Energy Efficient Data Collection Scheme Using Rendezvous Points and Mobile Actor in Wireless Sensor Networks

ENERGY EFFICIENT DATA COLLECTION SCHEME USING RENDEZVOUS POINTS AND MOBILE ACTOR IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS by ABDULLAH MOHAMMED ALOMARI Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2012 © Copyright by Abdullah Mohammed Alomari, 2012 DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS AND INTERNETWORKING The undersigned hereby certify that they have read and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for acceptance a thesis entitled “ENERGY EFFICIENT DATA COLLECTION SCHEME USING RENDEZVOUS POINTS AND MOBILE ACTOR IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS” by Abdullah Mohammed Alomari in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Dated: August 17, 2012 Supervisor: _________________________________ Readers: _________________________________ _________________________________ ii DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DATE: August 17, 2012 AUTHOR: Abdullah Mohammed Alomari TITLE: Energy Efficient Data Collection Scheme Using Rendezvous Points and Mobile Actor in Wireless Sensor Networks. DEPARTMENT OR SCHOOL: Department of Engineering Mathematics and Internetworking DEGREE: MSc CONVOCATION: October YEAR: 2012 Permission is herewith granted to Dalhousie University to circulate and to have copied for non-commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above title upon the request of individuals or institutions. I understand that my thesis will be electronically available to the public. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s written permission. The author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material appearing in the thesis (other than the brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgement in scholarly writing), and that all such use is clearly acknowledged. _______________________________ Signature of Author iii DEDICATION !' $# & # #%#$# !& #$# #$ & ! #$#! & #$ #& iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED ............................................................................... xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 1 1.2 APPLICATIONS .................................................................. 2 1.2.1 Security and Military applications .......................... 2 1.2.2 Disaster relief applications ................................... 2 1.2.3 Medicine and Healthcare ...................................... 3 1.2.4 Facility Management ........................................... 3 1.2.5 Other applications ............................................... 3 1.3 GENERAL METRICS AND CHALLANGES ....................................... 3 1.3.1 Power Factors and Lifetime .................................. 4 1.3.2 Node Costs ........................................................ 4 1.3.3 Scalability .......................................................... 4 1.3.4 Coverance and Connectivity ................................. 4 1.3.5 Quality of Service ............................................... 5 1.4 MOBILITY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ............................... 5 1.5 PROBLEM STATEMENT .......................................................... 5 1.6 THESIS OUTLINE ............................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK ................................................ 9 2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 9 2.2 DATA COLLECTION AND MOBILITY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ... 9 2.2.1 Communication Mechanism in WSNs ...................... 9 2.2.2 Data Collections and Routing Techniques Categories in WSNs ...................................................................... 11 2.2.2.2 Flat Schemes .................................................11 v 2.2.2.2 Hierarchical Schemes .....................................13 2.2.2.3 Location-based Schemes .................................16 2.2.3 Influences of Mobility in WSNs .............................16 2.2.4 Types of Mobility in WSNs ...................................17 2.3 TOUR OPTIMIZATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS .................19 2.3.1 Travelling Salseman Problem (TSP) ......................19 2.3.2 Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) ............................20 2.4 REVIEW OF DIFFERENT MOBILITY ALGORITHMS AND PROTOCOLS ....... 23 2.5 CONCLUSION ...................................................................27 CHAPTER 3 ENERGY EFFICIENT DATA COLLECTION SCHEME USING RENDEZVOUS POINTS AND MOBILE ACTOR IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ................................................................................................................... 28 3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................28 3.2 SYSTEM MODEL AND ASSUMPTIONS .........................................29 3.3 RP DATA GATHERING SCHEME .............................................30 3.3.1 Neighbor Discovery ............................................30 3.3.2 Building Virtual Clusters .......................................31 3.3.3 Calculation of Rendezvous Points ..........................34 3.3.4 Data Distribution ................................................39 3.3.5 Computing the Minimum Path Tour .......................39 3.3.6 Data Collection ...................................................39 3.3.7 Tour Time Calculation ..........................................40 3.4 ENERGY MODEL ...............................................................40 3.4.1 Energy Consumption ...........................................40 3.4.2 Clear Channel Assessment ...................................44 3.4.3 Measurement of Energy Efficiency .........................45 3.5 CONCLUSION ..................................................................46 CHAPTER 4 SIMULATION, EVALUATION, AND RESULTS .................................. 47 4.1 TOUR LENGTH .................................................................47 4.2 ENERGY CONSUMPTION .......................................................53 4.2.1 Scenario 1 .........................................................53 4.2.2 Scenario 2 .........................................................58 vi 4.3 MULTIPLE M-ACTORS .........................................................61 4.4 CONCLUSION ...................................................................63 CHAPTER 5 FUTURE WORK AND CONCLUSION ................................................... 65 5.1 CONCLUSION ...................................................................65 5.2 FUTURE WORK .................................................................66 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 68 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Compression between different protocols that support mobility in WSNs ...... 26 Table 2 The node’s identification table with its location, nighbours, and nighbouring degree (an example of using 30 nodes). ............................................................ 38 Table 3 The node’s identification table with its location, energy, data, time, nighbours (nbrs), and nighbouring degree (k) (an example of using 50 nodes, with initial node energy of 100, and random data). ............................................................. 44 Table 4 Network Initial Parameters ............................................................................... 56 Table 5 IRIS Mote’s Parameters .................................................................................... 57 Table 6 Network Initial Parameters in the second scenario ........................................... 60 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 The differences between Single-hop and Multi-hop communication scheme . ........................................................................................................ 10 Figure 2.2 SPIN’s operations and messages’ stages . .................................................... 12 Figure 2.3 LEACH Phases algorithm. ............................................................................ 14 Figure 2.4 A mobile sink visits relay nodes, versus mobile sink visits sensors to gather data . .................................................................................................. 18 Figure 2.5 The Prim’s Algorithm . ................................................................................. 21 Figure 2.6 The Kruskal’s Algorithm. ............................................................................. 21 Figure 2.7 An example of MST problem with five nodes and eight edges. ................... 22 Figure 2.8 The differences between TSP and MST with the same topology. ................ 23 Figure 3.1 Proposed Network Model. ............................................................................ 29 Figure 3.2 Distributed nodes with

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