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Azmbg7bkhyjgdjckd8mgr06b Authors: Martina Bocci, Emiliano Ramieri, Marina Marković Supporting authors: Rezart Kapedani (Albania), Josip Njavro (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Ariana Korlaet (Croatia), Athena Mourmouris (Greece), Daniela Addis (Italy), Marina Izgarević (Montenegro), Emilija Kastelic (Slovenia), Stavros Antoniadis and Jelena Knezevic (UNEP-MAP), Željka Škaričić (UNEP-MAP PAP/RAC) Contributors: Tarik Kupusović (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Snježana Dominković-Alavanja and Vesna Marohnić Kuzmanović (Croatia), Foteini Stefani (Greece), Roberto Giangreco (Italy), Željka Čurović (Montenegro), Slavko Mezek (Slovenia) Editing: Ana Irena Hudi Cover design: swim2birds.co.uk Graphic design: Ljudomat Cover photograph: Grama Bay ©Regional Agency of Protected Areas (RAPA) Vlorë The views expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNEP/MAP. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP/MAP concerning the legal status of any State, Territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. This study has been supported by the Cooperation Agreement between UNEP/MAP and the Italian Ministry for Environment, Land and Sea Protection (IMELS). Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Scope and objectives of the study .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Legal and policy framework ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 The MSP process in the Adriatic-Ionian region ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Research methods ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 2 Transboundary and cross-border marine challenges in the Adriatic-Ionian Region ........................................................... 6 2.1 Protection of highly sensitive and high-value marine areas ................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Improving eco-connectivity of coastal and MPAs .................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Fisheries management ............................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Marine litter management ......................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.5 Other challenges calling for cooperation ................................................................................................................................ 12 3 Common MSP principles and elements ................................................................................................................................ 16 3.1 Ecosystem approach as a guiding principle for MSP ........................................................................................................... 16 3.1.1 Elements needed for an ecosystem approach to MSP ............................................................................................ 18 3.1.2 Better alignment between MSP and the EU Marine Strategy Directive through the ecosystem approach .... 23 3.1.3 Ecosystem approach for the strategic environmental assessment of marine plans ......................................... 29 3.1.4 Data for operationalizing the ecosystem approach under MSP in a transboundary context ........................... 31 3.1.5 Tools for operationalizing the ecosystem approach under MSP ........................................................................... 32 3.2 Multi-scalar approach to MSP ................................................................................................................................................... 39 3.3 Cross-border and transboundary cooperation ....................................................................................................................... 43 3.3.1 Guidance on cooperation on MSP ................................................................................................................................ 45 3.3.2 Cooperation to improve the coherence of plans ....................................................................................................... 47 3.4 Adaptive approach to MSP ........................................................................................................................................................ 50 3.4.1 Adaptation to variable environments: sector trends in MSP ................................................................................... 52 3.4.2 Adaptation to variable environments: climate change and MSP ............................................................................ 53 3.4.3 Adaptive approach to MSP in practice: methods and indicators for plan monitoring ........................................ 54 3.4.4 Plan revision ...................................................................................................................................................................... 56 3.5 Land-Sea Interactions ................................................................................................................................................................. 57 3.5.1 Tools and approaches for LSI analysis ....................................................................................................................... 58 3.5.2 Identification of key LSI in the Adriatic ........................................................................................................................ 63 4 Areas with high LSI intensity: the national level ................................................................................................................... 65 5 Opportunities for cross-border and transboundary cooperation ........................................................................................ 71 6 Concluding remarks ................................................................................................................................................................ 81 7 References ............................................................................................................................................................................... 82 List of acronyms ABMT Area-Based Management Tool ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management ABNJ Area Beyond National Jurisdiction ICOM Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management AIR Adriatic-Ionian Region IMAP Integrated Monitoring and Assessment ALB Albania Programme AZA Allocated Zone for Aquaculture IMELS Italian Ministry for Environment, Land and Sea Protection BC Barcelona Convention IMO International Maritime Organisation B&H Bosnia and Herzegovina ITA Italy CAMP Coastal Area Management Programme LSI Land-Sea Interaction CBD Convention on Biological Diversity MAP Mediterranean Action Plan CEA Cumulative Effects Assessment MES Marine Ecosystem Service CF Conceptual Framework MON Montenegro CKAN Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network MPA Marine Protected Areas COP Conference of the Parties MSFD Marine Strategy Framework Directive CP Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention MSP Maritime Spatial Planning CPMR Conference of Peripheral Maritime Region MSPD Maritime Spatial Planning Directive CRF Common Regional Framework MSPKC Maritime Spatial Planning Knowledge Catalogue CRO Croatia MUC Marine Use Conflicts CSPD/BSR Committee on Spatial Planning and Development of the Baltic Sea Region MTS Mid-Term Strategy DCM Decision of the Council of Ministers NAPA North Adriatic Ports Association DPCM (Italian) Prime Ministerial Decree NGO Non-Governmental Organisation DPSIR Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Response OECM Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measure DPSWR Drive, Pressure, State, Welfare, Response PAP/RAC Priority Actions Programme/Regional Activity DST Decision Support Tool Centre EBSA Ecologically or Biologically Significant Area PoM Programme of Measures EC European Commission PSSA Particularly Sensitive Sea Area EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone O&G Oil and Gas EO Ecological Objective OG Official Gazette EU European Union R&D&I Research, Development and Innovation EUSAIR European Union Strategy for the Adriatic- SDS Spatial Development Strategy Ionian Region SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation SLO Slovenia FRA Fisheries Restricted Area SPA/BD Protocol: Protocol concerning Specially GES Good Environmental Status Protected Area and Biological Diversity GFCM General Fisheries Commission of the SPAMI Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Mediterranean Importance GIS Geographic Information System UCH Underwater Cultural Heritage GRE Greece UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the GSA Geographical Sub-Area Sea H&BD Habitat and Bird Directive UNEP United Nations Environment
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