Modes of Operation for Compressed Sensing Based Encryption
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Cryptographic Hash Functions and Message Authentication Code
Cryptographic Hash Functions and Message Authentication Code Thierry Sans Cryptographic hashing H m1 m2 x1 m3 x2 H(m) = x is a hash function if • H is one-way function • m is a message of any length • x is a message digest of a fixed length ➡ H is a lossy compression function necessarily there exists x, m1 and m2 | H(m1) = H(m2) = x Computational complexity m H x • Given H and m, computing x is easy (polynomial or linear) • Given H and x, computing m is hard (exponential) ➡ H is not invertible Preimage resistance and collision resistance m H x PR - Preimage Resistance (a.k.a One Way) ➡ given H and x, hard to find m e.g. password storage 2PR - Second Preimage Resistance (a.k.a Weak Collision Resistance) ➡ given H, m and x, hard to find m’ such that H(m) = H(m’) = x e.g. virus identification CR - Collision Resistance (a.k.a Strong Collision Resistance) ➡ given H, hard to find m and m’ such that H(m) = H(m’) = x e.g. digital signatures CR → 2PR and CR → PR Hash functions in practice IV n’ bits n bits n’ bits Common hash functions m H x Name SHA-2 SHA-3 MD5 SHA-1 Variant SHA-224 SHA-256 SHA-384 SHA-512 SHA3-224 SHA3-256 SHA3-384 SHA3-512 Year 1992 1993 2001 2012 Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen, Michaël Designer Rivest NSA NSA Peeters, and Gilles Van Assche Input 512 512 512 512 1024 1024 1152 1088 832 576 n bits Output 128 160 224 256 384 512 224 256 384 512 n’ bits Speed 6.8 11.4 15.8 17.7 12.5 cycle/byte Considered Broken yes yes no no How to hash long messages ? Merkle–Damgård construction m split m in blocks of n bits and add padding p n bits m1 -
Security Evaluation of Stream Cipher Enocoro-128V2
Security Evaluation of Stream Cipher Enocoro-128v2 Hell, Martin; Johansson, Thomas 2010 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Hell, M., & Johansson, T. (2010). Security Evaluation of Stream Cipher Enocoro-128v2. CRYPTREC Technical Report. Total number of authors: 2 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Security Evaluation of Stream Cipher Enocoro-128v2 Martin Hell and Thomas Johansson Abstract. This report presents a security evaluation of the Enocoro- 128v2 stream cipher. Enocoro-128v2 was proposed in 2010 and is a mem- ber of the Enocoro family of stream ciphers. This evaluation examines several different attacks applied to the Enocoro-128v2 design. No attack better than exhaustive key search has been found. -
IMPLEMENTATION and BENCHMARKING of PADDING UNITS and HMAC for SHA-3 CANDIDATES in FPGAS and ASICS by Ambarish Vyas a Thesis Subm
IMPLEMENTATION AND BENCHMARKING OF PADDING UNITS AND HMAC FOR SHA-3 CANDIDATES IN FPGAS AND ASICS by Ambarish Vyas A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Computer Engineering Committee: Dr. Kris Gaj, Thesis Director Dr. Jens-Peter Kaps. Committee Member Dr. Bernd-Peter Paris. Committee Member Dr. Andre Manitius, Department Chair of Electrical and Computer Engineering Dr. Lloyd J. Griffiths. Dean, Volgenau School of Engineering Date: ---J d. / q /9- 0 II Fall Semester 2011 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Implementation and Benchmarking of Padding Units and HMAC for SHA-3 Candidates in FPGAs and ASICs A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at George Mason University By Ambarish Vyas Bachelor of Science University of Pune, 2009 Director: Dr. Kris Gaj, Associate Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Fall Semester 2011 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright c 2011 by Ambarish Vyas All Rights Reserved ii Acknowledgments I would like to use this oppurtunity to thank the people who have supported me throughout my thesis. First and foremost my advisor Dr.Kris Gaj, without his zeal, his motivation, his patience, his confidence in me, his humility, his diverse knowledge, and his great efforts this thesis wouldn't be possible. It is difficult to exaggerate my gratitude towards him. I also thank Ekawat Homsirikamol for his contributions to this project. He has significantly contributed to the designs and implementations of the architectures. Additionally, I am indebted to my student colleagues in CERG for providing a fun environment to learn and giving invaluable tips and support. -
Analysis of Selected Block Cipher Modes for Authenticated Encryption
Analysis of Selected Block Cipher Modes for Authenticated Encryption by Hassan Musallam Ahmed Qahur Al Mahri Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Systems and Networks) (Sultan Qaboos University) – 2007 Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology 2018 Keywords Authenticated encryption, AE, AEAD, ++AE, AEZ, block cipher, CAESAR, confidentiality, COPA, differential fault analysis, differential power analysis, ElmD, fault attack, forgery attack, integrity assurance, leakage resilience, modes of op- eration, OCB, OTR, SHELL, side channel attack, statistical fault analysis, sym- metric encryption, tweakable block cipher, XE, XEX. i ii Abstract Cryptography assures information security through different functionalities, es- pecially confidentiality and integrity assurance. According to Menezes et al. [1], confidentiality means the process of assuring that no one could interpret infor- mation, except authorised parties, while data integrity is an assurance that any unauthorised alterations to a message content will be detected. One possible ap- proach to ensure confidentiality and data integrity is to use two different schemes where one scheme provides confidentiality and the other provides integrity as- surance. A more compact approach is to use schemes, called Authenticated En- cryption (AE) schemes, that simultaneously provide confidentiality and integrity assurance for a message. AE can be constructed using different mechanisms, and the most common construction is to use block cipher modes, which is our focus in this thesis. AE schemes have been used in a wide range of applications, and defined by standardisation organizations. The National Institute of Standards and Technol- ogy (NIST) recommended two AE block cipher modes CCM [2] and GCM [3]. -
MD5 Collisions the Effect on Computer Forensics April 2006
Paper MD5 Collisions The Effect on Computer Forensics April 2006 ACCESS DATA , ON YOUR RADAR MD5 Collisions: The Impact on Computer Forensics Hash functions are one of the basic building blocks of modern cryptography. They are used for everything from password verification to digital signatures. A hash function has three fundamental properties: • It must be able to easily convert digital information (i.e. a message) into a fixed length hash value. • It must be computationally impossible to derive any information about the input message from just the hash. • It must be computationally impossible to find two files to have the same hash. A collision is when you find two files to have the same hash. The research published by Wang, Feng, Lai and Yu demonstrated that MD5 fails this third requirement since they were able to generate two different messages that have the same hash. In computer forensics hash functions are important because they provide a means of identifying and classifying electronic evidence. Because hash functions play a critical role in evidence authentication, a judge and jury must be able trust the hash values to uniquely identify electronic evidence. A hash function is unreliable when you can find any two messages that have the same hash. Birthday Paradox The easiest method explaining a hash collision is through what is frequently referred to as the Birthday Paradox. How many people one the street would you have to ask before there is greater than 50% probability that one of those people will share your birthday (same day not the same year)? The answer is 183 (i.e. -
Fair and Efficient Hardware Benchmarking of Candidates In
Fair and Efficient Hardware Benchmarking of Candidates in Cryptographic Contests Kris Gaj CERG George Mason University Partially supported by NSF under grant no. 1314540 Designs & results for this talk contributed by “Ice” Homsirikamol Farnoud Farahmand Ahmed Ferozpuri Will Diehl Marcin Rogawski Panasayya Yalla Cryptographic Standard Contests IX.1997 X.2000 AES 15 block ciphers → 1 winner NESSIE I.2000 XII.2002 CRYPTREC XI.2004 IV.2008 34 stream 4 HW winners eSTREAM ciphers → + 4 SW winners X.2007 X.2012 51 hash functions → 1 winner SHA-3 I.2013 TBD 57 authenticated ciphers → multiple winners CAESAR 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 time Evaluation Criteria in Cryptographic Contests Security Software Efficiency Hardware Efficiency µProcessors µControllers FPGAs ASICs Flexibility Simplicity Licensing 4 AES Contest 1997-2000 Final Round Speed in FPGAs Votes at the AES 3 conference GMU results Hardware results matter! 5 Throughput vs. Area Normalized to Results for SHA-256 and Averaged over 11 FPGA Families – 256-bit variants Overall Normalized Throughput Early Leader Overall Normalized Area 6 SHA-3 finalists in high-performance FPGA families 0.25 0.35 0.50 0.79 1.00 1.41 2.00 2.83 4.00 7 FPGA Evaluations – From AES to SHA-3 AES eSTREAM SHA-3 Design Primary optimization Throughput Area Throughput/ target Throughput/ Area Area Multiple architectures No Yes Yes Embedded resources No No Yes Benchmarking Multiple FPGA families No No Yes Specialized tools No No Yes Experimental results No No Yes Reproducibility Availability -
The Boomerang Attacks on the Round-Reduced Skein-512 *
The Boomerang Attacks on the Round-Reduced Skein-512 ? Hongbo Yu1, Jiazhe Chen3, and Xiaoyun Wang2;3 1 Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 2 Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China fyuhongbo,[email protected] 3 Key Laboratory of Cryptologic Technology and Information Security, Ministry of Education, School of Mathematics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China [email protected] Abstract. The hash function Skein is one of the ¯ve ¯nalists of the NIST SHA-3 competition; it is based on the block cipher Three¯sh which only uses three primitive operations: modular addition, rotation and bitwise XOR (ARX). This paper studies the boomerang attacks on Skein-512. Boomerang distinguishers on the compression function reduced to 32 and 36 rounds are proposed, with complexities 2104:5 and 2454 respectively. Examples of the distinguishers on 28-round and 31- round are also given. In addition, the boomerang distinguishers are applicable to the key-recovery attacks on reduced Three¯sh-512. The complexities for key-recovery attacks reduced to 32-/33- /34-round are about 2181, 2305 and 2424. Because Laurent et al. [14] pointed out that the previous boomerang distinguishers for Three¯sh-512 are in fact not compatible, our attacks are the ¯rst valid boomerang attacks for the ¯nal round Skein-512. Key words: Hash function, Boomerang attack, Three¯sh, Skein 1 Introduction Cryptographic hash functions, which provide integrity, authentication and etc., are very impor- tant in modern cryptology. In 2005, as the most widely used hash functions MD5 and SHA-1 were broken by Wang et al. -
An Analytic Attack Against ARX Addition Exploiting Standard Side-Channel Leakage
An Analytic Attack Against ARX Addition Exploiting Standard Side-Channel Leakage Yan Yan1, Elisabeth Oswald1 and Srinivas Vivek2 1University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria 2IIIT Bangalore, India fyan.yan, [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: ARX construction, Side-channel analysis, Hamming weight, Chosen plaintext attack Abstract: In the last few years a new design paradigm, the so-called ARX (modular addition, rotation, exclusive-or) ciphers, have gained popularity in part because of their non-linear operation’s seemingly ‘inherent resilience’ against Differential Power Analysis (DPA) Attacks: the non-linear modular addition is not only known to be a poor target for DPA attacks, but also the computational complexity of DPA-style attacks grows exponentially with the operand size and thus DPA-style attacks quickly become practically infeasible. We however propose a novel DPA-style attack strategy that scales linearly with respect to the operand size in the chosen-message attack setting. 1 Introduction ever are different: they offer a potentially ‘high reso- lution’ for the adversary. In principle, under suitably Ciphers that base their round function on the sim- strong assumptions, adversaries can not only observe ple combination of modular addition, rotation, and leaks for all instructions that are executed on a proces- exclusive-or, (short ARX) have gained recent popu- sor, but indeed attribute leakage points (more or less larity for their lightweight implementations that are accurately) to instructions (Mangard et al., 2007). suitable for resource constrained devices. Some re- Achieving security in this scenario has proven to cent examples include Chacha20 (Nir and Langley, be extremely challenging, and countermeasures such 2015) and Salsa20 (Bernstein, 2008) family stream as masking (secret sharing) are well understood but ciphers, SHA-3 finalists BLAKE (Aumasson et al., costly (Schneider et al., 2015). -
Cryptographic Sponge Functions
Cryptographic sponge functions Guido B1 Joan D1 Michaël P2 Gilles V A1 http://sponge.noekeon.org/ Version 0.1 1STMicroelectronics January 14, 2011 2NXP Semiconductors Cryptographic sponge functions 2 / 93 Contents 1 Introduction 7 1.1 Roots .......................................... 7 1.2 The sponge construction ............................... 8 1.3 Sponge as a reference of security claims ...................... 8 1.4 Sponge as a design tool ................................ 9 1.5 Sponge as a versatile cryptographic primitive ................... 9 1.6 Structure of this document .............................. 10 2 Definitions 11 2.1 Conventions and notation .............................. 11 2.1.1 Bitstrings .................................... 11 2.1.2 Padding rules ................................. 11 2.1.3 Random oracles, transformations and permutations ........... 12 2.2 The sponge construction ............................... 12 2.3 The duplex construction ............................... 13 2.4 Auxiliary functions .................................. 15 2.4.1 The absorbing function and path ...................... 15 2.4.2 The squeezing function ........................... 16 2.5 Primary aacks on a sponge function ........................ 16 3 Sponge applications 19 3.1 Basic techniques .................................... 19 3.1.1 Domain separation .............................. 19 3.1.2 Keying ..................................... 20 3.1.3 State precomputation ............................ 20 3.2 Modes of use of sponge functions ......................... -
Key Derivation Functions and Their GPU Implementation
MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY}w¡¢£¤¥¦§¨ OF I !"#$%&'()+,-./012345<yA|NFORMATICS Key derivation functions and their GPU implementation BACHELOR’S THESIS Ondrej Mosnáˇcek Brno, Spring 2015 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ cbna ii Declaration Hereby I declare, that this paper is my original authorial work, which I have worked out by my own. All sources, references and literature used or excerpted during elaboration of this work are properly cited and listed in complete reference to the due source. Ondrej Mosnáˇcek Advisor: Ing. Milan Brož iii Acknowledgement I would like to thank my supervisor for his guidance and support, and also for his extensive contributions to the Cryptsetup open- source project. Next, I would like to thank my family for their support and pa- tience and also to my friends who were falling behind schedule just like me and thus helped me not to panic. Last but not least, access to computing and storage facilities owned by parties and projects contributing to the National Grid In- frastructure MetaCentrum, provided under the programme “Projects of Large Infrastructure for Research, Development, and Innovations” (LM2010005), is also greatly appreciated. v Abstract Key derivation functions are a key element of many cryptographic applications. Password-based key derivation functions are designed specifically to derive cryptographic keys from low-entropy sources (such as passwords or passphrases) and to counter brute-force and dictionary attacks. However, the most widely adopted standard for password-based key derivation, PBKDF2, as implemented in most applications, is highly susceptible to attacks using Graphics Process- ing Units (GPUs). -
Grostl-Comment-April28.Pdf
Some notes on Grøstl John Kelsey, NIST, April 2009 These are some quick notes on some properties and observations of Grøstl. Nothing in this note threatens the hash function; instead, I'm pointing out some properties that are a bit surprising, and some broad approaches someone might take to get attacks to work. I've discussed these with the Grøstl team, and gotten quite a bit of useful feedback. I'm pretty sure they agree that my observations are correct, but obviously, any errors here are mine alone. 1 Grøstl Compression Function The Grøstl compression function is built from two different fixed permutations, P and Q, on 2n bits, where n is the final hash output size. The design is quite interesting; among other things, this (like LANE and Luffa, among others) takes away the key schedule as a way of affecting things inside P and Q. Here is a picture of the Grøstl compression function: M Q v u w Y + P + Z In this diagram, I've labeled the input hash chaining value Y, the output Z, and the message M. Similarly, I have introduced variables for the internal values inside the compression function--u, v, and w. I'll use this notation a lot in the next few pages to simplify discussion. To write this in terms of equations: u = Y xor M v = Q(M) w = P(u) Z = v xor w xor Y or, in a shorter form: Z = Q(M) xor P(Y xor M) xor Y It's important to remember here that all variables are 2n bits, so for a 256-bit hash, they're 512 bits each. -
Methods and Tools for Analysis of Symmetric Cryptographic Primitives
METHODSANDTOOLS FOR ANALYSIS OF SYMMETRICCRYPTOGRAPHIC PRIMITIVES Oleksandr Kazymyrov dissertation for the degree of philosophiae doctor the selmer center department of informatics university of bergen norway DECEMBER 1, 2014 A CKNOWLEDGMENTS It is impossible to thank all those who have, directly or indirectly, helped me with this thesis, giving of their time and experience. I wish to use this opportunity to thank some of them. Foremost, I would like to express my very great appreciation to my main supervisor Tor Helleseth, who has shared his extensive knowledge and expe- rience, and made warm conditions for the comfortable research in one of the rainiest cities in the world. I owe a great deal to Lilya Budaghyan, who was always ready to offer assistance and suggestions during my research. Advice given by Alexander Kholosha has been a great help in the early stages of my work on the thesis. My grateful thanks are also extended to all my friends and colleagues at the Selmer Center for creating such a pleasant environment to work in. I am particularly grateful to Kjell Jørgen Hole, Matthew G. Parker and Håvard Raddum for the shared teaching experience they provided. Moreover, I am very grateful for the comments and propositions given by everyone who proofread my thesis. In addition, I would like to thank the administrative staff at the Department of Informatics for their immediate and exhaustive solutions of practical issues. I wish to acknowledge the staff at the Department of Information Tech- nologies Security, Kharkiv National University of Radioelectronics, Ukraine, especially Roman Oliynykov, Ivan Gorbenko, Viktor Dolgov and Oleksandr Kuznetsov for their patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and useful critiques.