Task Order Under the Biodiversity & Sustainable Forestry IQC (BIOFOR
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SENEGAL: ISSUES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Task Order under the Biodiversity & Sustainable Forestry IQC (BIOFOR) USAID Contract Number: LAG-I-01-99-00014-00 Task Order 804 Volume Two Report Submitted to: USAID/Senegal Submitted by: Chemonics International Inc. Pact, Inc. November 2000 Acknowledgements This prospective study is a reflection on the effect of technical assistance programs on Senegal’s agriculture and natural resources. It is part two of a two-part study requested by the USAID mission in Senegal, under Contract Number LAG-I-00-99-00014-00, Task Order number 804. This presentation is based on a review of documents and a series of interviews with key informants and practitioners, both past and present, in Dakar and in the field. A ten-day field visit to former and present project sites in the Fleuve, Ferlo, Dior, Saloum, Tambacounda, and Kolda zones of the country enabled the study team to see first-hand the current state of Senegal’s resource base. The study team received extraordinarily helpful and well-informed counsel and input from USAID/Senegal staff, and especially the Technical and Contract Working Group for Task Order 804. We extend our genuine thanks to each of the members of that group for their guidance: François Faye, coordinator of the Group and Agriculture/Natural Resources Management Specialist, SO2; Abdoulaye Barro, Strategy Objective Specialist, SO2; Abdrahmane Diallo, Sociologist, Analysis, Monitoring and Evaluation branch; Moribodjan Keita, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, SO2; Marie Claire Sow, Acquisition Specialist, SO2; and, Alpha Wade, Data Monitor, Analysis, Monitoring and Evaluation branch. The opinions and perspectives expressed in this document exclusively represent the views of the individual authors. Their inclusion in this report in no way implies agreement, approval or consent of Chemonics International Inc.; Pact, Inc.; or the United States Agency for International Development. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms i Acknowledgements vii Executive Summary ix Introduction xi CHAPTER 1 PRESSING ISSUES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1 1.1 The Future of Agriculture in Senegal 1 1.1.1 Revitalizing the Agriculture Sector in Senegal 2 1.1.1.1 Traditional Versus “Modern” Agriculture Systems 3 1.1.1.2 Small-Scale Versus Large-scale Agriculture 4 1.1.1.3 Integrated Agriculture 5 1.1.1.4 Effective Water Management 5 1.1.1.5 Countering Impoverished Soils 9 1.1.1.6 Training Needs 12 1.1.1.7 Specialization and Diversification 13 1.1.1.8 Commercialization and Market Development 14 1.1.1.9 Transformation 15 1.1.1.10 Private-Sector Involvement in Agricultural Development 15 1.1.1.11 Research and Development 16 1.1.1.12 Social Marketing 16 1.1.1.13 Livestock: Intensive and Extensive Systems 17 1.2 The Future of Natural Resources in Senegal 18 1.2.1 Resource Inventories for the Rational Management of Natural Resources 19 1.2.2 Community Resource Development 20 1.2.3 National, Regional, and Community Resource Planning 21 1.2.4 Protection of Local Rights and the Security of Community Resources 22 1.2.5 Land Tenure and Security 22 1.2.6 Bushfires 23 1.2.7 Degradation and Reactions to a Changing Climate 24 1.2.8 The Energy Debate 25 1.2.9 Resource Management Systems 26 1.2.10 Role of Different Sectors of Society 27 1.3 Institutional Issues 28 1.3.1 The Need for Improved Coordination 28 1.3.2 Information and Information Flow 29 1.3.3 The Role of Central Government 30 1.3.4 Decentralized Government Structures: Rural Communities and Regions 33 1.3.5 GOS Technical Services 34 1.3.6 Promotion of the Private Sector 35 1.3.7 Non-governmental Organizations 35 1.3.8 Religious Authorities 36 1.4 Policy Issues 36 1.4.1 Public-Policy Measures: Fiscal Measures 36 1.5 Economic and Financial Issues 41 1.5.1 Rural Credit 41 1.5.2 Generation of Value from the Protection of Natural Resources 41 1.5.3 Commercialization for Local Consumption and Export 42 CHAPTER 2 POSSIBLE LINES FOR FUTURE INTERVENTIONS 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 The Proposed Ag/NRM Program 44 2.2.1 Develop an Ag/NRM Sector Program Approach 44 2.2.2 Role of GOS in the Development Processes 44 2.2.3 Role of Donors and Other Development Structures 45 CHAPTER 3 OPTIONS FOR AG/NRM INTERVENTIONS 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Perceived Need for Further Ag/NRM Activities 49 3.3 Targets as Components of the Desired Objective 50 3.4 Components of Four Targets 51 Target 1: Improve the Policy Environment for the Ag/NRM Sector 51 Target 2: Increase the Productivity of Agricultural Lands 52 Target 3: Increase the Natural Resources Base 53 Target 4: Increase Rural Employment 55 CONCLUSION 57 ANNEX A Consulting Mission Calendar A-1 ANNEX B Field Mission Calendar B-1 ANNEX C Professional Contacts C-1 ANNEX D Bibliography D-1 ANNEX E Statement of Work E-1 CHEMONICS INTERNATIONAL INC. DNEF Direction Nationale des Eaux et Forêts National Forestry Service EROS Earth Resources Observatory System FAO Food and Agriculture Organization EC Groupe d’Action pour le Développement Communautaire Action Group for Community Development GDRN Gestion Durable des Ressources Naturelles Sustainable Natural Resource Management GIE Groupement d’Intérêt Economique Economic Interest Group GOS Government of Senegal GPF Groupement de Promotion Féminine Women’s Development Group GPS Global Positioning System GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit German Technical Cooperation ICRD Centre de Recherche pour le Développement International International Center for Research and Development ICS Industries Chimiques du Sénégal Chemical Industries of Senegal IMF Fonds Monétaire International International Monetary Fund ISRA Institut Sénégalais de Recherche Agricole Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute KAED Kaolack Agriculture Entreprise Development Project MARP Méthode Accelerée de Recherche Participative (also, see RRA and PRRA) NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NGO Organisme Non-Gouvernemental Non Governmental Organization ii PROBLEMATIQES DE L’AGRICULTURE ET DE LA GESTION DURABLE DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES CHEMONICS INTERNATIONAL INC. NPA Nouvelle Politique Agricole New Agricultural Policy NR Natural Resources NRM Natural Resource Management ONCAD Office National de Coopération et d’Assistance au Développement National Office for Cooperation and Assistance for Development PAGEN Programme Associatif de Gestion des Espaces Naturelles Associative Program for the Management of Natural Areas PAGERNA Projet d’Autopromotion de Gestion des Ressources Naturelles Project for the Self-directed Management of Natural Resources PAN/LCD Plan d’Action National pour la Lutte contre la Désertification National Action Plan for the Fight against Desertification PAPEL Projet pour l’Amélioration et la Productivité de l’Élevage Project for the Improvement of Livestock Productivity PDESO Projet de Développement de l’Elevage au Sénégal Oriental Eastern Senegal Livestock Project PRECOBA Projet de Reboisement Communautaire du Bassin Arachidier Community Reforestation Project for the Peanut Basin PREVINOBA Projet de Reboisement villageois Nord Bakel Northern Bakel Village Reforestation Project PROBOVIL Projet de Bois de Village Village Woodlot Proect PROGEDE Programme de Gestion Durable et Participative des Énergies Traditionnelles et de Substitution Programme for Sustainable and Participative Management of Traditional and Alternative Energy Sources PROGONA Projet Gonakié Gonakié Project PRRA Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisal (see MARP) PVO Private Voluntary Organization ACRONYMES iii CHEMONICS INTERNATIONAL INC. RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal (also, see MARP) SAED Société d’Aménagement et d’Exploitation du Delta Company for Land Use and Productivity of the Delta SATEC Société d’Assistance Technique Technical Assistance Company (French) SIES Société Industrielle Engrais du Sénégal Industrial Fertilizer Company of Senegal SISCOMA Société Industrielle Sénégalaise de Conmmercialisation de Matériels Agricoles Industrial Agricultural Equipment Sales Company SISMAR Société Industrielle Sénégalaise de Matériel Agricole et Rural Industrial Agricultural and Rural Equipment Company SFD Structure Financière Décentralisée Decentralized Financial Structure SNTI Société Nationale de Transformation Industrielle SNRM National Company for Industrial Processing SRP Projet de Reboisement du Sénégal Senegal Reforestation Project (USAID – see PRS) SRDR Société Régionale de Développement Rural SRP Regional Rural Developmetnt Company SO Strategic Objective SOCAS Société de Commercialisation Alimentaire du Sénégal Senegalese Food Marketing Company SODEFITEX Société de Développement des Fibres Textiles Textile Fiber Development Company SODESP Société de Développement de la zone sylvo-pastorale Sylvo-pastoral zone Development Community SODEVA Société de Développement et de Vulgarisation Agricole Company for Development and Agricultural Extension iv PROBLEMATIQES DE L’AGRICULTURE ET DE LA GESTION DURABLE DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES CHEMONICS INTERNATIONAL INC. SOMIVAC Société pour la mise en valeur de la Casamance Company for the development of the Casamance SONACOS Société Nationale de Commercialisation des Oléagineux au Sénégal Senegalese OilCompany to Develop and Sell Oils SZWMP Southern Zone Water Management Project UJAK Union des Jeunes Agriculteurs de Koïli Wirdi Young Farmers Association of Koili Wirdi USAID U. S. Agency for International Development VAT Value Added Tax WFP Programme Alimentaire Mondial World Food Program ACRONYMES v Executive Summary The prospective study