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Working Paper Mehari Taddele Maru Division Global Issues Causes, Dynamics, and Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Consequences of Internal Displacement in Ethiopia SWP Working Papers are online publications within the purview of the respective Research Division. Unlike SWP Research Papers and SWP Comments they are not reviewed by the Institute. Ludwigkirchplatz 3−4 D-10719 Berlin Telefon +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] Working Paper FG 8 May 2017 SWP Berlin Inhalt Working Paper ............................................................................. 1 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................. 3 Executive Summary .................................................................... 6 Background: Setting the Scene ............................................. 9 Introduction to Ethiopia ........................................................ 9 Concepts ................................................................................... 10 Data on Internal Displacement .................................................... 10 Brief History of Internal Displacement in Ethiopia .................. 13 Current State of Internal Displacement: Causes, Triggers, and Accelerations of Internal Displacement ........................................................................................................... 16 Determinants of Internal Displacement in Ethiopia . 17 Five Causes of Internal Displacement in Ethiopia ...... 18 Natural Disaster-induced Displacement (NDID) ........................ 18 Conflict-induced Displacement (CID) ........................................... 18 Pastoralism and Internal Displacement ..................................... 19 Development-induced Displacement (DID) .................................. 20 Man-made Disaster-induced Displacement (DID) ...................... 24 Socio-Economic Characteristics and Core Needs of IDPs and Host Communities ............................................... 25 Durable Solutions: return, local integration, and relocation ................................................................................. 27 Governance of Internal Displacement ........................... 28 The Federal Constitution of the FDRE ............................ 28 Conclusion ................................................................................... 29 Key Findings ............................................................................ 29 Recommendations ................................................................ 30 Recommendations for the Government of Ethiopia .................. 31 Recommendations for development partners, including Germany and the EU ...................................................................... 35 Annex – Stakeholders in internal displacement governance in Ethiopia ......................................................... 37 Bibliography ............................................................................... 41 SWP-Berlin Causes, Dynamics, and Consequences of Internal Displacement in Ethiopia February 2017 2 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms AABOLSA Addis Ababa Bureau of Labour Social Affairs ACHPR African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights ACPMD African Common Position on Migration and Development AU Africa Union AIR African Institute for Remittances APRM African Peer Review Mechanism AUC African Union Commission CEWARN Conflict Early Warning and Response Mechanism CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women CIDO Citizens and Diaspora Organisations COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CETU Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions CSOs Civil Society Organisations DAC Development Assistance Committee DM&N Design, Monitoring, and Evaluation E.C Ethiopian Calendar EAC East African Community ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECOSOC UN Economic and Social Council ECOSOCC AU Economic, Social, and Cultural Council ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EDF European Development Fund EEF Ethiopian Employers Federation EOEAA Ethiopian Overseas Employment Agencies Association ESA Eastern and Southern Africa ESA-IO Eastern and Southern Africa-and Indian Ocean EYF Ethiopian Youth Federation EU European Union EWF Ethiopian Women’s Federation FeMSEDA Federal Micro and Small Enterprises Development Agency FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia G.C Gorgonian Calendar SWP-Berlin Causes, Dynamics, and Consequences of Internal Displacement in Ethiopia February 2017 3 GoE Government of Ethiopia ICBT Informal Cross-Border Trade ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross/Red Crescent IDPs Internally Displaced Persons IGAD Intergovernmental Authority for Development IGAD-ISSP IGAD Security Sector Programme IGAD-RCP IGAD-Regional Consultative Process IGAD-RMPF IGAD-Regional Migration Policy Framework ILO International Labour Organization I-MAP IGAD-Migration Action Plan IOM International Organization for Migration IPF IGAD Partners’ Forum ISC Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee MDGs Millennium Development Goals MF Migration Fund MIP Minimum Integration Plan M&N Monitoring and Evaluation MoFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MoJ Ministry of Justice MoLSA Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs MPFA Migration Policy Framework for Africa MSs Member States of IGAD NCM National Coordination Mechanism NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations NMP National Migration Policy NHRIs National Human Rights Institutions OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OAU Organisation of African Unity RMCC Regional Migration Coordination Committee SADC Southern Africa Development Community SNNPR Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections ToR Terms of Reference UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Fund SWP-Berlin Causes, Dynamics, and Consequences of Internal Displacement in Ethiopia February 2017 4 UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees USD United States Dollar Map 1: Ethiopian – Regional States and Humanitarian Emergency Needs Source: WFP, November 2016 SWP-Berlin Causes, Dynamics, and Consequences of Internal Displacement in Ethiopia February 2017 5 Executive Summary 1 close to 220,000 IDPs due to DID, emanating from infrastructure projects, including dams, industries and industrial parks, railways, roads, With more than 700,000 Internally Displaced and urban renewal programmes. Most of these Persons (IDPs), Ethiopia produces 10.4 percent of IDPs were resettled in other locations by the GoE, the total IDP population in the IGAD region. particularly by regional states and Woreda More than 17 percent of the global number and (district) authorities. Thus, if we include IDPs due half of Africa’s IDPs are in the Horn of Africa. to DID in the figure, the number of IDPs in Excluding pastoralist mobility and those Ethiopia has been close to a million. migrants displaced due to man-made disasters In addition to the staggering number of IDPs, and development projects, the IGAD region inevitably internal displacement negates the currently produces 6.5 million IDPs, of which 88 most fundamental of human rights. The extreme percent of this population is in Sudan, South circumstances under which IDPs struggle to Sudan, and Somalia. 2 The IDP population in survive, only compounds the problem. This is Ethiopia is three times greater than the number particularly true with regard to freedom of of Ethiopian refugees in many other countries, movement and residence as well as rights to life, and close to the total number of refugees hosted livelihood, health, education, property and so on. by Ethiopia. Seen through the prism of human rights, not As of April 2016, there were 777,147 IDPs in only freedom of movement and residence are of Ethiopia due to a variety of causes. Conflict- concern, but also the freedom to remain in a induced Displacement (CID) constituted only 26 place of one’s choosing. Internal displacement percent, whereas the remaining IDPs are due to causes people to be uprooted against their will. flooding, drought, and wildfires. Between August Ensuring freedom of movement and residence 2015 and April 2016, there were 454,457 IDPs thus provides protection against forced dis- caused by drought, flooding, local conflicts, and placement and unlawful eviction. 3 wild fires. Somali (64.5 percent due to flooding), Internal displacement and freedom of movement Gambella (14 percent due to conflicts), SNNP exhibit special causes, dynamics, and conse- (10.6 percent due to flooding), Afar (6 percent quences in the Ethiopian federal system. Ethiopia due to flooding), Oromia (2 percent due to has been governed, since 1991, under an ethnic flooding), Amhara (1.5 percent due to flooding), federal constitution, which also addressed the as well as Harari, (1 percent) were the sources main causes of long-standing unrest and civil and hosts of these IDPs. Forty-eight percent of the war in Ethiopia. However, the federal arrange- IDPs were females. More than 30 percent of the ment also spawned new localized conflicts. total IDPs have already returned to their homes. Moreover, in Ethiopia, the recurrence of famine In April 2016, there were 637,901 IDPs from is still the main source of food insecurity. Three protracted displacement, while 139,246 IDPs important factors contribute to the causes and were newly displaced in April 2016. consequences of internal displacement: the This number does not include Development- ethnic federal
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