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Maxime Dahirel ANNÉE 2014 THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 sous le sceau de l’Université Européenne de Bretagne pour le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 Mention : Biologie Ecole doctorale Vie Agro Santé présentée par Maxime Dahirel Préparée à l’unité de recherche UMR 6553 Ecobio « Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution » UFR SVE – Sciences de la vie et de l’environnement OSUR – Observatoire des Sciences de l’Univers de Rennes Thèse soutenue à Rennes Déterminants le 23 octobre 2014 individuels et devant le jury composé de : Michel BAGUETTE environnementaux de Professeur, MNHN, UMR 7205 ISYEB / rapporteur – président du jury la dispersion chez Dries BONTE Professeur, Universiteit Gent, Terrestrial Ecology une espèce Unit / rapporteur Benoit FACON Chargé de Recherches, INRA, UMR CBGP / hermaphrodite, examinateur Jean-François LE GALLIARD l'escargot Cornu Chargé de Recherches, CNRS, UMR 7618 iEES Paris / examinateur aspersum Luc MADEC Professeur, Université de Rennes 1, UMR 6553 Ecobio / directeur de thèse Armelle ANSART Maitre de conférences, Université de Rennes 1, UMR 6553 Ecobio / co-directeur de thèse Déterminants individuels et environnementaux de la dispersion chez une espèce hermaphrodite, l'escargot Cornu aspersum Individual and environmental drivers of dispersal in a hermaphrodite species, the land snail Cornu aspersum 4 “The Road goes ever on and on, Down from the door where it began. Now far ahead the Road has gone, And I must follow, if I can, Pursuing it with eager feet, Until it joins some larger way Where many paths and errands meet. And whither then? I cannot say” J.R.R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring 5 6 Table des matières Partie Table des matières INTRODUCTION GENERALE .................................................................................... 11 1 Ecologie évolutive de la dispersion chez les animaux ........................................................ 12 A. Définitions................................................................................................................... 12 B. Déterminants ultimes de la dispersion .......................................................................... 14 C. Syndromes de dispersion ............................................................................................. 17 D. Dispersion contexte­dépendante .................................................................................. 20 E. Dispersion et reproduction : quelques éléments supplémentaires ................................. 23 2 Dispersion active chez les Gastéropodes terrestres ........................................................... 27 A. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 27 B. Méthodes de suivi ....................................................................................................... 28 C. Amplitude et déterminants de la dispersion : un état des lieux des connaissances ......... 31 D. Perspectives ................................................................................................................ 36 3 Le modèle d’étude : le petit­gris Cornu aspersum (Müller, 1774) ....................................... 38 A. Morphologie extérieure ............................................................................................... 38 B. Répartition .................................................................................................................. 39 C. Ecologie ...................................................................................................................... 40 D. Cycle de vie et reproduction ........................................................................................ 46 4 Objectif et organisation de la thèse .................................................................................. 51 DETERMINANTS INDIVIDUELS DE LA DISPERSION ........................................... 57 Stage­ and weather­dependent dispersal in the brown garden snail Cornu aspersum .................. 59 Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 59 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 60 Material and Methods ............................................................................................................. 63 Collecting and maintenance of snails .................................................................................... 63 Monitoring of snail dispersal in semi­natural conditions ....................................................... 63 Statistical analyses .............................................................................................................. 66 Results .................................................................................................................................... 68 Weather differences between the two years (Table 1) .......................................................... 68 The departure stage: emigration rate between recaptures at the patch level......................... 69 The transience stage: maximal dispersal distances ................................................................ 70 The transience stage: individual diffusion coefficients during dispersal ................................. 72 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 73 Electronic supplementary material ........................................................................................... 80 Movement ability, female allocation and protandric development in the brown garden snail Cornu aspersum: dispersal / reproduction relationships in a simultaneous hermaphrodite ................... 87 Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 87 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 88 Material and Methods ............................................................................................................. 90 Origin and rearing of snails .................................................................................................. 90 Movement characteristics .................................................................................................... 91 Phenotypic traits ................................................................................................................. 93 7 Table des matières Partie Statistical analyses .............................................................................................................. 94 Results .................................................................................................................................... 97 Development and age at maturity of reproductive organs ..................................................... 97 Phenotypic determinants of movement behaviour and variation with age ............................. 97 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 102 Protandrous development in the brown garden snail .......................................................... 102 Phenotypic correlates of movement explain changes in dispersal behaviour through ontogeny ......................................................................................................................................... 103 DETERMINANTS ENVIRONNEMENTAUX DE LA DISPERSION ......................... 109 Density­dependence of dispersal in adults and subadults of the hermaphrodite snail Cornu aspersum: a discrete choice modelling approach .................................................................... 111 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 111 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 112 Material and Methods ........................................................................................................... 115 Collecting and maintenance of snails .................................................................................. 115 Experimental landscape setup ............................................................................................ 115 Population setup and monitoring of snail dispersal ............................................................. 117 Statistical analyses ............................................................................................................ 118 Results .................................................................................................................................. 120 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 124 Electronic supplementary material ......................................................................................... 130 Variabilité du domaine de perception olfactive chez l’escargot petit­gris Cornu aspersum ........ 131 Résumé ................................................................................................................................. 131 Introduction
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