Secure Block Ciphers - Cryptanalysis and Design
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Cryptographic Sponge Functions
Cryptographic sponge functions Guido B1 Joan D1 Michaël P2 Gilles V A1 http://sponge.noekeon.org/ Version 0.1 1STMicroelectronics January 14, 2011 2NXP Semiconductors Cryptographic sponge functions 2 / 93 Contents 1 Introduction 7 1.1 Roots .......................................... 7 1.2 The sponge construction ............................... 8 1.3 Sponge as a reference of security claims ...................... 8 1.4 Sponge as a design tool ................................ 9 1.5 Sponge as a versatile cryptographic primitive ................... 9 1.6 Structure of this document .............................. 10 2 Definitions 11 2.1 Conventions and notation .............................. 11 2.1.1 Bitstrings .................................... 11 2.1.2 Padding rules ................................. 11 2.1.3 Random oracles, transformations and permutations ........... 12 2.2 The sponge construction ............................... 12 2.3 The duplex construction ............................... 13 2.4 Auxiliary functions .................................. 15 2.4.1 The absorbing function and path ...................... 15 2.4.2 The squeezing function ........................... 16 2.5 Primary aacks on a sponge function ........................ 16 3 Sponge applications 19 3.1 Basic techniques .................................... 19 3.1.1 Domain separation .............................. 19 3.1.2 Keying ..................................... 20 3.1.3 State precomputation ............................ 20 3.2 Modes of use of sponge functions ......................... -
The SKINNY Family of Block Ciphers and Its Low-Latency Variant MANTIS (Full Version)
The SKINNY Family of Block Ciphers and its Low-Latency Variant MANTIS (Full Version) Christof Beierle1, J´er´emy Jean2, Stefan K¨olbl3, Gregor Leander1, Amir Moradi1, Thomas Peyrin2, Yu Sasaki4, Pascal Sasdrich1, and Siang Meng Sim2 1 Horst G¨ortzInstitute for IT Security, Ruhr-Universit¨atBochum, Germany [email protected] 2 School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University, Singapore [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 3 DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark [email protected] 4 NTT Secure Platform Laboratories, Japan [email protected] Abstract. We present a new tweakable block cipher family SKINNY, whose goal is to compete with NSA recent design SIMON in terms of hardware/software perfor- mances, while proving in addition much stronger security guarantees with regards to differential/linear attacks. In particular, unlike SIMON, we are able to provide strong bounds for all versions, and not only in the single-key model, but also in the related-key or related-tweak model. SKINNY has flexible block/key/tweak sizes and can also benefit from very efficient threshold implementations for side-channel protection. Regarding performances, it outperforms all known ciphers for ASIC round-based implementations, while still reaching an extremely small area for serial implementations and a very good efficiency for software and micro-controllers im- plementations (SKINNY has the smallest total number of AND/OR/XOR gates used for encryption process). Secondly, we present MANTIS, a dedicated variant of SKINNY for low-latency imple- mentations, that constitutes a very efficient solution to the problem of designing a tweakable block cipher for memory encryption. -
Modes of Operation for Compressed Sensing Based Encryption
Modes of Operation for Compressed Sensing based Encryption DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften Dr. rer. nat. vorgelegt von Robin Fay, M. Sc. eingereicht bei der Naturwissenschaftlich-Technischen Fakultät der Universität Siegen Siegen 2017 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Christoph Ruland 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Robert Fischer Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 14.06.2017 To Verena ... s7+OZThMeDz6/wjq29ACJxERLMATbFdP2jZ7I6tpyLJDYa/yjCz6OYmBOK548fer 76 zoelzF8dNf /0k8H1KgTuMdPQg4ukQNmadG8vSnHGOVpXNEPWX7sBOTpn3CJzei d3hbFD/cOgYP4N5wFs8auDaUaycgRicPAWGowa18aYbTkbjNfswk4zPvRIF++EGH UbdBMdOWWQp4Gf44ZbMiMTlzzm6xLa5gRQ65eSUgnOoZLyt3qEY+DIZW5+N s B C A j GBttjsJtaS6XheB7mIOphMZUTj5lJM0CDMNVJiL39bq/TQLocvV/4inFUNhfa8ZM 7kazoz5tqjxCZocBi153PSsFae0BksynaA9ZIvPZM9N4++oAkBiFeZxRRdGLUQ6H e5A6HFyxsMELs8WN65SCDpQNd2FwdkzuiTZ4RkDCiJ1Dl9vXICuZVx05StDmYrgx S6mWzcg1aAsEm2k+Skhayux4a+qtl9sDJ5JcDLECo8acz+RL7/ ovnzuExZ3trm+O 6GN9c7mJBgCfEDkeror5Af4VHUtZbD4vALyqWCr42u4yxVjSj5fWIC9k4aJy6XzQ cRKGnsNrV0ZcGokFRO+IAcuWBIp4o3m3Amst8MyayKU+b94VgnrJAo02Fp0873wa hyJlqVF9fYyRX+couaIvi5dW/e15YX/xPd9hdTYd7S5mCmpoLo7cqYHCVuKWyOGw ZLu1ziPXKIYNEegeAP8iyeaJLnPInI1+z4447IsovnbgZxM3ktWO6k07IOH7zTy9 w+0UzbXdD/qdJI1rENyriAO986J4bUib+9sY/2/kLlL7nPy5Kxg3 Et0Fi3I9/+c/ IYOwNYaCotW+hPtHlw46dcDO1Jz0rMQMf1XCdn0kDQ61nHe5MGTz2uNtR3bty+7U CLgNPkv17hFPu/lX3YtlKvw04p6AZJTyktsSPjubqrE9PG00L5np1V3B/x+CCe2p niojR2m01TK17/oT1p0enFvDV8C351BRnjC86Z2OlbadnB9DnQSP3XH4JdQfbtN8 BXhOglfobjt5T9SHVZpBbzhDzeXAF1dmoZQ8JhdZ03EEDHjzYsXD1KUA6Xey03wU uwnrpTPzD99cdQM7vwCBdJnIPYaD2fT9NwAHICXdlp0pVy5NH20biAADH6GQr4Vc -
BRISK: Dynamic Encryption Based Cipher for Long Term Security
sensors Article BRISK: Dynamic Encryption Based Cipher for Long Term Security Ashutosh Dhar Dwivedi Cyber Security Section, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract: Several emerging areas like the Internet of Things, sensor networks, healthcare and dis- tributed networks feature resource-constrained devices that share secure and privacy-preserving data to accomplish some goal. The majority of standard cryptographic algorithms do not fit with these constrained devices due to heavy cryptographic components. In this paper, a new block cipher, BRISK, is proposed with a block size of 32-bit. The cipher design is straightforward due to simple round operations, and these operations can be efficiently run in hardware and suitable for software. Another major concept used with this cipher is dynamism during encryption for each session; that is, instead of using the same encryption algorithm, participants use different ciphers for each session. Professor Lars R. Knudsen initially proposed dynamic encryption in 2015, where the sender picks a cipher from a large pool of ciphers to encrypt the data and send it along with the encrypted message. The receiver does not know about the encryption technique used before receiving the cipher along with the message. However, in the proposed algorithm, instead of choosing a new cipher, the process uses the same cipher for each session, but varies the cipher specifications from a given small pool, e.g., the number of rounds, cipher components, etc. Therefore, the dynamism concept is used here in a different way. -
Truncated Differential Analysis of Round-Reduced Roadrunner
Truncated Differential Analysis of Round-Reduced RoadRunneR Block Cipher Qianqian Yang1;2;3, Lei Hu1;2;??, Siwei Sun1;2, Ling Song1;2 1State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China 2Data Assurance and Communication Security Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China 3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China {qqyang13,hu,swsun,lsong}@is.ac.cn Abstract. RoadRunneR is a small and fast bitslice lightweight block ci- pher for low cost 8-bit processors proposed by Adnan Baysal and S¨ahap S¸ahin in the LightSec 2015 conference. While most software efficient lightweight block ciphers lacking a security proof, RoadRunneR's secu- rity is provable against differential and linear attacks. RoadRunneR is a Feistel structure block cipher with 64-bit block size. RoadRunneR-80 is a vision with 80-bit key and 10 rounds, and RoadRunneR-128 is a vision with 128-bit key and 12 rounds. In this paper, we obtain 5-round truncated differentials of RoadRunneR-80 and RoadRunneR-128 with probability 2−56. Using the truncated differentials, we give a truncated differential attack on 7-round RoadRunneR-128 without whitening keys with data complexity of 255 chosen plaintexts, time complexity of 2121 encryptions and memory complexity of 268. This is first known attack on RoadRunneR block cipher. Keywords: Lightweight, Block Cipher, RoadRunneR, Truncated Dif- ferential Cryptanalysis 1 Introduction Recently, lightweight block ciphers, which could be widely used in small embed- ded devices such as RFIDs and sensor networks, are becoming more and more popular. -
Improved Side Channel Attack on the Block Cipher NOEKEON
Improved side channel attack on the block cipher NOEKEON Changyong Peng a Chuangying Zhu b Yuefei Zhu a Fei Kang a aZhengzhou Information Science and Technology Institute,Zhengzhou, China, Email: [email protected],[email protected],[email protected],k [email protected] bSchool of Computer and Control, Guillin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China Abstract NOEKEON is a block cipher having key-size 128 and block size 128,proposed by Daemen, J et al.Shekh Faisal Abdul-Latip et al. give a side channel attack(under the single bit leakage model) on the cipher at ISPEC 2010.Their analysis shows that one can recover the 128-bit key of the cipher, by considering a one-bit information leakage from the internal state after the second round, with time complexity of O(268) evaluations of the cipher, and data complexity of about 210 chosen plaintexts.Our side channel attack improves upon the previous work of Shekh Faisal Abdul-Latip et al. from two aspects. First, we use the Hamming weight leakage model(Suppose the Hamming weight of the lower 64 bits and the higher 64 bits of the output of the first round can be obtained without error) which is a more relaxed leakage assumption, supported by many previously known practical results on side channel attacks, compared to the more challenging leakage assumption that the adversary has access to the ”exact” value of the internal state bits as used by Shekh Faisal Abdul-Latip et al. Second, our attack has also a reduced complexity compared to that of Shekh Faisal Abdul-Latip et al. -
Identifying Open Research Problems in Cryptography by Surveying Cryptographic Functions and Operations 1
International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing Vol. 10, No. 11 (2017), pp.79-98 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijgdc.2017.10.11.08 Identifying Open Research Problems in Cryptography by Surveying Cryptographic Functions and Operations 1 Rahul Saha1, G. Geetha2, Gulshan Kumar3 and Hye-Jim Kim4 1,3School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India 2Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India 4Business Administration Research Institute, Sungshin W. University, 2 Bomun-ro 34da gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Abstract Cryptography has always been a core component of security domain. Different security services such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication, non-repudiation and access control, are provided by a number of cryptographic algorithms including block ciphers, stream ciphers and hash functions. Though the algorithms are public and cryptographic strength depends on the usage of the keys, the ciphertext analysis using different functions and operations used in the algorithms can lead to the path of revealing a key completely or partially. It is hard to find any survey till date which identifies different operations and functions used in cryptography. In this paper, we have categorized our survey of cryptographic functions and operations in the algorithms in three categories: block ciphers, stream ciphers and cryptanalysis attacks which are executable in different parts of the algorithms. This survey will help the budding researchers in the society of crypto for identifying different operations and functions in cryptographic algorithms. Keywords: cryptography; block; stream; cipher; plaintext; ciphertext; functions; research problems 1. Introduction Cryptography [1] in the previous time was analogous to encryption where the main task was to convert the readable message to an unreadable format. -
Related-Key Impossible Boomerang Cryptanalysis on Lblock-S
KSII TRANSACTIONS ON INTERNET AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS VOL. 13, NO. 11, Nov. 2019 5717 Copyright ⓒ 2019 KSII Related-key Impossible Boomerang Cryptanalysis on LBlock-s Min Xie*, Qiya Zeng State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University Xi’an 710071, China [e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]] *Corresponding author: Min Xie Received March 26, 2018; revised April 2, 2019; accepted May 3, 2019; published November 30, 2019 Abstract LBlock-s is the core block cipher of authentication encryption algorithm LAC, which uses the same structure of LBlock and an improved key schedule algorithm with better diffusion property. Using the differential properties of the key schedule algorithm and the cryptanalytic technique which combines impossible boomerang attacks with related-key attacks, a 15-round related-key impossible boomerang distinguisher is constructed for the first time. Based on the distinguisher, an attack on 22-round LBlock-s is proposed by adding 4 rounds on the top and 3 rounds at the bottom. The time complexity is about only 2 . 22-round encryptions and the data complexity is about 2 chosen plaintexts. Compared68 76 with published cryptanalysis results on LBlock-s, there has58 been a sharp decrease in time complexity and an ideal data complexity. Keywords: LBlock-s, lightweight block cipher, related-key, impossible differential, boomerang cryptanalysis This research was supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFB0800601) and Key Program of NSFC-Tongyong Union Foundation (Grant No. U1636209). http://doi.org/10.3837/tiis.2019.11.024 ISSN : 1976-7277 5718 Min Xie & Qiya Zeng: Related-key Impossible Boomerang Cryptanalysis on LBlock-s 1. -
Impossible Differential Cryptanalysis of Reduced Round Hight
1 IMPOSSIBLE DIFFERENTIAL CRYPTANALYSIS OF REDUCED ROUND HIGHT A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY CIHANG˙ IR˙ TEZCAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CRYPTOGRAPHY JUNE 2009 Approval of the thesis: IMPOSSIBLE DIFFERENTIAL CRYPTANALYSIS OF REDUCED ROUND HIGHT submitted by CIHANG˙ IR˙ TEZCAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Department of Cryptography, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Ersan Akyıldız Director, Graduate School of Applied Mathematics Prof. Dr. Ferruh Ozbudak¨ Head of Department, Cryptography Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Doganaksoy˘ Supervisor, Mathematics Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Ersan Akyıldız METU, Institute of Applied Mathematics Assoc. Prof. Ali Doganaksoy˘ METU, Department of Mathematics Dr. Muhiddin Uguz˘ METU, Department of Mathematics Dr. Meltem Sonmez¨ Turan Dr. Nurdan Saran C¸ankaya University, Department of Computer Engineering Date: I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: CIHANG˙ IR˙ TEZCAN Signature : iii ABSTRACT IMPOSSIBLE DIFFERENTIAL CRYPTANALYSIS OF REDUCED ROUND HIGHT Tezcan, Cihangir M.Sc., Department of Cryptography Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Doganaksoy˘ June 2009, 49 pages Design and analysis of lightweight block ciphers have become more popular due to the fact that the future use of block ciphers in ubiquitous devices is generally assumed to be extensive. -
New Cryptanalysis of Block Ciphers with Low Algebraic Degree
New Cryptanalysis of Block Ciphers with Low Algebraic Degree Bing Sun1,LongjiangQu1,andChaoLi1,2 1 Department of Mathematics and System Science, Science College of National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China, 410073 2 State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 10039 happy [email protected], ljqu [email protected] Abstract. Improved interpolation attack and new integral attack are proposed in this paper, and they can be applied to block ciphers using round functions with low algebraic degree. In the new attacks, we can determine not only the degree of the polynomial, but also coefficients of some special terms. Thus instead of guessing the round keys one by one, we can get the round keys by solving some algebraic equations over finite field. The new methods are applied to PURE block cipher successfully. The improved interpolation attacks can recover the first round key of 8-round PURE in less than a second; r-round PURE with r ≤ 21 is breakable with about 3r−2 chosen plaintexts and the time complexity is 3r−2 encryptions; 22-round PURE is breakable with both data and time complexities being about 3 × 320. The new integral attacks can break PURE with rounds up to 21 with 232 encryptions and 22-round with 3 × 232 encryptions. This means that PURE with up to 22 rounds is breakable on a personal computer. Keywords: block cipher, Feistel cipher, interpolation attack, integral attack. 1 Introduction For some ciphers, the round function can be described either by a low degree polynomial or by a quotient of two low degree polynomials over finite field with characteristic 2. -
Mixture Differential Cryptanalysis and Structural Truncated Differential Attacks on Round-Reduced
Mixture Differential Cryptanalysis and Structural Truncated Differential Attacks on round-reduced AES Lorenzo Grassi IAIK, Graz University of Technology, Austria [email protected] Abstract. At Eurocrypt 2017 the first secret-key distinguisher for 5-round AES - based on the “multiple-of-8” property - has been presented. Although it allows to distinguish a random permutation from an AES-like one, it seems rather hard to implement a key-recovery attack different than brute-force like using such a distinguisher. In this paper we introduce “Mixture Differential Cryptanalysis” on round-reduced AES- like ciphers, a way to translate the (complex) “multiple-of-8” 5-round distinguisher into a simpler and more convenient one (though, on a smaller number of rounds). Given a pair of chosen plaintexts, the idea is to construct new pairs of plaintexts by mixing the generating variables of the original pair of plaintexts. Here we theoretically prove that for 4-round AES the corresponding ciphertexts of the original pair of plaintexts lie in a particular subspace if and only if the corresponding pairs of ciphertexts of the new pairs of plaintexts have the same property. Such secret-key distinguisher - which is independent of the secret-key, of the details of the S-Box and of the MixColumns matrix (except for the branch number equal to 5) - can be used as starting point to set up new key-recovery attacks on round-reduced AES. Besides a theoretical explanation, we also provide a practical verification both of the distinguisher and of the attack. As a second contribution, we show how to combine this new 4-round distinguisher with a modified version of a truncated differential distinguisher in order to set up new 5-round distinguishers, that exploit properties which are independent of the secret key, of the details of the S-Box and of the MixColumns matrix. -
1 Introduction
A pictorial illustration of conventional cryptography Lars Ramkilde Knudsen March 1993 Abstract In this pap er we consider conventional cryptosystems. We illus- trate the di erences b etween substitution, transp osition and pro duct ciphers by showing encryptions of a highly redundant cleartext, a p or- trait. Also it is pictorially demonstrated that no conventional cryp- tosystem in its basic mo de provides sucient security for redundant cleartexts. 1 Intro duction The history of cryptography is long and go es back at least 4,000 years to the Egyptians, who used hieroglyphic co des for inscription on tombs [2]. Since then many ciphers have b een develop ed and used. Many of these old ciphers are much to o weak to be used in applications to day, b ecause of the tremendous progress in computer technology. Until 1977 all ciphers were so-called one-key ciphers or conventional ciphers. In these ciphers the keys for encryption and decryption are identical or easily derived from each other. In 1977 Die and Hellman intro duced two-key ciphers or public-key ciphers, where the knowledge of one key gives no knowledge ab out the other key. In this pap er we consider only conventional ciphers. We divide these ciphers into three groups: Substitution Ciphers, Itansp osition Ciphers and Pro duct Ciphers. For each group we consider a sp eci c cipher and give a pictorial 1 illustration of an encryption. Finally we give an illustration that the strong conventional cipher, DES, in its basic mo de is insucient to ensure protection when used on a large plaintext.