BLUEBERRIES © NAANDANJAIN Ltd. 08/2018 2 INTRODUCTION commonly cultivated: cranberries, lingonberries, and . Four Allspecies of blueberries belong toare the genus . Thisin 2016.(Source:Freshplaza.com) genus also includes of processed highbush production took placeblueberry in North production America remains primarily of North AmericanSouth America origin, (29%), as 76% Europe (17%), and Asia & Pacificaccounted (9%). for Processed 45% of global production, while otherproduction producers to included655K tons. In 2016, North America (USA2014 &to Canada) 2016 saw a growth of 16.3% in world highbush blueberry All thisgoodnessforjust84calories. Small amountsofvariousothernutrients Manganese: 25% oftheRDA Vitamin K: 36%oftheRDA Vitamin C: 24%oftheRDA(recommendeddietaryallowance) Fiber: 4 grams A singlecupofblueberriescontains: one of the most the risk of heart attacks, cancer and Alzheimer’sstudies disease. have Blueberries proven that are blueberries can reduce cholesterol,health benefits, and lowerthanks to the high content of antioxidants.are known as Manyone ofscientific the ‘super foods’, meaning theydomesticated have numerous in the early 20th century by the USDA.Even Today, though blueberries blueberries are native to North America, they were (rabbiteye blueberry;syn.V.ashei) (southern highbushblueberry) (northern highbushblueberry) (lowbush blueberry)

nutrient-dense

Height 2-2.5 m 4 m,prunedtoaheightof of 2-2.5m 2-4 m,prunedtoaheight of 2-2.5m 2-4 m,prunedtoaheight 0.3-0.6 m . 400-700 hoursat<7˚C 50-400 hoursat<7˚C 750-1000 hoursat<7˚C >1000 hoursat>7˚C Chilling Requirements © NAANDANJAIN Ltd. 08/2018 3 Fertigation Granular fertilizer Ammonium sulfate Urea (Source: Vargas, O. L., & Bryla, D. R. 2015) c a b 280 ab a c b d 187 ) -1 ha • N rate (kg d a c b 93 a b 0

7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 Soil pH Soil Blueberries are also highly sensitive to lack of oxygen in the soil. Effective Effective soil. the in oxygen of lack to sensitive highly also schedule to are and beds Blueberries raised on to is logging water prevent to ways irrigation effectively. The management of soil pH is important throughout the life of a blueberry blueberry a of life the throughout important is pH are soil and of nutrients management more The up take vigorous, more are below pH a Blueberry with plant. conditions soil acidic in of grown method when One productive deficient. more be will very micro-nutrients was higher, is practice pH This the If soil. 5.0. the to sulphur elemental adding is soil extremely Another acidifying irrigation. drip of use widespread to prior common with N-NH4 fertilizers. effective way to lower soil pH is by fertigating SOIL Cross-breeding also led to evergreen varieties with the ability to retain retain to ability the with varieties evergreen to led also where areas in Cross-breeding dormancy avoid to and not winter is the chilling during varieties, their these For mild. reasonably are temperatures winter many and species, necessary for bud break. highbush the to belong blueberries commercialized Most species. between the northern and southern varieties are cross-breeds © NAANDANJAIN Ltd. 08/2018 4

beneath the root zone, and the soil is saturated dosesfor shorter (black). periods. With pulse irrigation, less water Thisand nutrientschart compares leach pulse irrigation (purple) with irrigation in larger Moisture This methodalsoprovidesconstantpHmanagementoftherootzone. reason, a well-aerated soil with pulse irrigationBlueberries through drippers are very is sensitiveideal. to over- or under-IRRIGATION irrigation. For this years. Re-mulching is recommended every 1-2 include bark mulch and pine needles. is about 4.2. Other low pH mulch options of mulch. The pH of Douglas fir sawdust add 1 kg of ammonium sulfate per 20 kg ratio, increase the nitrogen application or or any other material with a high C/N sawdust can be used. When using sawdust shredded leaves, straw, wood chips, or also helps control weeds. Peat moss, matter and retaining moisture. Mulching high temperatures, increasing organic growth and yield by insulating roots from Mulching 5-10 cm high increases plant more common. of a permeable fabric for weed control is and to suppress weeds. Today the use to help keep the roots cool and moist, applied to the plant row after planting for vigorous varieties. Mulch is commonly between plants, while 1.2-1.5 m is suitable with low vigor, 0.8 m is recommended of 3-4 m between rows. For varieties Blueberries are planted with a spacing PLANTING Irrigation 2 Irrigation 4 6 8 Cycles perday 10 12 14 Saturation Field Capacity Vapacity Holding Water- Wilting Point © NAANDANJAIN Ltd. 08/2018 5 100 (Source: D. Byrla., USDA) (Source: D. D. (Source: Dormancy 80 (Adapted from D. Byrla. USDA) 60 40 Total of both sides of plant 11.9 a 9.8 b 10.1 c * . It is therefore recommended to use two two use to recommended therefore is It . Growth stage (% of full season) 100% blue 20 Marketable yield (kg/plant) FRUIT PRODUCTION Three-year total (2009-11) Bud break First blue fruit 0 : Less yield on un-irrigated side of the plant o Means were separated within columns using Fisher’s protected LSD at the 0.05 level. y NS. * = non-significant and P<0.05, respectively. Irrigation Both sides West side only East side only Significance H

1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

c Crop coefficent, K coefficent, Crop It has been shown that irrigating blueberries on one side only can result result can only side one on blueberries irrigating that shown been has It fruit production in significant differential growth and disrupted An effective way to manage irrigation is to use the crop coefficient (Kc) (Kc) coefficient crop the use to is irrigation manage to way weather local effective by An measured is (ET) evapotranspiration Daily method. daily the estimate the Penman- equation. By multiplying stations, using the Penman-Monteith can you coefficient, crop the with value Monteith blueberries. consumption of your Byrla. USDA, Abbott & Gough 1986) A good irrigation schedule can be determined by using tensiometers. tensiometers. using by determined be can schedule capacity field irrigation good between A soil your of volume water available the Determine 30-40 than lower drop not should and the minimal tension. It differs greatly with capacity consult to Water-holding cbar (kPa=cbar) at any time. welcome are you details, more For types. soil between too that mean can our NaanDanJain agronomists. system irrigation designed result can poorly a which that up, take Remember to plants for quickly too delivered is water much in the loss of water and nutrients, and suffering plants. drip lines, thus improving even distribution of water and nutrients across across nutrients and water of distribution even improving thus lines, drip the root zone Blueberry Kc as determined in Oregon, U.S.A Blueberry Kc as determined © NAANDANJAIN Ltd. 08/2018 6 Flow rate:0.5-3.8l/hr Diameter: 16,20mm Ideal forpulseirrigation leakage designreduceslateralfillingtime. CNL featureavailable:Pressure-compensating,non- Anti-syphon (AS)featureavailable strong self-cleaningmechanism High clog resistance due to Cascade labyrinthfluctuation andlonglaterals. and maximum accuracy at variable topography, pressureThick-walled, pressure-compensating PC for AmnonDrip PC IRRIGATION SOLUTIONSFORBLUEBERRIES NAANDANJAIN Flow rate:0.6-3.5l/h Diameter: 16,17,20mm Available withanti-syphon(AS) High clogresistanceduetoCascadelabyrinth pressure fluctuations. Accurate performances at variable topography Cost-effective PCdripper and TopDrip HD

© NAANDANJAIN Ltd. 08/2018 7 Ideal for pulse irrigation. irrigation. pulse for Ideal production. pot soilless, for Ideal of distribution uniform achieve to Easy Protected water inlet of regulating diaphragm Flushing mechanism continual enables labyrinth in flow turbulent Strong Large water passages water in each pot. pot. each in water cleaning and flushing CNL model: model: CNL non-leakage Pressure-compensating, time. filling lateral reduces design • • • • • • • Heavy-duty range of on-line button drippers and and drippers button on-line of range Heavy-duty configuration. accessories in various minimize to help design dripper the of elements Four clogging: ClickTif HD © NAANDANJAIN Ltd. 08/2018 8 (Source: Dr.BernadineC.Strik,Professor, Dept.,OregonStateUniversity) Sample ofmostrecentfully-expandedleaves(lateJulytoearlyAugust): Recommended valuesarebasedonleaftissueanalysis. General fertilizerapplicationrates: the soilpHatrootzone Blueberries favor N-NH4. This form of nitrogenFERTILIZATION reduces conditions. The AmnonDripAS is specially designed for these • • • • problems: Sub-surface drip irrigation can provide solutionsSDI to a few Total Post-harvest Fruit coloringtoharvest Fruit settofruitcoloring Stage Nutrient Copper (ppmCu) Phosphorus (%P) Nitrogen (%N) Flowering tofruitset Zink (ppmZn) Patassium (%K) Iron (ppmFe) Magnesium (%M) Calcium (%Ca) Boron (ppmB) Sulfur (%S) Manganese (ppmMn) keeps soilsurfacedryandreducescompaction. movement andotheractivityinthemodernorchard. Reduces weedgermination. Reduces waterlosscausedbyevaporation. Positioning the water source at the root active area Free surface with no obstacles allows for machinery Deficient below Duration (days) (average) 0.07 280 0.07 180 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.2 30 50 20 50 20 10 2 4 Total N (kg/ha) 0.13 to0.25 0.11 to0.16 195 0.11 to0.4 0.41 to0.7 0.41 to0.8 20 61 to200 31 to350 40 80 55 Sufficient 1.76 to2 31 to80 5 to15 8 to30 (kg/ha) P 92 20 35 30 2 7 O 5 Excessive above (kg/ha) 0.95 0.45 400 150 450 K 166 2.5 0.8 0.2 50 80 34 65 50 17 1 2 O (kg/ha) CaO 200 100 80 20 0 (kg/ha) MgO 125 25 50 35 15 © NAANDANJAIN Ltd. 08/2018 9 . -1 ha . 53% 78% 100% y 15 c 27 a 28 a 22 b Yield 24 ab 25 ab (tons/acre) Z (%) 1.60 c 1.78 a 1.65 b 1.29 d N 1.67 bc 1.70 ab x pH Soil 5.3 c 5.1 c 5.8 b 5.6 b 5.6 b 6.2 a Total cumulative yield during the first 5 years of fruit production (2008-12); 1 ton/acre = 2.2417 Mg Total cumulative yield during the first 5 years of fruit production (2008-12); 1 ton/acre = 2.2417 Means followed by a different letter within a column are significantly different at P<0.05, according to according P<0.05, at different significantly are column a within letter different a by followed Means Leaf N concentrations are considered normal at 1.7% to 2.00%, below normal at 1.50% to 1.75%, Fertigation Ammonium sulfate Urea Urea sulfuric acid and deficient at <1.50% (Hart et al., 2006) z Y No fertilizer Fertilizer x Granular fertilizer Ammonium sulfate Urea Tukey’ honestly significant difference test. (Source: David R. Bryla and Bernadine C. Strik, USDA & Oregon State University) NaanDanJain our contact to free feel please consultation, further For agronomists. These are general recommendations that can vary greatly with different different with greatly vary can that recommendations general are These soils, varieties, climate conditions and other factors. The smart use of water-soluble fertilizers (fertigation) can provide higher higher provide can (fertigation) fertilizers yield water-soluble of (*accumulative use dry smart The applied are that fertilizers granulated than yields of 5 years): Keep in mind that blueberries have a shallow root system with most of of most with system root shallow a have should blueberries that irrigation mind that in means Keep This cm. 30 of depth a which at roots leaching, active nutrient their prevent to operated and designed carefully be the environment wastes money and pollutes © NAANDANJAIN Ltd. 08/2018 10 provide higherratesofpollentransferperflowervisit. lower temperatures than honey bees. They visit flowersBumble fasterbees are and very efficient at pollinating blueberry withanother. activity at have low attractiveness, and bees may still fly overflowers this reduces greatly to reach after 3 days. Still, somea cultivarsfield when (notably it’s at Jersey)5%-20% bloom. Note that the onviability the blueberries of blueberry than on neighboring fields. It’sthe bestbees toonce move the bees crop into has started to bloom so thatdue theto relativelybees feed morelow amount of nectar. It’s recommendedBlueberries to introduceare generally less attractive to honey bees thanhoneybees peracre(dependingonthetypeandageoffield). other . Plant in a 1:9 ratio of the pollinatorUse twodifferentvarietieswithsimilarbloomtimingstopromotecross- variety. Use 2-5 hives of pollination atall(Duke,Draper,Bluejay,Nelson,andRubel). Liberty, ElliottandAurora).Stillothervarietiesdonotrequirecross- pollination, improving fruit set and fruit size (Bluecrop,Chippewa, PolarisandToro).Othervarietiesbenefitfromcross- Legacy, Jersey, For some varieties, cross-pollination is mandatory (Brigitta,POLLINATION ANDHARVESTTIMING Spartan, FRUIT ANDHARVEST © NAANDANJAIN Ltd. 08/2018 11 Both these eat the roots. roots. the eat these Both These fungi is dormant dormant is fungi These A female SWD lays 1 to 3 eggs in each each in eggs 3 to 1 lays SWD female A Infected roots transport water and and water transport roots Infected This fungal disease appears on the fruit fruit the on appears disease fungal This The larvae eat the roots, while the adults eat the leaves. leaves. the eat adults the while roots, the eat larvae The Oblique-banded leafrollers and red-banded leafrollers can can leafrollers red-banded and leafrollers Oblique-banded This is a ‘worm’ the size of a few millimeters that eats eats that millimeters few a of size the ‘worm’ a is This These may be present from the period after vegetative bud bud vegetative after period the from present be may These Phytophthora Root Rot Aphids Leafrollers Spotted Wing Drosophila Anthracnose Ripe Rot Botrytis Blossom Blight and Fruit Rot Symphyla Root Weevil Stubby-root and root-lesion nematodes before harvest and as post-harvest rot. It can also cause shoot tips to to tips shoot cause also can It rot. post-harvest as and harvest before become blighted and flowers to turn brown or black. Cover crops can help get rid of nematodes. Grow grass or Brassica Brassica or grass Grow nematodes. of rid get help can crops Cover (e.g. rapeseed, mustard) crops for 1 year. cause can aphid the by secreted Honeydew a becomes post-harvest. It to break photosynthesis. reduce and contaminated be to fruit the vector for viruses. break bud from present be may larvae The buds, blueberries. on found developing be on feed species both of Larvae generation harvest. to First through yields. reduce subsequently can and and generation leaves summer The bloom. during and before active are larvae on fruit and foliage. larvae are active during fruit ripening, feeding lifetime her in eggs hundred several lay can female about single for a and fruit the fruit, inside feed larvae white small The weeks). 4 to (3 5 to 7 days until they are ready to pupate. plant overall and leaves reddened small, causing drainage poorly, improve or nutrients fields drained poorly in Some planting soil. Avoid the to stunting. matter organic adding and beds healthy, raised only on Plant planting by disease. this to sensitive more are varieties blueberry disease-free stock. dead and pruned were that twigs on by surviving spread winter, and the during released are spores fungi the spring, In matter. organic wind or splashing water. roots. Pre-plant sampling in heavy soil is important to diagnose diagnose to important is soil heavy in sampling Pre-plant roots. symphylan presence. Tillage might help reduce weevil larvae populations. • • • • • • the via delivered be can chemicals the pesticides, systematic of case the In This plant. irrigation system. the of part every reach and root the by up taken are They makes irrigation a valuable tool in pest management. and instructions label follow always treatment, chemical and For local your consider Always agronomist. your consult exporting destination regulation. Always consider bee toxicity. The following are some of the more common pests and diseases that that CROP PROTECTION diseases and pests common more the of some are following The affect blueberries: • • • Plants should be cut to a comfortable size for fruit picking. Pruning will will Pruning picking. fruit for size comfortable a to be cut must be should branches Plants crossing so control, pest and to induction important is it so improve branches, two-year-old on can formed is This Fruit ones. new removed. alternative create always and branches cutting by old and away bush cut whole the of 25%-30% away cutting by achieved be every year. the oldest branches PRUNING AGRO-TECHNIC © NAANDANJAIN Ltd. 08/2018 the applicationisuniform. temperatures of -7 °C and lower if the applicationprotection. rates are Overheadsufficient irrigation and provides excellentOverhead frost protectionsprinkler irrigationin is a very common practice in frost degree oftemperaturedrop. A further 0.5 mm/h is required for every additional plants attemperaturesaslow-3˚C. Minimum of 3.0 mm/h is required in order to protect Water ApplicationRate protection. the most efficient way of providing frost In most cases, the use of sprinklers is year’s yieldwillalsobereduced. damage plants so severely that the following ˚C. Frost can reduce yields dramatically and fruit set, frost damage can occur from <0 temperatures as low as -12 ˚C. But after bud break, for example, plants can tolerate very resistant to low temperatures. At leaf Some growth stages of the blueberries are related hazard. United Statesthananyotherweather- losses occur due to freeze damage in the University of California, more economic According to an article published by the events. One of these events is spring frost. Global warming is causing extreme weather FROST PROTECTION 12 Degree (˚C) -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 Water application rate (mm/h) 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 5.5 5.0 © NAANDANJAIN Ltd. 08/2018 13 – Ball-driven Sprinkler – Impact Sprinkler High water distribution with spacing up to 20 m High water distribution for maximum range Integrated stream straightening spring and protects from frost damage Red cap protects drive Flow rate: 360-670 l/h Upright installation Compensated flow rate version available Big droplet size (no mist) Overhead and overlap installation • • • • • • • • Super 10 233 B Overhead Full Cover Solutions Overhead Full © NAANDANJAIN Ltd. 08/2018 14 • • • Technical Specifications: • • • • Advantages amount ofwater. and money. Flipper also facilitates the protection offlow larger rates areas than withconventional a given sprinklers, thus savingfalling large amountsbetween ofrows. water A big advantage of using the Flippersprays theis thatwater it directly has lower onto the plants with smallerThe amountslatest, ofmost water adaptive frost protection solution is strip application. FlipperFlipper Filtration requirements: 130microns(120mesh) Flow rate:25-45 l/h Recommended workingpressure:2.0-3.0bar No waterlogging Less soilcompaction Protects alargerareawithgiven amountofwater Saves water,money © NAANDANJAIN Ltd. 08/2018 15 /ha/h) 50 50 3 16.6* (m Discharge 5 5 5 Rate (mm/h) 35 550 (l/h) 1610 Flow rate (m) 7x3 9x12 18x18 Spacing 233B Flipper Super 10 Sprinkler Strip System Full coverage Full coverage •~70% water saving EFFECTIVE PRECIPITATION The above-mentioned solutions are suitable for most blueberry plantations with 3 meters meters 3 with plantations blueberry most for suitable are conditions. solutions different for above-mentioned The solutions more many offer can NaanDanJain rows. between Please contact us for additional information.

NAANDANJAIN © 08/2018

NaanDanJain has been providing products and agronomical advice to blueberry farmers all over the world for more than 80 years. We have acquired experience in many agronomical conditions, from different soil types to a wide range of climate zones. We are confident that our knowledge and technologies can assist you in achieving greater yields of blueberries, as well as the highest quality

© 2018 NaanDanJain Ltd. All rights reserved. All specifications are subject to change without notice.

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