Great Britain, North Ireland & The Republic of Ireland Heritage, History, Traditions & Customs

“The British Isles Historic Society Newsletter” Our History, Our Heritage commissioner of Lands and Works for the Colony and the first lieutenant governor of : he was hand-picked by the Colonial Office in London to transform British Columbia into the British Empire's "bulwark in the farthest west", and "to found a second England on the shores of the Pacific". Moody selected the site for and founded the original capital of British Columbia, New Westminster, and "A generation which ignores history also established the Cariboo Road and , has no past and no future." and also designed the first version of the coat of … Robert Heinlein arms of British Columbia. Port Moody is named after him. “A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture In 1866, Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the is like a tree without roots.” united colony's capital. In 1871, British Columbia … Marcus Garvey became the sixth province of Canada. Its Latin motto Richard Clement Moody was hand-picked by is Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without the Colonial Office, under Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Diminishment"). British Columbia evolved from to establish British order and to transform the newly British possessions that were established in what is established Colony of British Columbia (1858–66) now British Columbia by 1871. into the British Empire's "bulwark in the farthest First Nations, the original inhabitants of the west" and "found a second England on the shores of land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the the Pacific". area. Today there are few treaties, and the question The first British settlement in the area was Fort of aboriginal title, long ignored, has become a Victoria, established in 1843, which gave rise to the frequently debated legal and political question as a City of Victoria, at first the capital of the separate result of recent court actions. Notably, the Colony of Vancouver Island. The Colony of British Tsilhqot'in Nation has established aboriginal title to a Columbia (1858–1866) was subsequently founded portion of their territory, as a result of the 2014 on the mainland by Richard Clement Moody and the Supreme Court of Canada decision in Tsilhqot'in Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response Nation v British Columbia. to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Moody was chief https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia St. Luke's across the river and plant young fruit trees wherever he could find natural clearings. As a result, by the Anglican Parish, time he took up his homestead in 1858, he already had bearing trees – the first in BC not owned by the Victoria B.C. Hudson’s Bay Company. Samuel was the first European to settle and farm in Maple Ridge. In 1859, a year after the famous Caribou Gold Rush began, the Reverend George Hills, formerly Remnants of those early orchards can still be found

Rector of Great Yarmouth in near the mouth of Kanaka Creek. England, was consecrated Bishop of http://mapleridgemuseum.org/ the Diocese of British Columbia. He left Southampton for Victoria on In modern

November 17th, 1859, with a England, a side magnificent endowment of 25,000 of bacon is called a pounds sterling, a gift from Baroness Gammon Bacon Burdett-Coutts, a wealthy Englishwoman who was very generous to church and charities. It was a "gammon" and a thin perilous journey, one that could last for several slice of bacon is months if the long route south around the tip of European Streaky South America was followed. Bishop Hills chose a known as a "rasher". Bacon or Rashers shorter route, by sea to the isles of the Caribbean, across the Isthmus of Panama by the newly The British Isles Historic Society would like to thank completed railway, and then by steamer north to San Strong’s Market for their support. Francisco and on to Victoria. Your Headquarters for https://www.stlukesvictoria.ca/welcome/history/pages/the-origins- British Groceries of-st-lukes-parish

Sam Robertson Sam was born in the Orkney Islands of Scotland in 1823. Before he left there, he became a tradesman skilled in boat building, carpentry, and cabinet-making. He signed on with the Hudson’s Bay Company, whose ships stopped at the Orkneys for fresh water, shipping round the Horn with a huge sandstone grindstone brought from home, and arrived at Fort Langley in 1843. He worked there for several years, working off his passage, and became attracted to the beautiful land he could see across the river. Stong’s on Dunbar Stong’s N. Vancouver

While still working at the Fort, he would row 4221 Dunbar St, Vancouver 2150 Dollarton Hwy, N. Vancouver Which do you prefer Barkerville, AFTERNOON B.C. or HIGH TEA? William "Billy" When I was a kid Barker (1817– we would always have 1894), was an English prospector Pic Compliments of VENUS time for tea but usually who was famous for being one of SOPHIA MODERN TEA ROOM only on a Saturday or the first to find a large amount of Sunday. My Brothers gold in the Cariboo of British and Sisters were all farmers in Alberta and when you Columbia. He also founded were out in the field combining or haying at about Barkerville which is preserved as a historic town. 4:00 p.m. you would expect to see the pick–up truck Barker was born in 1817 in March, Cambridgeshire, to coming flying across the field with a large one England and was baptised on 7 June 1817 in St gallon jug of tea and sandwiches. We would stop Wendreda's Church, March. As a child he worked as working for half an hour to have tea. Do those from a waterman on the waterways of England. He the British Isles still take afternoon tea breaks? married Jane Lavender in Earith, Cambridgeshire in Delectable scones, tea sandwiches, and cakes 1839 and had one daughter named Emma Eliza. are the hallmark of an afternoon tea, which is served Lavender died in the workhouse in Doddington, in midafternoon. A high tea, however, includes much Cambridgeshire, in 1850. more substantive fare, such as meat, fish, and egg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barker_prospector) dishes, as well as breads and desserts, and is offered in the early evening. Cream Tea refers to scones with James Bowman Lindsay clotted cream (also called Devonshire cream) and James Bowman Lindsay (8 September jam. If you visit the UK, you will find Cream Tea 1799 – 29 June 1862) was a Scottish available on a lot of cafe menus, especially near inventor and author. He is tourist hot spots like castles or cathedrals. credited with early developments in several fields, such as incandescent lighting and A cuppa of tea should be served with both telegraphy. savory and sweet snacks. There should be sandwiches, scones, pastries and cakes— served in Bacon sandwiches are an this order: Savory (finger sandwiches with various all-day favourite throughout the fillings); neutral (scones, crumpets, buns); sweet United Kingdom and the Republic (cakes, biscuits, pastries) of Ireland. Alternative names: Bacon butty, bacon sarnie, bacon bap, rasher Our British sandwich, bacon sandi, piece 'n bacon, bacon cob, Customs & bacon barm, bacon muffin and is a sandwich of cooked Traditions bacon between bread that is optionally spread with butter, and may be seasoned with www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/ ketchup or brown sauce. There is guide/how-throw-afternoon-tea- also a “Sausage Butty” and a “Chip party Butty” popular in the U.K. The British In British Columbia mariner and entrepreneur who contributed to the early economic development of British Columbia and Brock House Vancouver Island. Born at Alnwick in Brock House is an Northumberland, England. authentic Tudor replica heritage building on Jericho The beach. Designed by Scottish Philip Gilman, a mining engineer from England, architect Marcus Priteca, the purchased the waterfront lots in 1906 and 1909, theatre officially opened on making his estate two and a half acres with over 300 November 8, 1927 as a vaudeville feet of sandy beach waterfront. In 1911, he engaged house, but it hosted its first shows the noted architect, Samuel Maclure to design the the previous day. house and in March 1912 contracted construction to The old Orpheum, at 761 the firm of Coffin & McLelland. Granville Street, was renamed the Vancouver Theatre (later the Lyric, then the Hastings Mill International Cinema, then the Lyric once more before it closed for demolition in 1969 to make way for the first phase of the Pacific Centre project). The New Orpheum, which was the biggest Hastings Mill was a sawmill on theatre in Canada when it opened in 1927, with the south shore of Burrard three thousand seats, cost $1.25 million to construct. Inlet and was the first commercial operation around Benjamin Marcus Priteca FAIA (December 23, which the settlement that would become Vancouver 1889 – October 1, 1971) was born in Glasgow, developed in British Columbia, Canada. Founded in Scotland 1865 by Edward Stamp, the sawmill operated until its closure in 1928. Priteca met Seattle vaudeville theatre owner Alexander Pantages in 1910 and won from him a In 1867, Captain Edward Stamp began commission to design the San Francisco Pantages producing lumber in Stamp's Mill at the foot of what Theater (1911), the first of many so-named is now Dunlevy Avenue after a planned site at vaudeville and motion picture houses in what would Brockton Point proved unsuitable due to difficult become one of the largest theater chains in North currents and a shoal. Stamp's efforts in developing America. He also built the Pantages theatre in the mill are summarized by Robert Macdonald in Vancouver.

Making Vancouver: Class, Status and Social Boundaries, 1863-1913: The Beatty Street Drill In 1865 he formed a company in England, Hall backed by capital of $100,000 , to produce lumber in British Columbia. The Beatty Street Drill Hall Edward Stamp (1814–1872) was an English Cont page 5 ... … … The Beatty Street Drill Hall Hatley Castle was built as a private residence in is a Canadian Forces armoury located at 620 the Scottish baronial style for . It is Beatty Street in Vancouver, British Columbia. It is the now Hatley Park National Historic Site, the location home of The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of of (formerly the Royal Roads Connaught's Own), an armoured reconnaissance Military College). reserve regiment, the oldest military unit in Vancouver, and the most senior militia in the SAUSAGES SAUSAGES SAUSAGES province. What is your favourite sausage dish, toad in a hole, Dublin coddle, bangers and mash, in a fry-up or on the BBQ? The building was designed by architect T.W. Irish Welsh Fuller and opened on 30 September 1901 by the Gammon Pork & Leek Duke of Cornwall (later King George V). Bacon Thomas Fuller (March 8, 1823 – September 28, 1898) was born in Bath, Somerset (England), where Scottish Lorne he trained as an architect. Square Sausage Aberthau

House English Irish Dubliner (previously British Banger Pork & Guinness known as Rear House) This Tudor Revival was built for James S. Rear, General Manager, of American Life Insurance. Later Windsor Quality Meats bought by Col. Victor Spencer who called it Aberthau 4110 Main St, Vancouver, BC (Welsh for: place filled with light). Presently, it is a https://windsorqualitymeats.com/ cultural and recreational center run by the Vancouver Park Board. Spencer, a co-founder of the Toad in the hole or football B.C. Lions, the indefatigable Mr. Spencer sausage toad is a traditional was always keen to highlight his hometown of English dish consisting of Vancouver. sausages in Yorkshire pudding batter, usually served with Mr. Spencer's family wealth came from a onion gravy and vegetables. successful chain of B.C. department stores called Historically, the dish has also been Spencer's. His grandfather David Spencer, a Welsh prepared using other meats, such as rump steak and immigrant, founded his first dry goods shop in lamb's kidney. Dishes like toad in the hole appeared Victoria in 1873. in print as early as 1762, where it was described as a Hatley Castle "vulgar" name for a "small piece of beef baked in a Colwood, B. C. large pudding". Toad in the hole was originally created as a way to stretch out meat in poor households. British Columbia History operations west of the Rocky Mountains. He was responsible for building that area's first trading British Expeditions (1790s–1821) posts, and, in 1808, he explored what is now known as the , which bears his name. Simon When European explorer-merchants from the Fraser's exploratory efforts were partly responsible east started to discover British Columbia. Three for Canada's boundary later being established at the figures dominate in the early history of mainland 49th parallel (after the War of 1812), since he as a British Columbia: Sir Alexander Mackenzie, Simon British subject was the first European to establish Fraser, and David Thompson. As employees of the permanent settlements in the area. According to North West Company, the three were primarily historian Alexander Begg, Fraser "was offered a concerned with discovering a practical river route to knighthood but declined the title due to his limited the Pacific, specifically via the Columbia River, for wealth. the extension of the fur trade. In 1793, Mackenzie became the first European to reach the Pacific David Thompson overland north of the Rio Grande. He and his crew (30 April 1770 – 10 February 1857) entered the region through the Rocky Mountains via was a British-Canadian fur trader, the Peace River, reaching the ocean at North surveyor, and cartographer. Bentinck Arm, near present-day Bella Coola. Thompson has been described as the "greatest land geographer who ever lived." David Sir Alexander Mackenzie Thompson was born in Westminster, Middlesex, to (or MacKenzie, Scottish Gaelic: recent Welsh migrants Alasdair MacCoinnich; 1764 – 12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_British_Columbia March 1820) was a Scottish explorer known for accomplishing the first east to west crossing of America north of Mexico in 1793, which preceded the more We have all the fixins’ for your famous Lewis and Clark Expedition by 12 years. The Irish Fry-up or full English Breakfast. Mackenzie River is named after him, the longest Black Pudding , White Pudding, Bacons, Sausages, river system in Canada and the second longest in English & Irish Cheeses, Melton Mowbray, North America. Mackenzie was born in Luskentyre Pork Pies, & More House in Stornoway on Lewis, Scotland

Simon Fraser (20 May 1776 – 18 August 1862) was a fur trader and explorer of Scottish ancestry who charted much of what is now the Canadian province of British Columbia (B.C.). He also built the first European settlement in B.C. Fraser was employed by Black & White Pudding the Montreal-based North West Company. By 1805, Public Market he had been put in charge of all the company's 1689 Johnston St, Vancouver, BC Streets in Vancouver area's first trading posts, and, in 1808, he explored what is now known as the Fraser River, Named after U.K. Explorers which bears his name.

FRASERVIEW: also Simon Fraser

BARCLAY: Henry Vere Barclay (1845-1917) was an English GILFORD: unknown

explorer, naval officer, and surveyor. Barclay was born in HORNBY: John Hornby (1880–1927) was an Lancashire, England on 6 January 1845. He English explorer, best known for his expeditions joined the Royal Marines as a lieutenant and in the Arctic region, notably in the "barren lands" served for many years as a naval surveyor. in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Hornby

was born to a wealthy family in England; his BIDWELL: Robin ("Ron") Leonard Bidwell father, A. N. Hornby, twice captained England in (1927 in St Giles, London – 1994 in Bury St Test cricket. John migrated to Canada in 1904.

Edmunds was an English orientalist and author. HOWE: Richard Howe was born COURTNEY: Frederick Courteney on Albemarle Street, London, the Selous was born on 31 December second son of Emanuel Howe, 1851 at Regent's Park, London, as one 2nd Viscount Howe, who died as of the five children of an aristocratic governor of Barbados in March family 1735, and of Charlotte, a daughter of Baroness von Kielmansegg, DENMAN: Rear Admiral Joseph afterwards Countess of Darlington, the half-sister Denman, was a British naval officer. of King George Admiral of the Fleet Richard Joseph entered the Royal Navy on 7 Howe, 1st Earl Howe, KG (8 March 1726 – 5 April 1823, and was promoted to August 1799) was a British naval officer.

Lieutenant in 1831 and commander in 1835. HUDSON: Henry Hudson (c. 1565 – disappeared 23 June 1611) was FRANKLIN: Sir John an English sea explorer and Franklin KCH FRGS (16 April navigator during the early 17th 1786 – 11 June 1847) was a century, best known for his British Royal Navy officer explorations of present-day and explorer of the Arctic. Canada and parts of the northeastern United Franklin was born in Spilsby, Lincolnshire, on 16 States. April 1786, the ninth of twelve children born to MEARES: John Meares (c. 1756 Hannah Weekes and Willingham Franklin. Dublin, Ireland– 1809, Bath U.K.) was FRASER: Simon Fraser, (20 May a navigator, explorer, and maritime 1776 – 18 August 1862) was a fur fur trader, best known for his role in trader and explorer of Scottish the Nootka Crisis, ancestry who charted much of what PENDER: Daniel Pender, it was Captain is now the Canadian province of Richards R.N. of H.M.S. Plumper in 1859 after his British Columbia (B.C.). He also built senior survey officer, Second Master Daniel the first European settlement in B.C.. Fraser was Pender. employed by the Montreal-based North West

Company. By 1805, he had been put in charge of all the company's operations west of the Rocky PENDRELL & JERVIS: unknown Mountains. He was responsible for building that https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_explorers The Great Seal of the Peter O'Reilly Island of Vancouver and its (27 March 1827 – 3 September 1905) born in Dependencies was designed Ince, England of Irish parents and was a prominent by Benjamin Wyon, Chief settler and official in the Colony of British Columbia, Engraver of Her Majesty's Seals, now a province of Canada who held a variety of c. 1849. The symbolic badge he positions, most notably as the head of a commission designed are the basis for the flag of Vancouver struck to revise and allocate Indian Reserves Island, which is still unofficially flown today throughout the province. Benjamin Wyon Born in John Street, Peter O’Reilly was raised by his Irish father and Blackfriars, London, on 9 January 1802, he was the English mother in Ireland and served several years as second son of Thomas Wyon the elder. He received a lieutenant in the Irish Revenue Police before being instruction from his elder brother, Thomas Wyon the honourably discharged in 1857. After a year of younger, and in 1821 gained the gold medal of idleness and as he was anxious for employment the Society of Arts for a medal die of figures. He overseas, he enlisted the aid of an Irish member of also gained the silver medal of the Royal Academy, parliament. for a die with the head of Apollo. Point Ellice House On 10 January 1831 Wyon was appointed Chief Engraver of the Seals and made the Great O'Reilly's residence in Seal of William IV. He died on 21 November 1858. Victoria, Point Ellice House, is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island preserved today as a historical museum and gardens. It was British Classic Pub Pies designated as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1966. Completed in 1864, it is a one-storey Victorian Seafood Lamb Stew Chowder Lamb, carrots, cottage; the cottage and its gardens represent one of the Creamy west celery, potato, finest examples of the British Picturesque aesthetic in onion and coast chowder Canada Point Ellice House Museum and Gardens is with clams, barley, c/w garlic salmon and cod. baguette operated by the Vancouver Island Local History Society with financial support from the Province of B. C. Cottage Pie Fish and Ground beef, Chips The first Fish and Chip carrots, peas, Beer battered shop in the North of England is red wine and Ling Cod served thought to have opened in thyme baked with chips, a with mash house made Mossely, near Oldham, potato and slaw and tartar Lancashire, around 1863. Mr. gravy. sauce. Lees sold fish and chips from a wooden hut in the market and later he transferred the business to a permanent shop across the road which had the following inscription in the window,“ This is the first fish and chip shop in the world”. However, in London, it is said that Joseph Malin, a Jewish immigrant, opened a fish and chip shop in Cleveland Way within the sound of Bow Bells in the 1860s. New Sir Francis Leopold McClintock Westminster, KCB FRS New Westminster from B.C. the Fraser River, (8 July 1819 – 17 November 1907) was an Irish circa 1865 New Westminster is a explorer in the British Royal Navy, known for his historically important city in the Lower Mainland discoveries in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. He region of British Columbia, Canada, and is a confirmed explorer John Rae's controversial report member municipality of the gathered from Inuit sources on the fate of Franklin's Regional District. It was founded by Major-General lost expedition, the ill-fated Royal Navy undertaking Richard Moody as the capital of the new-born commanded by Sir John Franklin in 1845 to be the Colony of British Columbia in 1858, and continued first to traverse the Northwest Passage. in that role until the Mainland and Island Colonies Arctic exploration were merged in 1866, and was the Mainland's largest city from that year until it was passed in In 1835, McClintock became a member of the population by Vancouver during the first decade of Royal Navy as a gentleman volunteer, and joined a the 20th Century. series of searches for Sir John Franklin between 1848 and 1859. He mastered travel through the man His Excellency, Major-General hauling of sledges, which remained the status quo Richard Clement Moody FICE FRGS when it cames to overland travel in the Royal Navy— RIBA (13 February 1813 – 31 March until the death of Robert Falcon Scott in his bid to 1887) was a British Imperial Governor reach the South Pole in 1912. and Royal Engineer. In 1848, Leopold McClintock accompanied It was suggested by Moody and the Royal James Clark Ross on his survey of Somerset Island. As Engineers, Columbia Detachment that the site be part of Captain Henry Kellett's expedition from 1852 proclaimed "Queensborough". Governor James to 1854, McClintock travelled 1,400 miles (2,300 km) Douglas proclaimed the new capital with this name by sled and discovered 800 miles (1,300 km) of on February 14, 1859. The name "Queensborough", previously unknown coastline. however, did not appeal to London and it was Queen Victoria who named the city after https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_McClintock Westminster, that part of the British capital of A ploughman's London where the lunch is an English cold Parliament Buildings meal based around bread, were, and are to this cheese, and onions, usually day, situated. From accompanied by butter and this naming by the pickles. Additional items such as ham, green salad, Queen, the City hard boiled eggs, and apple can be added. As its gained its official name suggests, it is most commonly eaten at nickname, lunchtime. It is particularly associated with pubs, and "The Royal City". Columbia Street in 1932 and 2008. often served with beer. Robert Paterson Rithet (1844-1919) was born in Cleuchhead near Applegarth in Dumfriesshire, near Lockerbie, Scotland in 1844 and came to Victoria by way of San Francisco in 1862. Rithet was a president of the Victoria Board of Trade, served as mayor of Victoria from 1885-1886, and represented Victoria as a member of the legislative assembly from 1894-1898. Rithet died in his home in 1919 at age seventy-five He became one of the leading figures in Victoria business and commerce. Robert Rithet’s former business premises are still a prominent feature of Wharf Street in downtown Victoria. His farm north of the city is now the Broadmead neighbourhood in Saanich. The nearby Rithet’s Bog, a wildlife sanctuary, is named for him. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Paterson_Rithet

Most popular candies in the UK are John A. McIver Maltesers, Jelly Babies, Wine Gums, Liquorice Allsorts, Cadbury Dairy Milk, Lion Bar, Wine John A. McIver was born on Gums, Flake, Black Jacks and fruit salads, Double Decker January 1st, 1832, on the Isle of and Rowntree’s Fruit Pastilles. Are yours in this list? Lewis in the Hebrides, Scotland. When he was 19 years old, he left Specializing in locally made and imported Scotland on a sailing ship to British, Scottish, & Irish foods. Canada. He got as far as Churchill, Manitoba by boat Baked goods, confectionary, and groceries. and then with his friend, Keith Morrison and several other men from the same part of Scotland, he WALKED all the way to Fort Langley. After walking all this way, John obtained work as a cooper for the Hudson’s Bay Company Fort. He worked there until the Company disbanded their crew in 1858. While many of the company’s men took up land around Fort Langley, John McIver and Samuel Robertson decided to go to the North side of the Fraser River to settle. John chose property in what is

now the Hammond area. It was bounded by the Fraser River to what is now Camwood Street, and from 207th to 210th Street. Unit 110 - 12031 First Avenue Richmond, BC V7E 3M1 http://mapleridgemuseum.org/ Tel: (604) 370-3375 Our Scottish Heritage in British Columbia Farmer’s Pie Chicken & Sweet Lean ground Canadian Beef Potato History & Heritage of Maple Ridge stewed with potatoes, Buttery flakey pastry fully onions + turnips then loaded with skinless Chicken topped with Swiss Cheese. Maple Ridge has a deep rooted historical past breast, sweet potato, Baked to a perfect golden mushrooms + onions in a brown in a rich gravy! that dates back to the mid-1850s when the first guilt-free cream gravy! settlers arrived. The earliest settlers in Maple Ridge were Hawaiians called Kanakas that were employed Spicy Meat by the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC). & Onion Buttery flakey Samuel Robertson was the first settler in pastry loaded with lean ground Maple Ridge and came to Maple Ridge from Scot- Canadian Pork + Beef stewed with land, he was also an employee of the HBC. onions, potatoes

all topped with Cheddar Cheese. John McIver, the first land owner in Maple Ridge, also came to Maple Ridge from Scotland Dickens Sweets & Museum is located at when he was 19 years old on a supply ship bound 45945 Alexander Avenue, Chilliwack, B.C. for Fort Churchill on Hudson’s Bay. John McIver, along with his teen aged companion, Kenneth The Inuit call it 'palauga,' Morrison, started a long dangerous journey from it's 'luskinikn' to the Mi'kmaq, Fort Churchill to Fort Langley by snowshoe and while the Ojibway call it canoe. First Nations people along the route saved 'ba `wezhiganag.' Whatever the party from starvation and freezing. they call it, from north to south and coast to coast, just about every Indigenous nation across North Maple Ridge has many neighbourhoods that America has some version of bannock. Bannock is have unique historical roots. Explore the a type of fry bread, which originates from Scotland many neighbourhoods of Maple Ridge for a look at but was eventually adopted by the Indigenous the past, present and future. peoples of Canada, particularly the Métis of https://www.mapleridge.ca/1651/History-Heritage Western Canada. Bannock stems from the Gaelic word bannach, which means “morsel. The Scottish Pub Pies: In Ireland, cooked the bread on a griddle called a Bannock Guinness Stout is commonly Stone, which they placed on the floor in front of a added along with bacon and fire. onions, and the result is commonly referred to as a The bread was brought to Canada by Scottish Steak and Guinness Pie (or Guinness Pie for short). A explorers and traders, Selkirk bannock from Steak and Ale pie is a similar creation, popular in Scotland is well-known and British pubs, using one of a variety of ales in place of named after the town in the the Guinness. The classic steak and ale version Scottish borders where it is outranks in popularity throughout Scotland. traditionally made. Battle of Britain a steady pace.

The Battle of Britain (10 July to 31 October From the mid-1930’s, with the tacit support of 1940) stopped the German air force from the federal government in Ottawa and help from the dominating the skies over England early in the (RCAF), Canada had been a Second World War, preventing a planned invasion by good source for RAF recruits for both flying and Germany. Hundreds of Canadian air and ground non-flying positions. The country was emerging from crew participated in the battle. the economic chaos of the Great Depression, and had only a small domestic air force, so Canadians The Battle of Britain seeking adventure or just a steady aviation job (10 July to 31 October turned to the RAF in ever-increasing numbers. 1940) was the first battle Collectively, these Canadians in the RAF became of the Second World War known as CAN/RAF. It's fought mainly in the air. estimated that more After nearly four months of anxious combat, the than 1,800 of them Royal Air Force’s (RAF) Fighter Command stopped served in the British the German air force's attempt, in advance of a flying services during the planned invasion, to dominate the skies over entire war. southern and eastern England. Hundreds of Canadian air and ground crew participated in the No. 242 Squadron battle, most as members of the RAF. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/battle-britain/ When Britain declared war on Germany on Want to know more 3 September 1939, the RAF was still in the process of building up its strength. Its pre-war focus on the about your strategic bombing of German targets had gradually Heritage, History, given way to the need for an active defence against Traditions & Customs? enemy aerial attack on Britain. What is the relationship Technological innovations, such as radar, and a between British Columbia new generation of monoplane (single wing) fighters and the British Isles? — the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire — Check out our newsletters were linked together by a https://rssg.org.uk/branches/overseas/ unique command-and- americas/canada/ control system under the authority of Fighter Command. Supplying a sufficient number of pilots was a problem, but aggressive recruiting in both We are writing today’s history for our children Britain and the far- flung dominions of the British and our grand children. The future is unwritten and Empire, including Canada, brought in new recruits at in your hands, write carefully.