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Container Production of Southern Highbush Blueberries Using High

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Container Production of Southern Highbush Blueberries Using High HORTSCIENCE 54(2):267–274. 2019. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13639-18 Most blueberry production in Mississippi is rabbiteye blueberries (Stafne, 2015). Ripen- ing period of rabbiteye blueberries falls into Container Production of Southern peak domestic blueberry production from late May to July with some of the lowest Highbush Blueberries Using market pricing (Evans and Ballen, 2014). Production of early-ripening southern high- High Tunnels bush blueberries (SHBs) presents an oppor- tunity to increase market price significantly Tongyin Li1 and Guihong Bi for the fresh blueberry market. Southern Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, highbush cultivars generally require chilling Mississippi State, MS 39762 hours of 200 to 700 and have low tolerance for freezing temperatures during flowering Additional index words. Vaccinium, fertilization, organic, yield, fruit quality and fruiting (Fang et al., 2017; Retamales and Hancock, 2012; Rieger, 2006). The early Abstract. Blueberry production in Mississippi (MS) is mainly rabbiteye blueberries blooming and ripening habit of southern (Vaccinium virgatum Ait.), which ripen in late May to June. Growing early-ripening highbush cultivars increases their exposure southern highbush blueberries (SHBs) (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) presents an oppor- to late winter and early spring frost damage tunity for early fruit production and increased market price for locally produced and can be challenging to grow in Missis- blueberries, yet faces the challenge of spring frost damage. One-year-old liners of 10 SHB sippi. A high tunnel, an economic season- cultivars were transplanted into 15-gallon plastic containers and placed in a high tunnel extension tool, may provide frost protection in Apr. 2015. Blueberry plants were fertilized with either a conventional or an organic for SHBs and promote production of early fertilizer at comparable rates. Plants were evaluated for berry yield, timing of first berry fruiting blueberries toward cooler zones. harvest and peak harvest, single berry weight, and soluble solid content during the 2016 High tunnels, also known as hoop houses, and 2017 growing seasons. The high tunnel increased monthly maximum temperature by are constructed with metal or wooden ribs 3.2 to 10.4 8C, monthly average temperature by 0.7 to 4.2 8C, and minimum monthly 8 covered with polyethylene film. They do not temperature for up to 3.0 C compared with outdoor environment. Photosynthetically have automatic heating or cooling systems, m · L2· L1 active radiation (PAR) at noon in the high tunnel ranged from 477 to 1411 mol m s and rely on passive solar radiation and and relative humidity ranged from 54.6% to 81.7% from Jan. 2016 to June 2017. SHBs in ventilation to increase temperature in the the high tunnel produced first berry harvest during the first week of April in both tunnel (Lamont, 2009; Lamont et al., 2002; growing seasons. Total berry yield per plant ranged from 921 g to 2136 g in 2016 and Wells, 1996). High tunnels extend the grow- from 1222 g to 2480 g in 2017. Compared with the organic fertilizer, conventional ing season into late fall and early spring by fertilizer increased berry yield in April and May, and total berry yield in 2016, but increasing temperature for crop growth resulted in similar yield in 2017. Eight cultivars (Emerald, Farthing, Gupton, Meadow- (Kadir et al., 2006; Lamont, 2009). The lark, Pearl, Rebel, Star, and Sweetcrisp) produced single berries that averaged more extended growing season with increased than 2 g per berry in 2016, compared with two cultivars (Gupton and Pearl) in 2017. frost-free days can offer growers consider- Smaller berry size may have resulted from the generally increasing yield from 2016 to able market edge for off-season crops 2017. ‘Sweetcrisp’ produced berries with higher soluble solid content, 14.2% and 14.1% (Kadir et al., 2006). Strawberries (Fragaria in 2016 and 2017, than the other nine cultivars. Container production of SHB cultivars in ·ananassa Duch.) can be harvested 2 to 4 a high tunnel produced total berry yield equivalent to 6458 kg/ha in 2016 to 7500 kg/ha in weeks earlier in high tunnels than open-field 2017, advanced blueberry production by 4 to 5 weeks, and therefore may serve as a conditions (Jett, 2007; Kadir et al., 2006; potential production system for early fruiting blueberries in Mississippi. Rowley et al., 2010). High tunnels were reported to advance flower initiation of southern highbush blueberry ‘Emerald’ and Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is an impor- being California, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, ‘Jewel’ over 30 d (Ogden and van Iersel, tant small fruit crop in the United States. The Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, North 2009). High tunnels also enabled early plant- United States leads world blueberry produc- Carolina, Oregon, and Washington [U.S. De- ing of raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) and tion, producing 588.8 million pounds of partment of Agriculture–National Agricul- blackberries (Rubus spp.), produced higher cultivated blueberries in 2016 and a total tural Statistics Service (USDA-NASS), yield, and increased marketable fruit by 82% crop value of $720.2 million (Agricultural 2015; U.S. Highbush Blueberry Council, to 98% (Kadir et al., 2006; Yao and Rosen, Marketing Resource Center, 2018). Thirty- 2018]. Fresh blueberries are available year 2011). High tunnel production of small fruit eight states have commercial blueberry pro- round with North America’s production from in the United States has most acreages in duction, with the top 10 producing states April through October and South America’s raspberry and strawberry, with more appli- import from November to March (U.S. High- cations in blueberry in Spain, Italy, and bush Blueberry Council, 2018). Highest Mexico (Banados,~ 2009; Ciordia et al., Received for publication 5 Oct. 2018. Accepted for wholesale blueberry prices were found from 2002; Demchak, 2009). publication 26 Nov. 2018. March to April and September to October Container blueberry production using This work was supported by Mississippi Depart- (Evans and Ballen, 2014). Peak market price soilless substrate is a relatively new approach ment of Agriculture and Commerce Specialty for blueberries were received in the spring Crop Block Grant Program and the United States with increasing interest in recent years Department of Agriculture (USDA) National In- by Florida, Georgia, and California, and (Fulcher et al., 2015; Voogt et al., 2014). stitute of Food and Agriculture Hatch project late summer to fall peak prices were re- Blueberries have soil pH requirement of 4.5 MIS-249180. ceived by Michigan, Oregon, and Washing- to 5.5 (Retamales and Hancock, 2012). Con- The authors thank McGeary Organics, Lancaster, ton (Retamales and Hancock, 2012; U.S. tainer production of blueberry offers the PA, for the support on organic fertilizer. Highbush Blueberry Council, 2018). advantage of not being limited by suboptimal Mention of a trademark, proprietary product, or Blueberry production occurred on 1500 to soil conditions in the open field and the vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty 1600 acres in Mississippi from 2015 to 2017 ability to control substrate pH, drainage, of the product by Mississippi State University or with an industry value of $10.9 million the USDA and does not imply its approval to the and organic matter (Kingston et al., 2017). exclusion of other products or vendors that also (USDA-NASS, 2018). Blueberry production Container production in limited space such as may be suitable. is mainly located in southern Mississippi a high tunnel enables moving of plants and 1Corresponding author. E-mail: tl665@msstate. (south of interstate 20 toward the Gulf Coast) adjusting growing density based on plant edu. in USDA hardiness zones 8a, 8b, and 9a. growth (Whidden, 2008). Soilless substrate HORTSCIENCE VOL. 54(2) FEBRUARY 2019 267 with a desirable acidic pH, including com- and van Iersel, 2009), organic fertilizer was Experimental design. This experiment posted pine bark, peatmoss, and coconut coir, applied three times a year: in February, late was conducted in a randomized complete were investigated to serve as possible grow- June, and late July. All plants were drip block design in 2 · 10 factorial arrangement ing substrates for nursery production of irrigated as needed. All containerized plants with two fertilizer types (conventional and blueberry plants (Fang et al., 2017; Kingston were placed under a high tunnel in zig- organic) and 10 blueberry cultivars. Each et al., 2017). The concerns of container pro- zagged double rows of 0.76 m apart center- treatment had five replications (blocks) and duction include potential constraint on root to-center and 0.61 m between rows. The high each replication contained two single-plant growth and the unknown feasibility of long- tunnel was located at the R.R. Foil Plant subsamples. Significance of main effects or term production (Whidden, 2008). Shallow Science Research Center at Mississippi State the interaction among main factors was de- root systems of blueberries require sufficient University (lat. 33.45° N, long. 88.79° W) in termined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) irrigation to support plant growth and fruit USDA hardiness zone 8a. The high tunnel using the GLM procedure of SAS (version development (Williamson et al., 2015). To was 29.0 m long by 9.1 m wide, placed in full 9.4; SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Where in- date, there are few reports investigating con- sun, and oriented north to south (Tubular dicated by ANOVA, means were separated tainer blueberry production, less in a high Structure, Mobil, AL). The high tunnel was by Tukey’s honest significant difference tunnel growing system. covered with 6-mL clear plastic film and had at P < 0.05. All statistical analyses were The increased blueberry production world- side curtains (opens to 1.5 m high) and doors performed using SAS. wide has outpaced demand in recent years, (opens up to 3 m high).
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