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Ethiopia Information Ecosystem Assessment

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Ethiopia Information Ecosystem Assessment June 2021 INFORMATION ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT: FLOW, NEEDS, AND ACCESS IN ETHIOPIA The Case of Addis Ababa and Gambella Contents 4.1.2.9 Content Development and Sources of Information . 69 4.1.2.10 Audience, Reach and Community Engagement . 72 4.1.2.11 Addressing Fake News and Fact Checking .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 74 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .4 4.1.2.12 Media Landscape .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 75 4.1.2.13 COVID-19 and the Media .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 84 ACRONYMS & DEFINITIONS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .5 4.2 INFORMATION NEEDS, CHANNELS AND PRACTICES OF CONSUMERS 87 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .7 4.2.2.1 Sources of Information and Communication Channels of Consumers. 88 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .9 4.2.2.2 Digital Media . 93 4.2.1 Adequacy of Information .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 95 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..11 4.2.1.3 Preferences of Communication Channels . 97 4.2.2 Exchange of Information within the Local Community .. .. .101 2.1 THE RESEARCH PROCESS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 4.2.3 Information Needs and Access .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .102 2.1.1 The Study Area & Population .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 4.2.4 Community Satisfaction with information Received .. .. .. .103 2.1.2 Assessment Methodology, Approach and Tools . 13 4.2.5 Decision-making based on Available Information.. .. .. .105 2.1.3 Community KII & FGD Respondents’ Profile . 15 4.2.6 Access to Information on COVID-19 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .106 4.2.7 Trust & Influence .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .108 DESK REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. .20 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 113 3.1 NATIONAL MEDIA LANDSCAPE REVIEW (NMLR) . 20 3.1.1 Media Regulation and Law Reform . 20 5.1 CONCLUSIONS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .113 3.1.2 Access to Information .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 5.1.1 Supply Side .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .113 3.1.3 COVID-19 and the Media. 23 5.1.2 Consumer Side .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .115 3.1.4 Media, Diversity and Inclusion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 5.2 INSIGHTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .116 3.1.5 Media Sectors: Broadcast .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 3.1.6 Media Sector: Print Media.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 31 REFERENCES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 118 3.1.7 Media Sector: Digital Media.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 35 3.2 COMMUNITY MEDIA LANDSCAPE REVIEW (CMLR) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 43 3.2.1 Overview .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 43 3.2.2 Location and Distribution of Community Radio Stations .. .. 43 3.2.3 Challenges and Opportunities in Community Media .. .. .. .. 44 3.2.4 Communication and Community Engagement in a Humanitarian Context . 44 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..50 4.1 SUPPLY-SIDE INFORMATION LANDSCAPE .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 4.1.1 Gambella .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 4.1.1.1 Channels of Communication . 50 4.1.1.2 Content Development and Sources of Information . 53 4.1.1.3 Audience & Reach .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57 4.1.1.4 Community Engagement .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 58 4.1.1.5 COVID-19 and the Media .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60 4.1.1.6 Media Landscape .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62 4.1.2 Addis Ababa. 64 4.1.2.7 Channels of Communication Used by Media Houses . 64 4.1.2.8 Channels of Communication used by Non-media Information Providers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 66 Tables Figures Table: 1 Ethiopia’s historical ranking on RSF’s World Press Freedom Index .. .. 10 Figure: 1 Maps of IEA locations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 Table: 2 Distribution of IEA participants.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 Figure: 2 Respondent profiles illustrated. 19 Table: 3 Respondent numbers by type . 16 Figure: 3 Proportion of women journalists in state/public media. 27 Table: 4 Online presence of Ethiopian media operators (“WHITE” indicates Figure: 4 Proportions of Licensed Radio Broadcasters in Ethiopia by Ownership 28 presence, albeit inactive) . 66 Figure: 5 Distribution of licensed community radio stations in regional states of Table: 5 Media outlets’ Audience Reach, Content Focus, & Coverage. 73 Ethiopia, 2019 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 43 Table: 6 Sources of information by area of residence and age group .. .. .. .. .. .. 92 Figure: 6 Refugee populations in various parts of Ethiopia as of April 30, 2021 - UNHCR .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 47 Figure: 7 A Facebook PSA in Amharic urging users to anonymously report hate speech on the platform .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71 Figure: 8 Sources of information for different age groups. 91 Figure: 9 llustrated proportions of social media platforms used by respondents 94 Figure: 10 Preferred channels of acquiring information by area of residence .. .. 99 4 Acknowledgments Information Ecosystem Assessment: Flow, Needs, and Access in Ethiopia 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACRONYMS & DEFINITIONS It would have been impossible to conduct this information ecosystem assessment (IEA) without the full support of all involved. Internews Network and the team of consultants would like to extend their heart- felt appreciation to the local community members in Addis Ababa city, ARRA Administration for Refugee and Returnee Affairs Gambella regional city, and Itang woreda for their participation in the BBC-MA British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Media Action study. CCE Communication and Community Engagement We would also like to thank the Ethiopian Broadcasting Authority, CMLR Community Media Landscape Review government and private owned media outlets in Addis Ababa, Gambella COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease of 2019 regional government, Itang woreda administration, non-media CRRF Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework stakeholders, and others who are not mentioned here for their unreserved CSA Central Statistics Agency support and participation in this IEA. CwC Communication with Communities Last but not least, we would like to extend our gratitude to Internews DWA Deutsche Welle Akademie Network for mobilizing the required resources to make this assessment a EBA Ethiopian Broadcast Authority possibility. EBC Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation EBS Ethiopian Broadcasting Service ESAT Ethiopian Satellite Television ETV Ethiopian Television FBC Fana Broadcasting Corporate FGD Focus Group Discussion Fojo Fojo Media Institute GCRS Gambella Community Radio Station IEA Information Ecosystem Assessment IMS International Media Support INA Information Needs Assessment IRC International Rescue Committee KI Key Informant 6 Executive Summary Information Ecosystem Assessment: Flow, Needs, and Access in Ethiopia 7 KII Key Informant Interview LJARAC Justice Affairs Reform Advisory Council EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MLWG Media Law Working Group NGO Non-Governmental Organization NMLR National Media Landscape Review For long, Ethiopia ranked among the worst countries globally for media PSA Public Service Announcement freedom as its leaders were accused of systematic harassment and RCC Refugee Central Committee silencing of opposing voices. However, following reforms started in 2017, RSF Reporters Sans Frontiers the government began to open up the media space by releasing journalists and bloggers from prison, unblocking hundreds of jammed news websites UN United Nations and facilitating media law reforms. As a result of these reforms, Ethiopia UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural has improved its ranking in the World Press Freedom Index. Yet, the media Organization landscape remains fluid with a combination of positive and negative UNHCR United Nations Higher Commission for Refugees developments. VOA Voice of America The assessment employed Information Ecosystem Assessment (IEA) guidelines developed by Internews. To gain a comprehensive understanding of both urban and peri/urban/rural locations, the assessment was conducted in two locations in Ethiopia: Gambella Region and Addis Ababa City Administration. A total of 240 respondents participated in the assessment, of which about one-third are female. The findings of the study indicate that while there is a more open space for the media to get information and share with the community since 2018, there are still major gaps in the areas of access to timely information by the media, infrastructure for mainstream
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