded.

• You can create your own color schemes or use schemes provided with the Enhanced Editor. Figure 4. Account and interactivity settings for service configuration. • The Enhanced Editor can automatically indent the next line when you press the Enter key.

User Experience • You can view the high level flow of your SAS program or see each detailed statement by Windows 98 and Windows 2000 add support for expanding or contracting sections of SAS multiple monitors on a single computer. For proc(\!dures, data steps, and macros. knowledge workers, this can lead to increased productivity, since even large monitors eventually • Using the keyboard macro recorder, you can fill up with application windows. In a multi­ create macros that record and play back monitor configuration, the user can drag program editing commands. windows from one screen to the other as user tasks evolve. The SAS System functions well in • Abbreviations let you create shortcuts for a multi-monitor environment with other entering text. applications. • Bookmarking lines allows easy access to different sections Windows 2000 also adds a general feature of your program or document. called "auto-complete", which benefits users of the SAS System on that platform. When using • You can customize keyboard shortcuts for standard dialogs for operations such as opening most Enhanced Editor commands. files, the dialog will present easily selectable completion choices which can save a lot of • Multiple instances of the Enhanced Editor typing for some operations. can be open at one time.

411 above, all four users would likely experience much slower throughput due to inter-application ., paging, also known as thrashing . During 1999, Version 8 of the SAS System was tested by Veritest, an independent testing •I •I laboratory, to demonstrate that it is a "Terminal the line lfith the mi!!lapelled Jmyword. '~~/ Server Compatible" application. Veritest verified that Version 8: t Be-.low :1.~ an express :Lon with an •! :·:' ' wuaatcbed pEU:en.t.he:sis. The c;ursor 11 1 HI .. won't tnove uhen 311!:Ett'Cb:J.ng fer a mt!ltching "/ ;J: • Installed and uninstalled easily and correctly • parenth!s:Ls (Ctrl + 0) Jjec:au:se a 11 1 on Terminal Server systems. This means 'It 111atch1.ru,r pal:entests cou.llifl. 1 t be foufiCl. 11 / that an administrator was able to install the SAS System and without added intervention print data•te!!llt; make it available to all users of the Terminal Server. If the administrator allows the SAS Setup application to make its default choices, the Setup program will properly Figure 5: Sample SAS program code in the Version B configure private user and work areas and Enhanced Editor. share common application settings appropriately for all users.

• Functioned properly in the Terminal Server Terminal Services Operation environment. This testing ensured that a test case of 15 concurrent user sessions Terminal Services is built into with constant activity functioned without Windows 2000 Server platforms incident during a test period of 20 hours. to better facilitate its use for This testing showed that there were no larger numbers of users. This is inappropriate inter-user problems. In a definite improvement over addition, the testing found no length-of­ Windows NT 4 Terminal Server operation problems in the application such Edition, which remained a as memory leaks that could cause server separate version of Windows and user performance to degrade over time. NT, requiring separate service pack updates and specific application compatibility. As a result of passing this testing, Version 8 of the SAS System has proven itself to be Terminal When run on Windows 2000 Advanced or Server Compatible, so enterprises considering DataCenter Server, Terminal Services is SAS application deployment for large numbers enhanced by the availability of Enterprise of users should consider Terminal Server as a Memory Architecture (EMA) which benefits users deployment option. running on computers with over 4GB of physical RAM. On this type of server, multiple users can each be running very large tasks and not Data Access- ODBC and OLE-DB necessarily swap other applications out of physical memory. The SAS System provides open data access support. The SAS ODBC Driver, which provides As an example, on a Windows 2000 Advanced access to SAS data through the SAS System Server equipped with 8GB of RAM, four users, (either a local SAS System session acting as an each of which could be running separate large ODBC Server or to a remote SAS/SHARE SAS applications, could share the entire 8GB of Server) is the read/write solution included with RAM, say by allowing each application to have Base SAS Software. 2GB of the physical memory. This is an improvement over Windows NT4 Terminal For applications requiring read-only access to Server, which would have limited all data, the Universal ODBC Driver can be used. concurrently-running applications to a shared This driver does not require any access to SAS 4GB memory limit. In the example described System Server software and instead can read

412 SAS data file formats itself. The Universal For more information about these improvements, ODBC Driver is available as a separately please refer to the following papers, in SUGI 25 purchased product. Proceedings:

OLE-DB is a newer standard for accessing data • "VB Base SAS Performance: How does it from external applications. New in Version 8 is Stack-Up?", by Robert Ray. This paper the ability to use the ShareProvider to view and · illustrates the areas in which performance of update data through a direct connection to a the SAS System for Windows has improved SAS/SHARE*NET server. ShareProvider since 6.12. For example, procedures that implements the Microsoft OLE DB specification perform large amounts of sequential data and can be used by any OLE DB- compliant or access show marked improvement. ADO-enabled application. However, more work remains to be done for the random access pattern cases, in which These drivers are distinctly different from the performance isn't yet superior to 6.12. SAS/ACCESS products SAS/ACCESS Interface to ODBC and SAS/ACCESS Interface to OLE­ • "Multiprocessing with the Version 8 SAS DB (which is a new product for Version 8) in that System", by Cheryl Garner. This paper the drivers are intended for use when an discusses MP-CONNECT, a facility for external application wishes to run as the enabling multi-processing on larger server controlling program requesting data from the systems such as Windows NT servers. SAS System. The SAS/ACCESS products are used when the SAS System is the controlling • See the SAS Online Documentation for program that initiates the data request. information on In-memory file support in Version 8.1. Galled IMF (In Memory Files), it takes advantage of machines with large lnteroperability amounts of real memory. It reduces 1/0 and file open operations by persisting a SAS data In addition to OLE Automation, which has been file in memory across step boundaries. present in the SAS System for Windows for several years, Version 8 of the SAS System Performance and tuning efforts ·are also adds supp(>rt for more granular access to and undertaken on other platforms. Two other control of SAS functions through Enterprise papers in SUGI 25 Proceedings, "Taking Integration Technologies. Please refer to the advantage of the SAS System on the OS/390 paper, "Enterprise Integration Technologies - Platform", and ''Tuning The SAS System For What is It and What Can It Do for Me?", in SUGI UNIX and Tuning UNIX For The SAS System" 25 Proceedings. should also be reviewed tor an overview of the state of these other platforms. PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS CONCLUSION Every release of the SAS System since 6.12 has been performance tuned by SAS, with the For optimal performance of theSAS System, it is assistance of Intel Corporation. The Institute important to stay current with operating system uses tools that help pinpoint potential and hardware developments. Windows 2000, performance issues in the application code so Terminal Services, and current microprocessors they can be addressed. In addition, the Institute are currently the best way to get the most out of has endeavored to utilize any reasonable the SAS System on the Windows platform. In capability of the operating system or machine the near-term future, 64-bit computing will hardware that results in more optimal become a choice for users to evaluate. SAS will performance on the Windows platform. This continue investing in research and development covers areas such as application code as well as for the Windows family and will embrace new the internal compiler used to build the system. technologies as they become available. Recent improvements have capitalized on exploitations of processor optimizations, memory utilization, and parallelization. Trademarks

413 Annual SAS Users Group International SAS and all other SAS, Inc. product or service Conference. names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS in the USA and other countries. ® indicates USA registration. The author may be contacted at: Other brand and product names are registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective Gary Mehler SAS companies. 100 SAS Csmpus Drive Cary, NC 27513 (919) 677-8000 REFERENCES [email protected]

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Garner, Cheryl (2000), "Multiprocessing with the Version 8 SAS System", Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual SAS Users Group International Conference.

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