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Ada’s Legacy ACM Books Editor in Chief M. Tamer Ozsu,¨ University of Waterloo ACM Books is a new series of high-quality books for the computer science community, published by ACM in collaboration with Morgan & Claypool Publishers. ACM Books publications are widely distributed in both print and digital formats through booksellers and to libraries (and library consortia) and individual ACM members via the ACM Digital Library platform. The VR Book: Human-Centered Design for Virtual Reality Jason Jerald, NextGen Interactions 2016 Ada’s Legacy Robin Hammerman, Stevens Institute of Technology; Andrew L. Russell, Stevens Institute of Technology 2016 Edmund Berkeley and the Social Responsibility of Computer Professionals Bernadette Longo, New Jersey Institute of Technology 2015 Candidate Multilinear Maps Sanjam Garg, University of California, Berkeley 2015 Smarter than Their Machines: Oral Histories of Pioneers in Interactive Computing John Cullinane, Northeastern University; Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University 2015 A Framework for Scientific Discovery through Video Games Seth Cooper, University of Washington 2014 Trust Extension as a Mechanism for Secure Code Execution on Commodity Computers Bryan Jeffrey Parno, Microsoft Research 2014 Embracing Interference in Wireless Systems Shyamnath Gollakota, University of Washington 2014 Ada’s Legacy Robin Hammerman Stevens Institute of Technology Andrew L. Russell Stevens Institute of Technology ACM Books #7 Copyright © 2016 by the Association for Computing Machinery and Morgan & Claypool Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other except for brief quotations in printed reviews—without the prior permission of the publisher. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks or registered trademarks. In all instances in which Morgan & Claypool is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. Ada’s Legacy Robin Hammerman, Andrew L. Russell books.acm.org www.morganclaypool.com ISBN: 978-1-97000-151-8 hardcover ISBN: 978-1-97000-148-8 paperback ISBN: 978-1-97000-149-5 ebook ISBN: 978-1-97000-150-1 ePub Series ISSN: 2374-6769 print 2374-6777 electronic DOIs: 10.1145/2809523 Book 10.1145/2809523.2809524 Preface 10.1145/2809523.2809525 Chapter 1 10.1145/2809523.2809526 Part I 10.1145/2809523.2809527 Chapter 2 10.1145/2809523.2809528 Chapter 3 10.1145/2809523.2809529 Chapter 4 10.1145/2809523.2809530 Chapter 5 10.1145/2809523.2809531 Chapter 6 10.1145/2809523.2809532 Part II 10.1145/2809523.2809533 Chapter 7 10.1145/2809523.2809534 Chapter 8 10.1145/2809523.2809535 Chapter 9 10.1145/2809523.2809536 Part III 10.1145/2809523.2809537 Chapter 10 10.1145/2809523.2809538 Chapter 11 10.1145/2809523.2809539 Chapter 12 A publication in the ACM Books series, #7 Editor in Chief: M. Tamer Ozsu,¨ University of Waterloo Area Editor: Thomas J. Misa, University of Minnesota First Edition 10987654321 Contents Preface xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Robin Hammerman, Andrew L. Russell PART I ADA’S LEGACY IN COMPUTING 8 Chapter 2 Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, and the Bernoulli Numbers 11 Thomas J. Misa 2.1 Babbage and Lovelace 15 2.2 Steps to the Sketch 22 Chapter 3 Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage, Esq. 33 L. F. Menabrea, translated by Augusta Ada Lovelace, with notes Notes by the Translator 57 Chapter 4 Ada: Past, Present, Future 107 Jean Ichbiah 4.1 References 121 Chapter 5 The Ada Programming Language 123 Jean E. Sammet, Thomas J. (Tim) Bergin viii Contents Chapter 6 The Rise, Fall, and Persistence of Ada 129 Ricky E. Sward 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 The History of Ada 129 6.3 The Persistence of Ada 131 6.4 Ada Organizations 134 6.5 Ada Projects 135 6.6 Conclusions 137 6.7 References 137 PART II ADA’S LEGACY IN LITERATURE 140 Chapter 7 “I shall in due time be a poet”: Ada Lovelace’s Poetical Science in Its Literary Context 143 Imogen Forbes-Macphail 7.1 Literary Ambitions 144 7.2 Poetical Science 148 7.3 Mechanical Composition 155 7.4 Conclusion 167 Chapter 8 “A Different Sort of Bird” 169 Victoria Ludas Orlofsky 8.1 Introduction: Ada Lovelace in Steampunk Literature 169 8.2 Ada Lovelace Day 169 8.3 Steampunk 171 8.4 Steampunk Ada 175 8.5 Conclusion 181 Chapter 9 Ada Bright and Dark: Steampunk Representations of the Enchantress of Numbers 183 Catherine Siemann PART III ADA’S LEGACY IN THE DIGITAL AGE 202 Chapter 10 Oracle: The Engine Weaves 205 Amy Cunningham Contents ix 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 Context and Process 205 10.3 Extracts of Oracle 206 Chapter 11 “Genderless” Online Discourse in the 1970s: Muted Group Theory in Early Social Computing 213 Jenny Ungbha Korn 11.1 A Review of Muted Group Theory and Its Applications 216 11.2 A Review of Gendered Electronic Communication 217 11.3 Applying Muted Group Theory to Gendered Electronic Communication 219 11.4 The Muted Role of Women as PLATO Experts 223 11.5 Genderlessness as Muting of Women by Women 226 11.6 Conclusions 228 Acknowledgements 229 Chapter 12 Rebooting the Ada Lovelace Mythos 231 Valerie Aurora Index 241 Contributor Biographies 247 Preface Ada’s Legacy illustrates the depth and diversity of writers, thinkers, and makers who have been inspired by Ada Lovelace, the English mathematician and writer. The vol- ume, which commemorates the bicentennial of Ada’s birth in December 1815, cele- brates Lovelace’s many achievements as well as the impact of her life and work, which reverberated widely since the late 19th century. In the 21st century we have seen a resurgence in Lovelace scholarship, thanks to the growth of interdisciplinary think- ing and the expanding influence of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Ada’s Legacy is a unique contribution to this scholarship. Here, the edi- tors present work on topics previously unknown to coexist in print: Ada’s collaboration with Charles Babbage, the development of the Ada programming language, Ada’s po- sition in the Victorian and Steampunk literary genres, Ada’s representation in and inspiration of contemporary art and comics, and Ada’s continued relevance in discus- sions around gender and technology in the digital age. With the 200th anniversary of Ada Lovelace’s birth on December 10, 2015, we believe that the timing is perfect to publish this collection. Because of its broad focus on subjects that reach far beyond the life and work of Ada herself, Ada’s Legacy will appeal to readers who are curious about Ada’s enduring importance in computing and the wider world. The idea for this book originated from the first academic conference of its kind, Ada Lovelace: An Interdisciplinary Conference Celebrating her Achievements and Legacy, which took place at Stevens Institute of Technology (Hoboken, New Jersey) on Octo- ber 18, 2013, under the auspices of the Institute’s College of Arts and Letters. The time was definitely right to bring this conference to Stevens, which was until 1971 a male-only school. By 1982, Stevens became the first major institute in the United States to implement a personal computer requirement for its students. Around this time, a pioneering technology project resulted in the networking of the entire Stevens campus, creating one of the nation’s first intranets. Additionally, the recent devel- opment of undergraduate programs in the College of Arts and Letters, including xii Preface Gender Studies as well as Science and Technology Studies, which strongly anchors women in STEM, clearly made Stevens well positioned to host a conference celebrat- ing Lovelace’s achievements and legacy. The conference brought together interna- tional scholars from across the disciplines to coincide with the week celebrating Ada Lovelace Day. Tremendous interest circulated in advance of the conference, particu- larly among computing history specialists and 19th-century literary scholars, and it escalated immediately following the proceedings. Tom Misa, director of the Charles Babbage Institute and a featured speaker at the conference, numbered chiefly among those who caught this interest. He envisioned the possibility for a book project to develop concrete examination of ideas inspired by the proceedings. The conference organizer, Robin Hammerman, and Andrew Russell, director of the College of Arts and Letters Science and Technology Studies program, enthusiastically agreed to col- laborate as editors for this interdisciplinary collection. Many of the papers published in this volume first were presented at the conference in October 2013. We are pleased to acknowledge the supporters of that conference: Dr. Lisa Dolling, former Dean of the College of Arts & Letters at Stevens Institute of Technology, and Dr. George Korfiatis, Provost of Stevens Institute of Technology. The editors are grateful to Thomas J. Misa, Series Editor for ACM’s History of Computing, for skillfully overseeing the development of this project from its inception to completion. We also are happy to thank Diane Cerra, Executive Editor at Morgan & Claypool Publishers, for her kind and capable attention to the production of this volume. And we are delighted that Sydney Padua graciously agreed to create original illustrations for Ada’s Legacy. Introduction Robin Hammerman, Andrew L. Russell Augusta Ada Byron was born on December 10, 1815, in London, England. At first glance there is little to distinguish Ada from other children born to the elites of Re- gency society: her family was titled, she had unfulfilling relationships with her parents, and her illnesses and flights of fancy frequently troubled her friends and family.

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