Aerodynamic Heating Rocks Due to Impacts 3.Sterilization During the Launch

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Aerodynamic Heating Rocks Due to Impacts 3.Sterilization During the Launch Assessment of microbial contamination probability for sample return from Martian moons Kosuke Kurosawa1, Kazuhisa, Fujita2, Hidenori Genda3, Ryuki Hyodo3, Takashi Mikouchi4 & Phobos/Deimos Microbial Contamination Assessment Team2 1Chiba Institute of Technology, 2JAXA, 3Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4The University of Tokyo 2018 9/19 Brief summary SterLim data Impact physics •Impact test Orbital dynamics •Heat test Stochastic analyses •Radiation test The spatial distribution The current microbe of microbes density on the moons ☆The total survived fraction of microbes at the present is only ~2 ppm on Phobos and ~50 ppm on Deimos. ☆Heterogeneous distribution of the microbes on the Martian moons ☆Microbe contamination probability of collected samples can be below 10-6 by appropriately choosing the sampling approaches. Each step considered in this study 5.Impact processes 7. The formation of radiation on the moon’s surface shield by natural meteoroids -Sterilization by shocks -Fragmentation -Mixing with the regolith 6. Sterilization -Dispersion by radiation 2.The launch of Mars 4.Sterilization by aerodynamic heating rocks due to impacts 3.Sterilization during the launch 1.Potential microbial living on Mars Each step considered in this study 5.Impact processes 7. The formation of radiation on the moon’s surface shield by natural meteoroids -Sterilization by shocks -Fragmentation -Mixing with the regolith 6. Sterilization -Dispersion by radiation 2.The launch of Mars 4.Sterilization by aerodynamic heating rocks due to impacts 3.Sterilization during the launch 1.Potential microbial living on Mars Each step considered in this study 5.Impact processes 7. The formation of radiation on the moon’s surface shield by natural meteoroids -Sterilization by shocks -Fragmentation -Mixing with the regolith 6. Sterilization -Dispersion by radiation 2.The launch of Mars 4.Sterilization by aerodynamic heating rocks due to impacts 3.Sterilization during the launch 1.Potential microbial living on Mars Each step considered in this study 5.Impact processes 7. The formation of radiation on the moon’s surface shield by natural meteoroids -Sterilization by shocks -Fragmentation -Mixing with the regolith 6. Sterilization -Dispersion by radiation 2.The launch of Mars 4.Sterilization by aerodynamic heating rocks due to impacts 3.Sterilization during the launch 1.Potential microbial living on Mars Each step considered in this study 5.Impact processes 7. The formation of radiation on the moon’s surface shield by natural meteoroids -Sterilization by shocks -Fragmentation -Mixing with the regolith 6. Sterilization -Dispersion by radiation 2.The launch of Mars 4.Sterilization by aerodynamic heating rocks due to impacts 3.Sterilization during the launch 1.Potential microbial living on Mars Each step considered in this study 5.Impact processes 7. The formation of radiation on the moon’s surface shield by natural meteoroids -Sterilization by shocks -Fragmentation -Mixing with the regolith 6. Sterilization -Dispersion by radiation 2.The launch of Mars 4.Sterilization by aerodynamic heating rocks due to impacts 3.Sterilization during the launch 1.Potential microbial living on Mars Each step considered in this study 5.Impact processes 7. The formation of radiation on the moon’s surface shield by natural meteoroids -Sterilization by shocks -Fragmentation -Mixing with the regolith 6. Sterilization -Dispersion by radiation 2.The launch of Mars 4.Sterilization by aerodynamic heating rocks due to impacts 3.Sterilization during the launch 1.Potential microbial living on Mars Each step considered in this study 5.Impact processes 7. The formation of radiation on the moon’s surface shield by natural meteoroids -Sterilization by shocks -Fragmentation -Mixing with the regolith 6. Sterilization -Dispersion by radiation 2.The launch of Mars 4.Sterilization by aerodynamic heating rocks due to impacts 3.Sterilization during the launch 1.Potential microbial living on Mars Difference from SterLim study SterLim view Our view Homogeneous deposition by averaging “Mars-rock bombardment” incoming flux to the uppermost layer & Impact physics Microbe distribution -Patchy in the horizontal direction -Depth-dependent Significant/Moderate/Minor effects SterLim Our work 1.Potential microbes Assuming same microbial Similar to SterLim, living on Mars density as Atacama Desert but a downward revision is introduced. Analytic model given by 3-D hydrodynamic simulations to obtain 2.The launch of Mars rocks the point-source theory appropriate initial conditions due to impacts (The same used by Melosh) for the trajectory analyses Sterilization during the launch based on 3.Sterilization during Not considered the data compilation of Martian meteorites the launch and recent finding on shock heating 4.Sterilization by Thermal analysis of Mars ejecta Not considered aerodynamic heating conducted along trajectories 5-1. Impact sterilization Microbe survival rate ~ 0.1 A revised-impact sterilization model on the moon’s surface regardless of impact velocity to treat vimp dependence Crater formation by Mars ejecta with 5-2. Impact processes Homogeneous deposition by retention & scattering of Mars ejecta on the moon’s surface averaging the incoming flux fragments taken into account Sterilization model Same as SterLim, but the effects 6. Sterilization by radiation constructed by experiments of the depth is also considered. 7. The formation of radiation Not considered A new stochastic model shield by natural meteoroids Outline 1. General assumptions 2. Transportation to the moons 3. Mars-rock bombardment on the moon 4. Background impact flux by natural meteoroids 5. The change in the microbe density with time 6. Microbe contamination risk assessment 7. Conclusions Outline 1. General assumptions 2. Transportation to the moons 3. Mars-rock bombardment on the moon 4. Background impact flux by natural meteoroids 5. The change in the microbe density with time 6. Microbe contamination risk assessment 7. Conclusions General assumptions - Potential microbe density on Mars - Supporting data (SterLim data) - Source crater Potential microbe density on Mars Terrestrial Mars analog Condition Location Microbe concentration 106 – 108 CFU/kg Yungay [Navarro-González+03; Maier+04] Hyperarid (Atacama Desert) 108 – 1010 cells equivalent/kg [Glavin+04; Drees+06; Lester+07; Connon+07] 6 7 Cold & Arid McMurdo Dry valley 10 – 10 cells equivalent/kg (Antarctic permafrost) [Goordial+16] 8 Initial microbe density nMars = 10 CFU/kg ※1 CFU/kg ~ 102 cells/kg Potential microbe density on Mars [Data are taken from Navarro-González+03] Not detected McMurdo Dry valley (Antarctic permafrost) [Goordial+16] ※1 CFU/kg ~ 102 cells/kg was assumed. Potential microbe density on Mars Terrestrial Mars analog Condition Location Microbe concentration 106 – 108 CFU/kg Yungay [Navarro-González+03; Maier+04] Hyperarid (Atacama Desert) 108 – 1010 cells equivalent/kg [Glavin+04; Drees+06; Lester+07; Connon+07] 6 7 Cold & Arid McMurdo Dry valley 10 – 10 cells equivalent/kg (Antarctic permafrost) [Goordial+16] 8 Initial microbe density nMars = 10 CFU/kg ※1 CFU/kg ~ 102 cells/kg Supporting data on sterilization The best systematic dataset to consider the case of Martian moons. SterLim impact test SterLim radiation test [Patel+18] [Patel+18] A different empirical model Time constant of MS2 was used based on the dataset was used. for conservative estimate. (Next slide) Impact survival rate The SterLim study assumed the survival rate is ~0.1. [Patel+18] Physical constraint: Survival rate must be decrease with increasing vimp because post shock temperature ∝ v2 An empirical model ± × −6 1.8 NΤN0 = exp − 9.5 4.3 10 Vimp Main source crater Zunil crater Diameter: 10.1 km Longitude: 166 deg. East Latitude: 7.7 deg. North (Near the equator) Impact direction: East-NorthEast [Preblich+07] Formation age: 0.1–1 Myr ago [Hartmann+10] [Preblich+07] The youngest-ray crater on Mars with a diameter of >10 km The other craters Transported mass to Phobos vs Formation age Transported mass Mtransported Age estimate Mojave (58 km) Hartmann+10 was estimated in this study. Hartmann+10 (discuss later) using Malin+06 data [Hyodo+, to be submitted] Golombek+14 Werner+14 Tooting (29 km) Mtransported strongly depends on Df. -> The smaller craters are McMurdo (23 km) not important. Zunil (10 km) Corinto (14 km) The other large craters are much older than Zunil. -> The microbes must be sterilized at the present. (Next slide) Required time treq for radiation sterilization N0 treq = TC(H)ln Nth For conservative estimate, Zunil 7 N0 = 10 (CFU/kg) -5 Nth = 10 (CFU/kg) (Req-10 for 100 g sampling) The others Target depth Depth (cm) treq(years) for sampling <0.04 2.0 x 103 1 4.4 x 105 10 1.7 x 106 30 2.0 x 106 The microbes from the other craters must be sterilized until now. Outline 1. General assumptions 2. Transportation to the moons 3. Mars-rock bombardment on the moon 4. Background impact flux by natural meteoroids 5. The change in the microbe density with time 6. Microbe contamination risk assessment 7. Conclusions Launch Difficulties in the estimation of the mass of high-speed ejecta High-speed ejection at velocities higher than ~20% of vimp cannot be treated by the widely-used point-source theory [Melosh84; Kurosawa&Takada19] <-Velocity-volume behavior in the point-source theory ※The previous studies used the point-source theory ? [Chappaz+13; SterLim study] [Housen & Holsapple11] Numerical simulations are necessary to address the total mass of high-speed ejecta Mej. 3-D SPH simulation A three-dimensional
Recommended publications
  • MARS an Overview of the 1985–2006 Mars Orbiter Camera Science
    MARS MARS INFORMATICS The International Journal of Mars Science and Exploration Open Access Journals Science An overview of the 1985–2006 Mars Orbiter Camera science investigation Michael C. Malin1, Kenneth S. Edgett1, Bruce A. Cantor1, Michael A. Caplinger1, G. Edward Danielson2, Elsa H. Jensen1, Michael A. Ravine1, Jennifer L. Sandoval1, and Kimberley D. Supulver1 1Malin Space Science Systems, P.O. Box 910148, San Diego, CA, 92191-0148, USA; 2Deceased, 10 December 2005 Citation: Mars 5, 1-60, 2010; doi:10.1555/mars.2010.0001 History: Submitted: August 5, 2009; Reviewed: October 18, 2009; Accepted: November 15, 2009; Published: January 6, 2010 Editor: Jeffrey B. Plescia, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University Reviewers: Jeffrey B. Plescia, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University; R. Aileen Yingst, University of Wisconsin Green Bay Open Access: Copyright 2010 Malin Space Science Systems. This is an open-access paper distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: NASA selected the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) investigation in 1986 for the Mars Observer mission. The MOC consisted of three elements which shared a common package: a narrow angle camera designed to obtain images with a spatial resolution as high as 1.4 m per pixel from orbit, and two wide angle cameras (one with a red filter, the other blue) for daily global imaging to observe meteorological events, geodesy, and provide context for the narrow angle images. Following the loss of Mars Observer in August 1993, a second MOC was built from flight spare hardware and launched aboard Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) in November 1996.
    [Show full text]
  • NITROGEN on MARS: INSIGHTS from CURIOSITY. J. C. Stern1 , B. Sutter2, W. A. Jackson3, Rafael Na- Varro-González4, Christopher P
    Lunar and Planetary Science XLVIII (2017) 2726.pdf 1 2 3 NITROGEN ON MARS: INSIGHTS FROM CURIOSITY. J. C. Stern , B. Sutter , W. A. Jackson , Rafael Na- varro-González4, Christopher P. McKay5, Douglas W. Ming6, P. Douglas Archer2, D. P. Glavin1, A. G. Fairen7,8 and Paul R. Mahaffy1. 1NASA GSFC, Code 699, Greenbelt, MD 20771, [email protected], 2Jacobs, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, 3Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, 4Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico, 5NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, 6NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston TX 77058, 7Centro de Astrobiologia, Madrid, Spain, 8Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Introduction: Recent detection of nitrate on Mars [1] indicates that nitrogen fixation processes occurred in early martian history. Data collected by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Curiosity Rover can be integrated with Mars analog work in order to better understand the fixation and mobility of nitrogen on Mars, and thus its availability to putative biology. In particular, the relationship between nitrate and other soluble salts may help reveal the timing of nitrogen fixation and post-depositional behavior of nitrate on Mars. In addition, in situ measurements of nitrogen abundance and isotopic composition may be used to model atmospheric conditions on early Mars. Methods: The data presented are from analyses of solid Martian drilled and scooped samples by the Sam- ple Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity Rover. SAM performs evolved gas analysis (EGA), in which a 3 Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Widespread Crater-Related Pitted Materials on Mars: Further Evidence for the Role of Target Volatiles During the Impact Process ⇑ Livio L
    Icarus 220 (2012) 348–368 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Icarus journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Widespread crater-related pitted materials on Mars: Further evidence for the role of target volatiles during the impact process ⇑ Livio L. Tornabene a, , Gordon R. Osinski a, Alfred S. McEwen b, Joseph M. Boyce c, Veronica J. Bray b, Christy M. Caudill b, John A. Grant d, Christopher W. Hamilton e, Sarah Mattson b, Peter J. Mouginis-Mark c a University of Western Ontario, Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration, Earth Sciences, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7 b University of Arizona, Lunar and Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721-0092, USA c University of Hawai’i, Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, Ma¯noa, HI 96822, USA d Smithsonian Institution, Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA e NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA article info abstract Article history: Recently acquired high-resolution images of martian impact craters provide further evidence for the Received 28 August 2011 interaction between subsurface volatiles and the impact cratering process. A densely pitted crater-related Revised 29 April 2012 unit has been identified in images of 204 craters from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. This sample of Accepted 9 May 2012 craters are nearly equally distributed between the two hemispheres, spanning from 53°Sto62°N latitude. Available online 24 May 2012 They range in diameter from 1 to 150 km, and are found at elevations between À5.5 to +5.2 km relative to the martian datum. The pits are polygonal to quasi-circular depressions that often occur in dense clus- Keywords: ters and range in size from 10 m to as large as 3 km.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Channel Systems Emanating from Hale Crater Ejecta: Implications for the Noachian Landscape Evolution of Mars
    Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX (2008) 2180.pdf RECENT CHANNEL SYSTEMS EMANATING FROM HALE CRATER EJECTA: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NOACHIAN LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION OF MARS. L. L. Tornabene1, 2, A. S. McEwen1, and the HiRISE Team1, 1Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, [email protected] Introduction: Impact cratering is a fundamental into linear elements that do not appear to be typical crater geologic process that dominated the distant geologic past rays, but like rays lie radial to Hale (e.g., 315°E, 32°S; of the terrestrial planets. Thereby, impacts played a 323.6°E, 35.7°S). Further, Hale has pristine morphologic significant role in the formation and evolution of planetary features at the decameter scale such as a sharp but crusts in the form of impact effects and byproducts (e.g., complexly terraced rim, a prominent central peak and only ejecta, breccias, impact melts, etc.). On Mars, impacts may small (<1 km) and few superimposed craters. The ejecta have liberated subsurface volatiles that, in the form of and secondaries from Hale are superimposed over liquid water, modified both surface morphology and surrounding terrains covering a large expanse of Mars, composition (e.g., phyllosilicates [e.g., 1]), and possibly with one swath of secondaries spanning >500 km wide. influenced early habitable environments. Although such an Hale also possesses ponded materials and channelized interaction has been inferred by studies of crater flows, which is an indication of the presence of impact- morphology [e.g., 2] and impact models [e.g., 3], direct melt bearing materials, as well as a testament to the evidence for the release of liquid water or other volatiles youthfulness and excellent state of preservation of the by Martian impacts was lacking [4].
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Collider Searches for Stable Massive Particles
    Non-collider searches for stable massive particles S. Burdina, M. Fairbairnb, P. Mermodc,, D. Milsteadd, J. Pinfolde, T. Sloanf, W. Taylorg aDepartment of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK bDepartment of Physics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK cParticle Physics department, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland dDepartment of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden ePhysics Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 0V1 fDepartment of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK gDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3 Abstract The theoretical motivation for exotic stable massive particles (SMPs) and the results of SMP searches at non-collider facilities are reviewed. SMPs are defined such that they would be suffi- ciently long-lived so as to still exist in the cosmos either as Big Bang relics or secondary collision products, and sufficiently massive such that they are typically beyond the reach of any conceiv- able accelerator-based experiment. The discovery of SMPs would address a number of important questions in modern physics, such as the origin and composition of dark matter and the unifi- cation of the fundamental forces. This review outlines the scenarios predicting SMPs and the techniques used at non-collider experiments to look for SMPs in cosmic rays and bound in mat- ter. The limits so far obtained on the fluxes and matter densities of SMPs which possess various detection-relevant properties such as electric and magnetic charge are given. Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Theory and cosmology of various kinds of SMPs 4 2.1 New particle states (elementary or composite) .
    [Show full text]
  • Perchlorate and Chlorate Biogeochemistry in Ice-Covered Lakes of the Mcmurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 98 (2012) 19–30 www.elsevier.com/locate/gca Perchlorate and chlorate biogeochemistry in ice-covered lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica W. Andrew Jackson a,⇑, Alfonso F. Davila b,c, Nubia Estrada a, W. Berry Lyons d, John D. Coates e, John C. Priscu f a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA b NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 95136, USA c SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave., Suite 100, Mountain View, CA 94043-5203, USA d Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA e Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA f Department of Land Resources & Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA Received 15 February 2012; accepted in revised form 5 September 2012; available online 19 September 2012 Abstract À À We measured chlorate (ClO3 ) and perchlorate (ClO4 ) concentrations in ice covered lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys À À (MDVs) of Antarctica, to evaluate their role in the ecology and geochemical evolution of the lakes. ClO3 and ClO4 are À À present throughout the MDV Lakes, streams, and other surface water bodies. ClO3 and ClO4 originate in the atmosphere and are transported to the lakes by surface inflow of glacier melt that has been differentially impacted by interaction with soils À À and aeolian matter. Concentrations of ClO3 and ClO4 in the lakes and between lakes vary based on both total evaporative concentration, as well as biological activity within each lake.
    [Show full text]
  • Anza-Borrego Desert State Park Bibliography Compiled and Edited by Jim Dice
    Steele/Burnand Anza-Borrego Desert Research Center University of California, Irvine UCI – NATURE and UC Natural Reserve System California State Parks – Colorado Desert District Anza-Borrego Desert State Park & Anza-Borrego Foundation Anza-Borrego Desert State Park Bibliography Compiled and Edited by Jim Dice (revised 1/31/2019) A gaggle of geneticists in Borrego Palm Canyon – 1975. (L-R, Dr. Theodosius Dobzhansky, Dr. Steve Bryant, Dr. Richard Lewontin, Dr. Steve Jones, Dr. TimEDITOR’S Prout. Photo NOTE by Dr. John Moore, courtesy of Steve Jones) Editor’s Note The publications cited in this volume specifically mention and/or discuss Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, locations and/or features known to occur within the present-day boundaries of Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, biological, geological, paleontological or anthropological specimens collected from localities within the present-day boundaries of Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, or events that have occurred within those same boundaries. This compendium is not now, nor will it ever be complete (barring, of course, the end of the Earth or the Park). Many, many people have helped to corral the references contained herein (see below). Any errors of omission and comission are the fault of the editor – who would be grateful to have such errors and omissions pointed out! [[email protected]] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As mentioned above, many many people have contributed to building this database of knowledge about Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. A quantum leap was taken somewhere in 2016-17 when Kevin Browne introduced me to Google Scholar – and we were off to the races. Elaine Tulving deserves a special mention for her assistance in dealing with formatting issues, keeping printers working, filing hard copies, ignoring occasional foul language – occasionally falling prey to it herself, and occasionally livening things up with an exclamation of “oh come on now, you just made that word up!” Bob Theriault assisted in many ways and now has a lifetime job, if he wants it, entering these references into Zotero.
    [Show full text]
  • JSC-Rocknest: a Large-Scale Mojave Mars Simulant (MMS) Based Soil Simulant for In-Situ
    1 JSC-Rocknest: A large-scale Mojave Mars Simulant (MMS) based soil simulant for in-situ 2 resource utilization water-extraction studies 3 Clark, J.V.a*, Archer, P.D.b, Gruener, J.E.c, Ming, D.W.c, Tu, V.M.b, Niles, P.B.c, Mertzman, 4 S.A.d 5 a GeoControls Systems, Inc – Jacobs JETS Contract at NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 6 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058, USA. [email protected], 281-244-7442 7 b Jacobs JETS Contract at NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 8 77058, USA. 9 c NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058, USA. 10 d Department of Earth and Environmental, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, 11 USA. 12 *Corresponding author 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Keywords: Simulant, Mars, In-situ resource utilization, evolved gas analysis, Rocknest 1 20 Abstract 21 The Johnson Space Center-Rocknest (JSC-RN) simulant was developed in response to a 22 need by NASA's Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) 23 project for a simulant to be used in component and system testing for water extraction from Mars 24 regolith. JSC-RN was designed to be chemically and mineralogically similar to material from the 25 aeolian sand shadow named Rocknest in Gale Crater, particularly the 1-3 wt.% low temperature 26 (<450 ºC) water release as measured by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the 27 Curiosity rover. Sodium perchlorate, goethite, pyrite, ferric sulfate, regular and high capacity 28 granular ferric oxide, and forsterite were added to a Mojave Mars Simulant (MMS) base in order 29 to match the mineralogy, evolved gases, and elemental chemistry of Rocknest.
    [Show full text]
  • NO ONE KNOWS ABOUT US by Bridget Canning. a Creative Writing
    NO ONE KNOWS ABOUT US By Bridget Canning. A Creative Writing Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in English (Creative Writing) Department of English, Memorial University of Newfoundland Abstract: No One Knows about Us is a collection of twelve contemporary short stories. As the title suggests, the characters in each story deal with secrets: relationships, longings, grudges, addictions, and trickery. For them, these secrets are simultaneously overwhelming and futile; their importance within their small worlds reflect a deeper feeling of insignificance in the greater scheme of life in a small city in a northern province hemmed on to the side of a continent. Here are a range of characters and situations set in St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador. The stories are mapped out in different areas of the city and move chronologically over a year, starting in fall and ending in late summer. They work together to create a small sample of life in modern-day St. John’s – one that is informed by the influences of history, economy, and weather. i Acknowledgements: This thesis would not have been accomplished without the help of the English department faculty at Memorial such as Robert Finley, Robert Chafe, and especially my thesis advisor, Lisa Moore. Thanks to the Graduate Society for their financial support. Thanks to Jonathan Weir, Deirdre Snook, and the members of the Naked Parade Writing Collective for their guidance and encouragement. ii Contents: 1. Seen, p. 1 2. With Glowing Hearts, p. 19 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Alluvial Fans As Potential Sites for Preservation of Biosignatures on Mars
    Alluvial Fans as Potential Sites for Preservation of Biosignatures on Mars Phylindia Gant August 15, 2016 Candidate, Masters of Environmental Science Committee Chair: Dr. Deborah Lawrence Committee Member: Dr. Manuel Lerdau, Dr. Michael Pace 2 I. Introduction Understanding the origin of life Life on Earth began 3.5 million years ago as the temperatures in the atmosphere were cool enough for molten rocks to solidify (Mojzsis et al 1996). Water was then able to condense and fall to the Earth’s surface from the water vapor that collected in the atmosphere from volcanoes. Additionally, atmospheric gases from the volcanoes supplied Earth with carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Even though the oxygen was not free oxygen, it was possible for life to begin from the primordial ooze. The environment was ripe for life to begin, but how would it begin? This question has intrigued humanity since the dawn of civilization. Why search for life on Mars There are several different scientific ways to answer the question of how life began. Some scientists believe that life started out here on Earth, evolving from a single celled organism called Archaea. Archaea are a likely choice because they presently live in harsh environments similar to the early Earth environment such as hot springs, deep sea vents, and saline water (Wachtershauser 2006). Another possibility for the beginning of evolution is that life traveled to Earth on a meteorite from Mars (Whitted 1997). Even though Mars is anaerobic, carbonate-poor and sulfur rich, it was warm and wet when Earth first had organisms evolving (Lui et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Mission Insights on the Interior of Mars Suzanne E
    Pre-mission InSights on the Interior of Mars Suzanne E. Smrekar, Philippe Lognonné, Tilman Spohn, W. Bruce Banerdt, Doris Breuer, Ulrich Christensen, Véronique Dehant, Mélanie Drilleau, William Folkner, Nobuaki Fuji, et al. To cite this version: Suzanne E. Smrekar, Philippe Lognonné, Tilman Spohn, W. Bruce Banerdt, Doris Breuer, et al.. Pre-mission InSights on the Interior of Mars. Space Science Reviews, Springer Verlag, 2019, 215 (1), pp.1-72. 10.1007/s11214-018-0563-9. hal-01990798 HAL Id: hal-01990798 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01990798 Submitted on 23 Jan 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte (OATAO ) OATAO is an open access repository that collects the wor of some Toulouse researchers and ma es it freely available over the web where possible. This is an author's version published in: https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/21690 Official URL : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0563-9 To cite this version : Smrekar, Suzanne E. and Lognonné, Philippe and Spohn, Tilman ,... [et al.]. Pre-mission InSights on the Interior of Mars. (2019) Space Science Reviews, 215 (1).
    [Show full text]
  • In Pdf Format
    lós 1877 Mik 88 ge N 18 e N i h 80° 80° 80° ll T 80° re ly a o ndae ma p k Pl m os U has ia n anum Boreu bal e C h o A al m re u c K e o re S O a B Bo l y m p i a U n d Planum Es co e ria a l H y n d s p e U 60° e 60° 60° r b o r e a e 60° l l o C MARS · Korolev a i PHOTOMAP d n a c S Lomono a sov i T a t n M 1:320 000 000 i t V s a Per V s n a s l i l epe a s l i t i t a s B o r e a R u 1 cm = 320 km lkin t i t a s B o r e a a A a A l v s l i F e c b a P u o ss i North a s North s Fo d V s a a F s i e i c a a t ssa l vi o l eo Fo i p l ko R e e r e a o an u s a p t il b s em Stokes M ic s T M T P l Kunowski U 40° on a a 40° 40° a n T 40° e n i O Va a t i a LY VI 19 ll ic KI 76 es a As N M curi N G– ra ras- s Planum Acidalia Colles ier 2 + te .
    [Show full text]