Conference Proceedings Theme

8th International Equitation Science Conference

Royal (Dick) Veterinary School, Edinburgh

18th - 20th July 2012 Conference proceedings

Theme: The Road Ahead

Edited by: Dr Hayley Randle Prof. Natalie Waran Jane Williams www.equitationscience.com SHARING THE SAME BELIEFS

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12WDM002_adv_A5.indd 1 22-06-12 15:52 International Society for Equitation Science

Presents

8th International Equitation Science Conference

18th - 20th July 2012

Royal (Dick) Veterinary School, Edinburgh

The Road Ahead

Proceedings edited by:

Dr Hayley Randle

Prof. Natalie Waran

Jane Williams

Abstracts Submission System – Oxford Abstracts

Proceedings production BSAS & Duchy College Print

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. Nothing from this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a computerised system or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher.

The individual contributions in this publication and any liabilities arising from them remain the responsibility of the authors.

Design front and back H. Randle, Duchy College, UK page, picture

First published, 2012 Views expressed in all contributions are those of the authors and not those of the ISES or publisher.

ISBN: 978-0-906562-72-7 BSAS, PO Box 3, Penicuik Midlothian, EH26 0RZ, UK. 2

WITH THANKS TO OUR ALL SPONSORS

CONTENTS

Welcome from the local conference organising committee 5 President’s welcome 7 Scientific committee 9 What is ‘science?’ – benefits and limitations 10 Principles of learning theory in equitation 13 Scientific programme 16 Practical day programme & location 37 Biographies of plenary speakers, practical day presenters and 40 session chairs Show-and-tell background information 52 Abstracts 57 The sustainable athlete 59 Rider aspects and inputs 89 Science and measurement 118 The road ahead 155 Authors index 173 Glossary 177 A quick guide to statistics for non scientists 181 ISES USA 2013 184 Satellite meetings 186 ISES Consensus Workshop 186 Equine Behaviour Forum – 10th Symposium 186 Sponsors 187

WELCOME TO EDINBURGH FOR THE ISES UK 2012 CONFERENCE

On behalf of the ISES UK local organizing committee and the Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education here at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, welcome to Edinburgh! This is the 8th International equitation science conference, and it marks the 10th anniversary since equitation science first became established as an area of serious international study and collaboration. We are delighted that ISES has returned to Edinburgh University and the vet school, where the first informal gathering of equine scientists, veterinarians and practitioners, took place in October 2004. We are also especially proud to be able to welcome our international colleagues here to the UK during Olympic year.

Each year, the Society goes from strength to strength, and last year’s landmark event in the Netherlands made big strides with the ISES and Global Dressage Forum members coming together to observe, discuss and debate current issues in equitation, and to explore how a scientific approach could be incorporated and applied in the real world with the cooperation of practitioners from all disciplines and at all levels. To be honest, the ISES UK local organizing committee did wonder how they could possibly match what proved to be an excellent and highly informative few days.

For 2012, we have returned to our academic roots to allow us to review and reflect upon where we are with equitation science and look at ways we can navigate the road ahead. Themed sessions will provide us with excellent presentations drawn from more than 150 submitted abstracts in which we will be provided with the opportunity to consider both rider inputs and measurement, impacts on horse health, welfare and performance and the incorporation of an evidence based approach to riding, training and coaching. Finally we will look forward – to what next 5 for equitation science – in relation to education, further studies and enhancing understanding and uptake amongst all stakeholders who have the potential to influence the welfare of the horse.

We are extremely grateful to the University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Dean, Professor David Argyle and the veterinary school staff for all of their support and tolerance over the past 9 months, and colleagues in the UK and internationally who generously gave of their time to advise, review and provide equipment as we prepared for the conference. This conference has been kindly sponsored by a number of wonderful organizations and businesses and we are extremely grateful to them. We are also grateful to our plenary speakers and practical day presenters, session chairs, mini- oral chairs, technical helpers, student helpers, staff in the equine unit at Oatridge college, Scottish National Equine Centre and finally our guest moderator for the practical day – for agreeing to help make this conference a success. We are also indebted to our conference organizers and especially Bridget Hilton and Mike Steele for their hard work behind the scenes.

We hope that in addition to enjoying the scientific and social programme including the practical day, you will also take the opportunity to enjoy the many sights of Edinburgh city, to venture into the stunning Scottish countryside and to sample the culinary delights so special to Scotland. You will find that despite the sometimes cooler weather – the warmth of our Scottish hospitality is second to none. Finally we would like to say:

Fàilte gu Alba...Welcome to Scotland!

Professor Natalie Waran - on behalf of the ISES UK 2012 Local Conference Organising Committee

PRESIDENT’S WELCOME

Welcome to ISES 2012!

After 10 years of equitation science, it is wonderful to return to Edinburgh, the site of one of our most formative meetings – a workshop on the application of learning theory in ridden horses. I am therefore most grateful to Professor David Argyle, Dean of the Royal (Dick) School for Veterinary Studies (RDSVS) and the Associate Deans, Professors Susan Rhind and Brendan Corcoran, for welcoming ISES to the University of Edinburgh and providing us with use of the impressive new veterinary school teaching building. I also wish to thank the staff at the RDSVS for their support during the run-up to the conference and in particular to the staff in the Learning and Teaching Support Unit and those in the vet school’s facilities and safety team.

Much has happened in the past ten years and ISES is now taking its rightful place as a leader in evidence-based debates considering ethical and sustainable equitation. Most ISES scientists ride or compete on a regular basis, so we see our discipline as an investment in our passion for horses. We use data to inform our position and practice.

Apart from all the science and engagement, ISES also prides itself on being a friendly society and that is why I am especially keen to greet first-time conference attendees. Our membership secretary, Lesley Hawson, has been doing a wonderful job contacting as many of you as possible but please track her down over the next day or so if you have yet to meet her. For some of you this will be your first scientific meeting. Please do not be daunted. We have supplied a glossary of terms (page 173) that often crop up and a quick guide to statistics (page 178) which will help to explain why so many “p-values” are quoted in the ensuing abstracts. If these guides fail to assist you to 7 gain the most from any presentation, ask your neighbour to help identify a Council member who can explain.

As a society of eager volunteers, we are developing a corporate understanding of how to deliver the sort of conferences our members want. Every year we see improvements in the delivery of content and the greater inclusion of participants at all levels of training, competition and research. This evolution hinges entirely on feedback from delegates, so please take time to complete a feedback form before the final day.

On behalf of the ISES Council, I extend my sincere thanks to Natalie Waran, Hayley Randle and Lisa Ashton, Mike Steele, Brigit Hilton, Frances Reid, Charlie Nevison and Carol Hall and the local organizing committee, including Dr Jo-Anne Murray, Bryony Wagget, Jane Barr, Tudor Jones and Gemma Pearson for bringing together an exciting event. The scientific program reflects the hard work of the Scientific Committee who have again responded to feedback and have re- doubled their efforts to ensure that the pick of the crop is presented. I am most grateful to these reviewers, not least because this year we have had more abstracts submitted than ever. This increase speaks of the growing interest in and maturity of our young discipline. I hope it ensures that you have an enjoyable and edifying conference.

Paul McGreevy, Honorary President, ISES

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Chairs Dr Hayley Randle (Duchy College, UK) Prof Natalie Waran (University of Edinburgh, UK)

Lead Advisor Dr Kathalijne Visser (Wageningen University, NL)

Members Lisa Ashton (EquiSci, UK) Prof. Hilary Clayton (Michigan State University – McPhail Center, US) Dr Emma Creighton (Newcastle University, UK) Dr Georgina Crossman (BEFRED, UK) Dr Machteld van Dierendonck (Equus Research; Utrecht University, NL) Linda Greening (Hartpury College, UK) Dr Carol Hall (Nottingham Trent University, UK) Dr Elke Hartmann (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE) Dr Camie Heleski (Michigan State University, US) Dr Jo Hockenhull (University of Bristol, UK) Dr Mark Kennedy (Anglian Ruskin University, UK) Prof. Jan Ladewig (Copenhagen University, DK) Dr Michela Minero (University of Milano, IT) Dr Charlotte Nevison (Anglian Ruskin University, UK) Gillian Tabor (Duchy College, UK) Dr Helen Warren (Alltech; UK) Dr Tim Whitaker (Duchy College, UK) Dr Inga Wolframm (Wageningen University, NL)

Bridget Hilton & Dr Mike Steele (BSAS, UK)

WHAT IS ‘SCIENCE?’ – BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS

C.R. Heleski, Ph.D.

Dept. of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA

What does the term “science” mean to you? It’s not as easy to define as one might think, is it? We use the word so often we tend not to think about it. Science comes from the Latin word, scientia meaning knowledge. Wikipeda says science is a systematic approach that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions. Further, Wikipedia goes on to state that to be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. When following “the scientific method” a researcher will follow (approximately) the following steps: formulate a question (for example, can horses understand the difference between harsh tones and soothing tones when given human vocal cues?), perform background research/make preliminary observations, construct a hypothesis (for example, ‘we hypothesize that horses will perform a learning task more quickly when given supplemental vocal cues in a soothing tone as compared to a harsh tone’), test your hypothesis by performing a carefully designed experiment, analyze the data with sound methodology, arrive at justifiable conclusions, then communicate the results.

So what does this mean in the relatively young field of Equitation Science? On the one hand, it means that the profile of Equitation Science has been raised significantly during the last decade due to an emphasis on measuring the objective, quantifiable aspects of horse- human interactions. For example, we can use rein tension gauges to objectively measure how much tension is taking place between the bit and the rider’s hands during different riding exercises. This coupled with carefully monitoring the horse’s behaviour in response to different rein tensions begins to give us an understanding of which tensions are

10 perceived more or less positively by the horse. We might further add to the rigor of this type of experiment by also measuring heart rates and, perhaps, cortisol levels.

But just because we can utilize quantifiable measurements that are repeatable by other scientists, does this automatically benefit the horse’s welfare? Does it automatically answer our initial question? For example, what of horses that have already become habituated to high levels of rein tension over many years of being ridden in that manner. They may show no significantly aversive behaviours as compared to a horse ridden with a lighter hand, they may show no significantly different cortisol levels or heart rates as compared to the more lightly ridden horse. Does that give us an automatic “green light” to proceed with relatively high tension riding? In my mind, it does not.

There is an important interplay between scientific scrutiny and ethical assessment that must take place if we truly wish to enhance the horse’s wellbeing in its interactions with us. Scientific evaluation and ethical assessment should not be at odds with one another, rather they should complement one another. As stated in the 2010 conference of this same meeting, science without ethical assessment can be problematic, but so can ethical assessment (or kneejerk assumptions) without scientific study.

Horses are a highly adaptable species. If we stall them individually for 23 1/2 hours per day in a solid walled box stall, exercise them for 1/2 h/day in an indoor arena, yet they show no evidence of ulcers, loss of bone density, nor stereotypic behaviour, does this make it an acceptable housing method? If we survey a warm up arena, and note the 10 most harshly handled horses in the arena (from our human perspective), yet, upon measurement, they show no measurable differences from 10 control horses, what does this tell us?

The benefits of science and its application to the field of equitation science surely outweigh its limitations, but we must always remember to keep our eyes open, watch the whole horse, listen to the whole horse and sometimes remember to trust our horsemanship instincts that brought us to this field to start with.

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING THEORY IN EQUITATION

Does your training stand the test of science? The following 8 principles were originally defined in the peer-reviewed scientific literature (McGreevy and McLean, 2007 – The roles of learning theory and ethology in equitation. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, Volume 2, 108-118). The application of these principles is not restricted to any single method of horse-training, and we do not expect that just one system will emerge. There are many possible systems optimal horse-training that adhere to all of these principles.

FIRST PRINCIPLES IN HORSE-TRAINING

1. Understand and use learning theory appropriately

Learning theory explains positive and negative reinforcement and how they work in establishing habitual responses to light, clear signals. (Note that “positive” and “negative” when applied to reinforcement are not value judgements, as in “good” or “bad”, but arithmetical descriptions of whether the behaviour is reinforced by having something added or something taken away, e.g., pressure. For example, when the horse responds to a turn signal and the rein pressure is immediately released, negative reinforcement has been applied.) It is critical in the training context that the horse’s responses are correctly reinforced and that the animal is not subjected to continuous or relentless pressure. Prompt and correct reinforcement makes it more likely that the horse will respond in the same way in future. Learning theory explains how classical conditioning and habituation can be correctly used in horse-training.

2. To avoid confusion, train signals that are easy to discriminate

There are many responses required in horse-training systems but only a limited number of areas on the horse’s body to which unique signals can be delivered. From the horse’s viewpoint, overlapping signal sites can be very confusing, so it is essential that signals are applied consistently in areas that are as isolated and separate from one another as possible.

3. Train and shape responses one-at-a-time (again, to avoid confusion)

It is a prerequisite for effective learning that responses are trained one- at-a-time. To do this, each response must be broken down into its smallest possible components and then put together in a process called “shaping”.

4. Train only one response per signal

To avoid confusing the horse, it is essential that each signal elicits just one response. (However, there is no problem with a particular response being elicited by more than one signal.) Sometimes a response may be complex and consist of several trained elements. These should be shaped (or built up) progressively. For example, the “go forward” response is expected to include an immediate reaction to a light signal, a consistent rhythm as the animal moves in a straight line and with a particular head carriage. Each of these components should be added progressively within the whole learned response to a “go forward” signal.

5. For a habit to form effectively, a learned response must be an exact copy of the ones before

For clarity, a complete sequence of responses must be offered by the horse within a consistent structure (e.g., transitions should be made within a defined number of footfalls). Habit formation applies to transitions in which the number of footfalls must be the same for each transition and this must be learned.

6. Train persistence of responses (self-carriage)

It is a fundamental characteristic of ethical training systems that, once each response is elicited, the animal should maintain the behaviour. The horse should not be subjected to continuing signals from leg (spur) or rein pressure.

7. Avoid and dissociate flight responses (because they resist extinction and trigger fear problems)

When animals experience fear, all characteristics of the environment at the time (including any humans present) may become associated with the fear. It is well-known that fear responses do not fade as other responses do and that fearful animals tend not to trial new learned responses. It is essential to avoid causing fear during training.

8. Benchmark relaxation (to ensure the absence of conflict)

Relaxation during training must be a top priority, so when conflict behaviours are observed in the horse, we must carefully examine and modify our training methods so that these behaviours are minimised and ultimately avoided. To recognise the importance of calmness in enabling effective learning and ethical training, any restraining equipment, such as nosebands, should be loose enough to allow conflict behaviours to be recognised and dealt with as they emerge.

SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME

Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education

Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies

The University of Edinburgh

Wednesday 18 July 2012

08:00 Coach Pick up Pollock Halls

08:30 Registration

Theme 1

09:00-10:45 LT1 THE SUSTAINABLE ATHLETE chair ~ Natalie Waran

09:00 Introduction Professor Natalie Waran

09:10 Welcome Professor Susan Rhind, Associate Dean, Vet School Edinburgh

Physical Aspects

09:15 S. J. Dyson The sustainable athlete: physical 1 aspects

Plenary Dr Sue Dyson, Animal Health Trust, UK

09:45 M. van Dierendonck Acute stress responses of dressage 2 horses ridden in three different head and neck positions ( M. van Dierendonck, M. van Dalum, M. Beekmans and J.W. Christensen)

10:00 J.M. Williams A preliminary investigation to evaluate 3 the potential of surface electromyography as a tool to analyse muscle activity in National Hunt racehorses ( J.M. Williams and P. Gundry)

10:15 G.F. Tabor The effect of dynamic mobilisation 4 exercises on the Multifidus muscle in thouroughbred racehorses (G.F. Tabor, C. Johansson and H. Randle)

10:30 P. McGreevy The use of whips in a sample of 5 Australian Thoroughbred races ( P.D. McGreevy, R. Corken, H. Salvin and C. Black)

10:45 Coffee/Tea - Posters/mini presentations – tutorial room

Sustainable Equine Athlete Chair ~ Michela Minero

11:10-11:25 Room 1.24

11:10 J.W. Christensen Acute stress responses of dressage 6 horses ridden in three different head and neck positions - relation to rein tension (M. Beekmans, M. van Dalum, M. van Dierendonck and J.W. Christensen)

11:13 S. R. Malone The effect of horse shoes on equine 7 hoof shape ( S. R. Malone and H. M. S. Davies)

11:16 C. Heleski A pilot study to develop an ethogram for 8 assisting in the identification of equine neck pain during manual clinical assessment ( N. Rombach, C. Heleski, N. Stubbs and H. Clayton)

11:19 S.R. Malone The effect of a rider's weight on equine 9 hoof circumference ( S.R. Malone and H.M.S. Davies)

Sustainable Equine Athlete Chair ~ Jan Ladewig

11:10-11:25 Room 1.25

11:10 S.L. Trott An investigation into the effects of 10 McTimoney chiropractic treatment on the stride parameters of the horse during trot (S.L. Trott, T. Carey and C. Cunliffe)

11:13 U. König v. Borstel Differences in hind limb angulations 11 between top-level dressage and show- jumping horses (U. König v. Borstel, R. Hoogveld and M. Gauly)

11:16 H.M.S. Davies Monitoring changes in the midshaft 12 shape of the front cannon bone during training in Thoroughbred racehorses (H.M.S. Davies)

11:19 S.L. Trott An investigation into the effects of 13 McTimoney chiropractic treatment on axial rotation of the equine pelvis (S.L. Trott, R. Davies, J. Ellis, and C. Cunliffe)

Sustainable Equine chair ~ Lisa Ashton Athlete

11:10-11:20 Room 1.26

11:10 M. Wulf Influences of a saddlepad on heart rate and heart rate variability of ridden horses (M. Wulf, G. Racic, R. 14 Stodulka, M. Becker-Birck and C. Aurich)

11:13 C. Hall An exploration of the equine 'happy 15 athlete' (N. Huws, C. Hall, E. Taylor and H. Owen)

11:16 V.A. Walker Effect of the Pessoa Training Aid on 16 temporal, linear and angular variables of the working trot (V.A Walker, S.J. Dyson and R.C. Murray)

Sustainable Equine chair ~ Machteld van Dierendonck Athlete

11:10-11:20 Room 1.27

11:10 G. Giovagnoli Investigation into parameters for 17 detection of limbs hypersensitivity (G. Giovagnoli, E. Bertamini, M. Mazzi, V. Redaelli and M. Minero)

11:13 J.M. Williams Do Horses That Crib-bite Exhibit A 18 Different Sleeping Duration Than Those That Do Not Exhibit Any Stereotypic Behaviours? (K. Roberts and J.M. Williams)

11:16 R.F. White The effect of different types of side- 19 reins on measurable kinematic parameters of the young horse (R.F. White, A.A. Mills and N. Blackie)

Sustainable Equine chair ~ Gemma Pearson Athlete

11:10-11:20 Room 1.28

11:10 P. Baragli Motor laterality of forelimbs preference 20 in freestyle jumping horses (P. Baragli, V. Vitale, M. Cipollini and C. Sighieri)

11:13 H. Randle An retrospective analysis of high 21 performance horse head and neck angles 1979-2011 (H. Randle and B. Venables)

11:16 J.M. Williams An investigation into the risk factors 22 associated with horse falls in British Steeplechase Racing from 2008 to 2011 (J.M. Williams, N. Aldous, F. DaMata)

Theme 2

11:30-13:00 LT1 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS

chair ~ Hayley Randle

11:30 A. Hemmings Equine Behavioural Neuroscience: 23 research goals for the next decade and beyond

Plenary Dr Andy Hemmings, Royal Agricultural College, UK

12:00 K. Merkies Influence of psychological and 24 physiological arousal in humans on horse heart rate and behaviour (K. Merkies, A. Isensee, H. MacGregor, U. von Borstel, A. Tucker, J. Carson and R. Bergeron)

12:15 C.C. Henshall The radio-controlled car as a herd 25 leader? A preliminary study of escape and avoidance learning in the round- pen (C.C. Henshall, B. Padalino and P.D. McGreevy)

12:30 M. Mengoli Would EAP (Equine Appeasing 26 Pheromone) be able to modify stress coping strategies in horses? (M. Mengoli, P. Pageat, P. Monneret, A. Giacalone, C. Lafont Lecuelle, P. Baragli and A. Cozzi)

12:45 J. DeAraugo Human-horse attachment: The role of 27 commonplace training methods (P.D. McGreevy, J. DeAraugo, A. McLean, G. Caspar, S. McLaren and M. McLean)

13:00-14:00 Lunch

13:40 Show and Tell (Room 1.21) Posters (Room G.01)

Theme 3 14:00-15:15 LT1 RIDER ASPECTS AND INPUTS chair ~ Paul McGreevy

14:00 L. Hawson Rider Inputs 28

Plenary Dr Lesley Hawson, University of Sydney, Australia

14:30 I. Wolframm Co-variations between perceived 29 personality traits and quality of the interaction between female riders and horses (I. Wolframm and R. Meulenbroek)

14:45 M. Becker-Birck Heart rate, heart rate variability and 30 cortisol release in the horse and its rider: different response to training and a public equestrian performance (M. Becker-Birck, S. Biau, N. Ille, J. Aurich, E.Möstl and C. Aurich)

15:00 J. Winfield A comparison of the position of elite 31 and non-elite riders over two different fences in a show jumping competition (L. Herbert, J. Winfield, K. Nankervis, L. Dumbell, R. Guire and L. Launder )

Coffee/Tea - Posters/mini presentations – tutorial room

Rider Aspects/Inputs Chair ~ Michela Minero

15:40-15:55 Room 1.24

15:40 C. Hall A preliminary investigation into the 32 effect of a rider on equine jumping kinematics (H. Parr, C. White and C. Hall)

15:43 C. Hall The effect of multi-modal cues on the 33 response of the horse to training in- hand (A. Smith and C. Hall)

15:46 C. Hall The impact of a rider on the heart rate 34 and behaviour of horses when exercised on the lunge (R. Wilkinson and C. Hall)

15:49 K. Waite Does aggressive riding behaviour of 35 youth barrel racers influence competition time or undesirable horse behaviour (K. Waite, C. Heleski and M. Ewing)

Rider Aspects/Inputs Chair ~ Jan Ladewig

15:40-15:55 Room 1.25

15:40 E. Jastrzebska Horse-related accidents in leisure 36 riding in chosen Polish equestrian centres (E. Jastrzebska, A. Gorecka- Bruzda, Z. Jaworski, K. Wolinska and K. Kowalczyk)

15:43 J. DeAraugo Evidence based psychology principles: 37 What can it offer horse riders? (J. DeAraugo)

15:46 U. König v. Borstel Influence of type and intensity of riders’ 38 reinforcement on horses’ fear reactions (U. König v. Borstel and S. Euent)

15:49 F. Aksnes Saddle fit, degree of neck flexion and 39 rider's position associated with back soreness in riding horses (C.M. Mejdell and F. Aksnes)

Rider Aspects/Inputs chair ~ Lisa Ashton

15:40-15:55 Room 1.26

15:40 E. Boden The effects of an 8 week rider specific 40 fitness regime on rider position and leg length whilst mounted (E. Boden and H. Randle)

15:43 A. Olivier Proprioceptive sensitivity and stability 41 of the head : characteristic of experts horse riders (A. Olivier, E. Faugloire, S. Biau, L. Lejeune and B. Isableu)

15:46 D. Capova Movement related feelings in horse 42 riding – an empiric analysis of a neglected phenomenon (D. Capova)

15:49 E. Davies Achieving Expectations: Competitive 43 State Anxiety in Equestrian Sports (E. Davies, R. Collins and S. Lee)

chair ~ Machteld van Rider Aspects/Inputs Dierendonck

15:40-15:55 Room 1.27

15:40 I. Wolframm Investigating riders' emotional 44 management of an injury to or loss of their horses (J. Kühn, S. Beijerman and I.Wolframm)

15:43 E. Daniel A comparison of the light seat 45 position between novice and experienced riders (E. Daniel and L. Dumbell)

15:46 E. Daniel The light seat in the experienced 46 rider (E. Daniel and L. Dumbell)

15:49 M. Concannon A comparative study of training with 47 negative and positive reinforcement (M. Concannon)

Theme 4 - RIDER COACHING 16:00-17:30 LT1 chair ~ Carol Hall

16:00 Inga Wolframm Rider coaching - putting science 48 into practice

Plenary Dr Inga Wolframm, University of Applied Sciences Van Hall Larenstein, The Netherlands

16:30 J. Sudhoff An investigation of fitness 49 parameters and their impact on riding position in the equestrian (J. Sudhoff and I. Gowers)

16:45 M. Wanless Expertise induced amnesia creates 50 a dislocation between expertise and explanation that endures unless precise descriptive language is used to make riding skills more accessible (M. Wanless)

17:00 E. Scott The effect of experience on the 51 shoulder and rein contact angles of riders on a horse simulator during different gaits (E. Scott and L. Dumbell)

17:15 M. Voigt Incorporating Learner-Centred 52 strategies into horse riding instruction and identifying rider's learning preference (M. Voigt, S. McKinley, A. Davis and C. Brady)

Rider Coaching chair ~ Gemma Pearson

15:40-15:49 Room 1.28

15:40 M. Wanless The effects of balance and 53 imbalance within and between the myofascial meridians that form stabilising chains within the physique of both horse and rider (M. Wanless)

15:43 S. Penrice Motivation and Development of UK 54 Young Riders (S. Penrice, C. Brigden, S. Tinsley and J. Martin)

15:46 Y. Larsson Can you teach a feeling? The 55 feeling for riding, and if it may be taught (Y. Larsson and C. Wikström)

17:30-18:30 AGM (Room LT1), Reception and Poster Viewing (Room G01)

19:00 Coach Pick Up

Thursday 19 July 2012

Theme 5 - 09:00-10:30 LT1 MEASUREABLES/TECHNOLOG Y KIT chair ~ Lesley Hawson

9:00 Lars Measurables/Technology/Kit 56 Roepstorff

Plenary Dr Lars Roepstorff, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden

9:30 A. Gandy A software measurement tool for 57 analysis of asymmetry in the interaction between horse, rider and saddle (E.A. Gandy, A. Bondi, R. Hogg and A. Cornell)

9:45 U. König von Alternatives to conventional evaluation 58 Borstel of rideability: rein tension and behaviour from performance test dressage training (C. Glißmann and U. König von Borstel)

10:00 Visser Trainers and scientists differ when 59 scoring stress-related behaviours in ridden horses (K. Visser, C. Munsters, L. Roost, P. McGreevy and C. Heleski)

10:15 T. Ward A multidisciplinary approach to the 60 assessment of a novel equine saddle (M. Wilson, T. Ward and R.D. Thomson)

10:30-11:15 Coffee/Tea - poster mini presentations – tutorial room

Science and Measurement chair ~ Marc Pierard

10:55-11:07 Room 1.24

10:55 L. Greening An investigation of nocturnal profiles 61 of crib-biting and weaving behaviour (Equus caballus) (B. Allen and L. Greening)

10:58 L. Greening A preliminary investigation into limb 62 preference amongst a herd of semi- feral Koniks Equus ferus caballus (L. Greening and H. Randle)

11:01 S. Pasing Evidence of grade inflation in 63 personality trait scores from stallion performance tests (S. Pasing and U. König v. Borstel)

11:04 C. Tranquille Are training strategies related to the 64 age of the horse in elite show jumping yards in the UK? (C. Tranquille, A. Egenvall, C. Lonnell, L. Roepstorff & R. Murray)

Science and Measurement chair ~ Orla Doherty

10:55-11:07 Room 1.25

10:55 K. Kienapfel The effect of different head-neck- 65 positions of horses on the crest and on muscle activities of neck and trunk (H. Preuschoft and K. Kienapfel)

10:58 A Gorecka-Bruzda Typical artefacts in equine heart rate 66 (A. Gorecka-Bruzda, M. Suwala and T. Jezierski)

11:01 U. König v. Borstel Willing to work? Suitability of heart 67 rate and behaviour from cross- country training compared to dressage training and a temperament test in evaluation of equine personality (U. König v. Borstel, V. Peinemann, C. Glißmannand S. Euent)

11:04 A. Gorecka- Localisation of artefacts in two 68 Bruzda models of equine heart rate monitors - a pilot study (M. Suwala, T. Jezierski and A. Gorecka-Bruzda)

Science and Measurement chair ~ Inga Wolframm

10:55-11:07 Room 1.26

10:55 L. Peerstrup Limited-resource test as an 69 Ahrendt alternative to field observations in determination of social hierarchy in horses (L. Peerstrup Ahrendt and J. Winther Christensen)

10:58 K. Kienapfel The effect of different head- 70 neck-positions on the behaviour of a horse (K. Kienapfel)

11:01 R.M. Scofield Comparison of behaviour 71 exhibited by horses ridden in conventional bitted and bitless bridles (R.M. Scofield and H. Randle)

Science and Measurement chair ~ Kathalijne Visser

10:55-11:05 Room 1.27

10:55 T.J. Young The development and validation of a 73 behaviour stress scale to assess the welfare of individually stabled and group-housed horses (T.J. Young, E. Creighton, T. Smith and L. Hosie)

10:58 S.M. Viksten Developing a protocol for welfare 74 assessment in horses (S.M. Viksten, S. Nyman, E.K. Visser and H.J. Blokhuis)

11:01 J.M. Williams An investigation into the risk factors 75 associated with horse falls in British Class 1 (Grades 1-3) Steeplechases from 1999 to 2011 (J.M. Williams, K. Smith and F. DaMata)

Science and Measurement chair ~ Jo-Anne Murray

10:55-11:07 Room 1.28

10:55 A. Bondi A preliminary investigation of the 76 asynchrony of horse, saddle and rider interaction (A. Bondi, E. Gandy and R. Hogg)

10:58 L. McKenna A comparison of learning behaviour 77 between wild type horses (Equus Przewalski) and domesticated horses (Equus Caballus) (L. McKenna)

11:01 C.R. Heleski Do horses recognize the difference 78 between harsh tones and soothing tones when using voice as a reinforcer for learning a frightening task (C.R. Heleski, C. Wickens, M. Minero, E. DallaCosta, E. Czeszak and U Koenig von Borstel)

11:04 I. Gowers Effect of riding horses in a snaffle or 79 double bridle on stride length and head/neck angles at working trot (J. Henry, N. Blackie and I. Gowers)

Science and Measurement chair ~ Marc Pierard

15:30-15:40 Room 1.24

15:30 J.M. Williams What makes an Olympic Eventing 80 Medallist? (J.M. Williams, D. Marlin and C.F. Marks)

15:33 J.M. Williams A comparison of risk factors 81 associated with horse falls in UK and French Hurdle racing (J.M. Williams, S. Mann and F. DaMata)

15:36 J.M. Williams An initial evaluation of whip use in 82 affiliated novice level British Showjumping competitions (J.M. Williams and S. Evans)

Science and Measurement and The Road Ahead chair ~ Orla Doherty

15:30-15:36 Room 1.25

15:30 H. Savin The effects of lateralisation on detour 83 based problem solving in horses (Equus caballus) (H. Savin and H. Randle)

15:33 M. Wulf Reliable method to identify horses - 85 microchip vs. hot iron branding (M. Wulf, C. Aurich, M. Nees, J. Aurich)

Theme 6 - 11:25-12:45 LT1 OBJECTIVITY/SUBJECTIVITY chair ~ Camie Heleski

11:15 Andrew McLean Distilling Equitation Science – 86 objectivity versus subjectivity in equine behaviour modification

Plenary Andrew McLean, Australian Equine Behaviour Centre/University of Sydney, Australia

11:45 J. Hockenhull Preliminary investigation of 87 methodology to assess the impact of novice rider hand position on conflict behaviour in riding school horses (P. Johnson, J. Hockenhull, T.J. Young)

12:00 M. Pokornß Can we detect horses with low 88 motivation to cooperate during cognitive testing? (M. Pokornß and J. BartoÜovß)

12:15 J.W. Christensen Object habituation in horses: 89 Negatively reinforced vs voluntary approach to novel objects (J.W. Christensen)

12:30 U. König v. Borstel Influence of familiarity with the rider 90 and type of work on horses' fear reactions (U. König v. Borstel and N. Krienert)

12:45-13:45 Lunch

13:20 Show and Tell (Room 1.21) Posters (Room G.01)

Theme 7 - THE ROAD AHEAD 13:45-15:15 LT1 chair ~ Andrew Mclean

13:45 Wayne Channon The future of equestrian sports: 91 evidence-based training systems

Plenary Wayne Channon, World Dressage Masters, The Netherlands

14:15 C.C. Henshall The relevance of laboratory-based 92 aversive conditioning experimental psychology for informing practical horse training (C.C. Henshall and P.D. McGreevy)

14:30 G. Pearson Advancing Equine Veterinary Practice 93 by Application of Learning Theory (G. Pearson)

14:45 M. Nicolas de The use of learning theory and 94 Brauwere equine behaviour understanding in the welfare setting, from round-ups to rehabilitation (M. Nicolas de Brauwere)

15:00 D. West The application of 'systems science' 95 to classical dressage (D. West)

15:15-16:00 Coffee/Tea - posters/mini presentations – tutorial room

15:30-15:45

The Road Ahead and Free Communications chair ~ Inga Wolframm

15:30-15:45 Room 1.26

15:30 P.A. Gashi Herd social status as a factor in the 96 response of a horse to human presence (P.A. Gashi)

15:33 C. White The effect of weighted boots on the 97 jump stride kinematics of ridden horses (J. Lucas, L. Hopegood and C. White)

15:36 P. Baragli Federico Caprilli and the empirical 98 knowledge of Learning Theory (P. Baragli, A. Testa, E. Finocchi Mahne and C. Sighieri)

15:39 H. Randle The road ahead - education within 99 equitation science (H. Randle)

Free Communications chair ~ Kathalijne Visser

15:30-15:45 Room 1.27

15:30 R. Grindy Oral stereotypy slows reversal 100 learning in horses (R. Grindy and J. Cooper)

15:33 L. Greening A comparison of the use of distal 101 cues during preferential place learning between crib-biting and non- stereotypic horses (D. McCarthy, M. Parker and L. Greening)

15:36 L. Greening Auditory stimulation of the stabled 102 equine; the effect of different music genres on behaviour (C. Carter and L. Greening)

15:39 U. König v. Relevance of the hot-iron brand as a 103 Borstel brand mark for sport horses (C. Dannheim, U. König v. Borstel and A. Spiller)

Free Communications chair ~ Jo-Anne Murray

15:30-15:45 Room 1.28

15:30 C. Hall The effect of a novel object presented 104 under different lighting conditions on the heart rate and behaviour of the horse (L. Bonnin, E. Davies, C. Cooper, C. White and C. Hall)

15:33 E. Dalla Costa Inter-observer reliability of three 105 human-horse relationship tests (E. Dalla Costa, C. Bonaita, S. Pedretti, E. Govoni, A. Guzzeloni, E. Canali and M. Minero)

15:36 E. A. Greene Effective methods for assistance and 106 dissemination of information on short and long term equine health and welfare following severe impacts of Tropical Storm Irene in Vermont (E.A. Greene)

Poster M. Goff Growth and development of 107 thoroughbred yearlings during sales preparation in relation to reference growth curves (M. Goff)

Lecture Theatre LT1

16:00-16:30 Panel Discussion - Plenary Speaker

16:30- Student Awards 16:45

17:00-17:15 Summing up – President

17:30 Coach to Pollock

19:30 Conference Dinner

PRACTICAL DAY PROGRAMME

PRACTICAL DAY – 20 OCTOBER 2012, Scottish National Equestrian Centre

SESSION PRESENTER Chaired by three-times Olympian Richard Davison 08:00 Coach pickup Pollock Halls, Edinburgh 09:00 Registration Paul McGreevy 09.30 INTRODUCTION: and Natalie Waran

09.45 Learning theory applied to in-hand horse training: Andrew McLean, Installing Clear Cues to Reduce Anxiety in Jody Hartstone, Challenging Environments Carol Hall and Measuring the horse’s emotional responses to Jo-Anne Murray fearful situations using thermal imaging, HR and behaviour. 10.30 BREAK

11.00 Riding the basic responses for all disciplines Charlotte Nevison, measuring rider inputs from simple to complex Debbie Symes, Hayley Randle and Carol Hall

12.00 Discussion and audience questions Paul McGreevy & and Natalie Waran 12.30 LUNCH

13.30 In the spotlight: Dressage - “The journey towards Andrew McLean, collection using learning theory” Lesley Hawson Rider inputs and goals and Lisa Ashton

14.30 Questions Paul McGreevy and Natalie Waran

14.45 BREAK 37

15.15 In the spotlight: Carriage driving – “How much rein Owen & Janet pressure?” Pilling, Hayley Randle, Charlotte Nevison

Demonstrating eye tracker equipment, rein pressure Jane Williams & measures, EMG Carol Hall

16.15 Final Questions to the Panel Today’s events - audience questions – and summing up Paul McGreevy – ISES President

16:45 DEPART – Coach will arrive Edinburgh Airport 17:30 and Pollock Halls 18:00 hours

PRACTICAL DAY LOCATION

Oatridge, Ecclesmachan West Lothian, EH52 6NH

BIOGRAPHIES OF PLENARY SPEAKERS, PRACTICAL DAY PRESENTERS AND SESSION CHAIRS

Dr Sue Dyson

Sue Dyson is Head of Clinical Orthopaedics at the Animal Health Trust, Newmarket & specialises in the diagnosis of lameness and poor performance in sports horses, racehorses and pleasure horses. She has published widely on equine orthopaedics and diagnostic imaging and is co-author of 'Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse'. Sue has competed to advanced level eventing and show jumping and produced horses that have competed at World Championships and Olympic Games

Dr Andy Hemmings

Andy is a senior lecturer and programme leader in equine science at the Royal Agricultural College, UK. His research interests include the biological and genetic basis of horse behaviour.

Lesley Hawson

Lesley originally studied psychology and physiology before embarking on a career in industrial relations and human resource management for ten years. She then undertook a Veterinary Science degree at University of Sydney. She went on to practice in both small animals and horses while completing the graduate diploma of Animal Chiropractic at RMIT. In 2009, she started a full time PhD candidature under the supervision of Professor Paul McGreevy and Dr Andrew McLean. The project is “The science of horse training: implications for rider safety and rider welfare.” This exciting project is looking at the communications processes between horse and rider within the context of applied learning theory. Lesley now lives at Kilmore with her 40 husband, David and son, Darcy and a growing population of Quarter Horses.

Dr Inga Wolframm

Inga Wolframm holds a PhD focusing on sport psychological component in equestrian riders and an MSc in Human and Equine Sports Science. As an accredited sport psychologist in the Netherlands, Germany and the UK, she specializes on equestrian sports, aiming to improve horse-rider communication at home and in competition. She also works as a senior lecturer at the University of Applied Sciences Van Hall Larenstein, NL, where she supervises research projects relating to psychology, psychophysiology and visual attention in equitation. Furthermore, she is the author of several books relating to equestrian sports.

Dr Lars Roepstorff

Lars Roepstorff is an active researcher in equine biomechanics, applied to both performance and health perspective at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.

Dr Andrew McLean

Andrew McLean is Senior Vice President of ISES and brings together a rare combination of academic and equestrian achievement. In the early 1990’s Andrew determined to explore the science of horse training. He found the very little was identified or described, leading to his PhD on the topic. A prolific author of books and journal papers on the science and ethics of horse training, Andrew has won Australia's most prestigious science award, the Eureka Prize for Science along with Professor Paul McGreevy and Dr Bidda Jones. In Equestrian Sport, he has represented Australia in Eventing, was shortlisted for the Australian team for the WEG in Stockholm in 1990, has ridden to

Grand Prix in show-jumping and trained to Grand Prix in dressage. Andrew is also well known for his acclaimed systematic approach to elephant training in Nepal and India where his work is endorsed, continued and supported at government level.

Wayne Channon

Wayne Channon combines riding internationally in Grand Prix dressage with a successful career in business. Wayne is chairman of Cells4Life, a leader in the umbilical cord blood stem cell storage market and Stabilitech, a privately held company focusing on stabilisation of vaccines and biopharmaceuticals. He is also the Secretary General of the International Dressage Riders Club and sits on the Board of World Dressage Masters.

Jody Hartstone

Jody Hartstone is a Grand prix dressage rider based at her own stud (Karioi Sport Horses) in New Zealand. She has twice been NZ Grand Prix Champion and has previously qualified for the World Equestrian Games. She has won Prix St Georges derbies in Australia, NZ and South Africa. Jody is a passionate teacher of learning theory as applied to horse training and gives clinics worldwide.

Richard Davison

Richard was a member of the British team, competed in three Olympics and many Championships, and was the chef d’equipe of the British dressage team in Hong Kong and Windsor. Major achievements: Richard won a team silver medal at the European Championships in 1993 with Master JCB and was a member of the bronze medal-winning team a decade later on home turf riding Ballaseyr Royale at the 2003 Hickstead European Championships. Richard’s other equestrian involvements include being a regular columnist for Horse & Hound

42 magazine, a television commentator, and member of the international rider and trainer clubs. He is a Fellow of the British Horse Society and holds the British Equestrian Federation’s medal of honour.

Owen Pilling

Owen is the MD of OPG Ltd – a very successful national company who design, manufacture and apply vehicle graphics to many Blue Chip companies throughout the UK. Owen has also been involved in horses all of his life and initially got into carriage driving through back stepping for a friend while Janet was competing. This led to backstepping for Boyd Exell (World Champion) and travelling to many International events. Eventually itchy fingers tempted Owen to buy his own horses and he now drives a pair of chestnut Gelderlanders in the Advanced Horse Pairs class at National level and last year was selected to compete for GB as an individual at the World Pairs Championships in Conty, France. Owen also has a young horse coming on in the background and hopefully he will be out competing next year.

Janet Pilling

Janet is married to Owen and we run our own business employing 26 people. We live in Symington near Biggar and live for our horses and our driving. I have been involved in horses all of my life – a bit of jumping, dressage, endurance, breaking and bringing on - however I was never seriously competitive until I got into carriage driving. I bought my pony Gypsy in Ireland twelve years ago as a good safe starter pony and together we have learned about the sport, gradually improving and climbing the ranks until last year we achieved the ultimate goal for us – British National Champion in the Advanced Single Pony class. Gypsy is 19 now and is still as enthusiastic about competing as ever so we will continue to compete until he tells me otherwise. I have a 5yo sec D gelding I am bringing on to fill Gypsy’s shoes at some point in the future. At the beginning of this year I attained my UKCC level 2 Coaching Certificate and have been quite

43 involved in training other Scottish drivers through our club the Scottish Carriage Driving Association.

Charlotte Nevison

Dr Charlie Nevison leads the Sports and Exercise Sciences Research Group at Anglia Ruskin University (ARU). She combines her life-long interest in horses with her passion for academic research as Director of Equine Research Anglia (ERA), where she collaborates with fellow researchers and practitioners in the areas of horse-rider interactions, equine welfare, rider biomechanics and fitness, and the development and assessment of equine surfaces. More broadly, Charlie enjoys responsibility for supporting the postgraduate research student community in the Faculty of Science and Technology and the research ethics processes at ARU. Her passion for evidence based advances in the field of equitation science and the training of researchers are exemplified by her development of a Professional Doctorate programme in Equestrianism at ARU with the objective of providing expert practitioners with the research skills to evaluate, evidence and enhance best practices in their work.

Jane Williams

Jane holds an MSc in Equine Science and is currently completing her PhD. She manages the HE equine department at Hartpury College and her main research interests focus on evaluation of performance, particularly training regimens and injury risks, in the elite equine athlete. She is currently completing research investigating muscle activation and fatigue during show jumping, warm-up regimens and training in the performance horse. Jane has successfully competed in affiliated showjumping and regularly contributes to Horse and Rider magazine championing the application of science to horse training and management.

BIOGRAPHIES OF SESSION CHAIRS

Prof Natalie Waran

Professor Natalie Waran is the Director of the Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education at Edinburgh University’s, Royal (Dick) School for veterinary studies. As a founder member and former senior vice president of ISES, she has championed equitation science research and the translation of that research into practical contexts. Nat recently returned to Scotland from 6 lovely years in New Zealand bringing with her, two dogs, two cats, two boys, three horses and a husband!

Dr Hayley Randle

Hayley holds a BSc (Hons) in Biology and Psychology and has a PhD in Animal Science. She runs BSc and Masters Equitation Science programmes at the Equitation Science Academy at Duchy College in the UK, alongside co-ordinating the Higher Education provision at the college working with Plymouth University. She has been involved in large mammal behavioural research for the past 18 years. Her research interests focus on animal (in particular equine) behaviour, training and individual differences. Hayley has successfully competed in Endurance but is now just enjoying any spare time with her senior arab gelding, as well as training her two border collies and her young son.

Prof Paul McGreevy

Paul McGreevy is Professor of Animal Behaviour and Welfare Science at the University of Sydney's Faculty of Veterinary Science. The current Honorary President of ISES, he is the author of over 100 peer- 45 reviewed articles and six books including "Equitation Science" and "Equine behavior - a guide for veterinarians and equine scientists".

Dr Carol Hall

Carol Hall has been a member of ISES from its foundation in 2007 and continues to be passionate about improving the welfare of ridden horses. Her background in psychology has led to her interest in aspects of both horse and rider performance, with a particular focus on visual behaviour. More recently Carol has worked with undergraduate and postgraduate students and colleagues to develop ways of assessing the mental state of ridden horses using behavioural and physiological measures. She is based at Nottingham Trent University where equitation science has become embedded in both course provision and research, with staff and students contributing to the aims of ISES to enhance horse welfare and improve the horse-human relationship.

Lesley Hawson

Lesley originally studied psychology and physiology before embarking on a career in industrial relations and human resource management for ten years. She then undertook a Veterinary Science degree at University of Sydney. She went on to practice in both small animals and horses while completing the graduate diploma of Animal Chiropractic at RMIT. In 2009, she started a full time PhD candidature under the supervision of Professor Paul McGreevy and Dr Andrew McLean. The project is “The science of horse training: implications for rider safety and rider welfare.” This exciting project is looking at the communications processes between horse and rider within the context of applied learning theory. Lesley now lives at Kilmore with her husband, David and son, Darcy and a growing population of Quarter Horses.

Dr Camie Heleski

Camie Heleski is a faculty member in the Department of Animal Science at Michigan State University in the USA. She has been heavily involved with the horse industry since she began showing horses as a child. Her current primary responsibilities are teaching and academic advising, but she also tries to fit in research on horse behaviour and welfare, horse-human interactions, and working equids in developing parts of the world.

Dr Andrew McLean

Dr Michela Minero

Kathalijne holds a degree in Animal Sciences at the Wageningen University in the Netherlands. Thereafter, she completed her PhD on horse temperament (HorsonalityR) at the Veterinary Faculty of Utrecht. Both as a scientist as well as a recreational rider, she studies the interaction between rider and horse to find an optimal match for both 47 individuals. Besides her horse research, Kathalijne is also involved in numerous projects improving farm animal welfare.

Prof. Jan Ladewig

Professor Jan Ladewig holds a PhD degree in Animal Behaviour from University of California, Davis, USA. He worked as a research associate in Germany, conducting research on behavioural and physiological reactions to stress in cattle, pigs and horses, as well as measurement of motivation in pigs by operant conditioning procedures. He is now a professor in domestic animal behaviour and welfare at the Copenhagen University, Denmark. Jan has been an active rider since childhood. He is particularly interested in the scientific background of training horses, as it relates to riding safety and horse welfare)

Lisa Ashton

Lisa was the Equine & Animals Higher Education Manager at Rodbaston College and Wolverhampton University. In 2005 Lisa developed the BSc Equine Sports Science and BSc Equine and Human Sports Performance degrees. Her mix of academic qualifications (MBA, PGCE, BSc Hons), competition and BHS experience (BHS II, Pony Club A’ Test) has inspired a commitment to explore; horse training psychology, rider psychology, equine sports coaching, design and delivery of equitation curricula, learning resources, and coaching development programmes to incorporate and embed equitation science. Lisa is passionate about education, including her own training and learning, making time to organise Dr Andrew McLean’s UK clinics in leading universities and colleges. In 2010 she set up EquiSci and gives clinics, lectures and demonstrations around UK and Europe.

Dr Machteld van Dierendonck

Machteld van Dierendonck was one of the organisers of ISES2011 and co-founder of ISES. She has been working in equine ethology and (animal) welfare for many years. She recently accepted a visiting professorship at the veterinary Faculty in Ghent.

Gemma Pearson

Gemma Pearson graduated from Glasgow Vet School in 2009 and after 18mths equine practice in Yorkshire moved to the Dick Vet Equine Practice where she resides as Equine Intern, combining veterinary practice with behavioural consultations. Having undertaken behavioural consultations for the past 9 years she became a member of ISES in 2008. She recently gained Cert in Equitation Science (Theory) and plans to complete the Associate Diploma in Equitation Science by the end of 2012.

Marc Pierard

Marc obtained a Master’s degree in zoology from the Antwerp University, specialising in ethology and behavioural ecology. After participating in a series of in-situ research projects on different animals in various countries, he shifted his focus to applied ethology of domestic horses. His main interest is studying horse behaviour in relation to management and training. Marc has been fascinated by horses since childhood but only started riding in 1997. He is only a recreational rider. In his spare time he helps to train some foals and horses of friends.

Dr Orla Doherty

Orla Doherty graduated as a veterinary surgeon from University College Dublin, and completed a Master's degree in Applied Animal Behaviour and Animal Welfare at Edinburgh University. Orla is an associate lecturer in University College Dublin and the University of Limerick, lecturing on equine and small animal behaviour and welfare, and runs a referral behaviour clinic treating behaviour problems in horses,dogs and cats. Orla is currently doing her PhD at the University of Limerick.

Dr Inga Wolframm

Dr Kathalijne Visser

Kathalijne holds a degree in Animal Sciences at the Wageningen University in the Netherlands. Thereafter, she completed her PhD on horse temperament (HorsonalityR) at the Veterinary Faculty of Utrecht. Both as a scientist as well as a recreational rider, she studies the interaction between rider and horse to find an optimal match for both individuals. Besides her horse research, Kathalijne is also involved in numerous projects improving farm animal welfare.

Dr Joanne Murray

Dr Jo-Anne Murray is a senior lecturer in Animal Nutrition and Husbandry at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies at the University of Edinburgh. Dr Murray has a degree in equine science, a postgraduate diploma in animal nutrition and a PhD in equine nutrition. She is also a British Horse Society Intermediate Instructor, a registered nutritionist with the British Nutrition Society and a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr Murray’s main research has been focussed on improving the nutritive value of fibre-based feedstuffs for horses and investigating the effect of high-starch and high-fructan diets on the large intestinal environment of the horse. More recently, Dr Murray has investigated the use of supplements in horse diets and the effect of these on horse behaviour.

SHOW-AND-TELL BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Surface Electromyography Delsys Trigno™ EMG Lab and Mobile Systems Jane Williams Hartpury College, University of West of England, U.K.

Surface electromyography (sEMG) systems are routinely utilised in human physiological research laboratories for functional monitoring during rehabilitation programmes and for performance analysis. Modern sEMG systems can assess muscle activity by measuring motor unit action potentials (MUAP) in ‘real-time’ telemetrically, thus facilitating objective analysis of equine performance and training practices. Analysis of sEMG data can be used to establish onset and offset of muscle contraction, and also determine when muscle performance is eccentric, concentric or isometric. Further analysis of the mean EMG frequency can provide an objective measure of fitness levels whilst a left shift in the median EMG frequency over time illustrates fatigue. The Delsys Trigno™ systems on display combine telemetric sEMG sensors with integrated 3d accelerometers and offer a viable research tool for field and laboratory based equine research. During this session, the laboratory based system will be used to demonstrate the impact of carriage driving on activity in Longissimus dorsi and the superficial gluteal muscles . There will also be the opportunity to test the system on yourself and to discuss its potential for research.

Rein tensiometry Dr Hayley Randle Duchy College, Plymouth University, U.K.

Rein tensiometry has become increasingly available to researchers over the past decade. This technology allows the tension applied to the horse by the rider to be measured. The force and pressure that the equid is subject to can also be derived, taking into account the independent movement of the horse. Rein tension data can now be transmitted to remote received and be projected to visual equipment such as large screens which will allow riders, trainers and audiences to assess the actual activity of riders hands. In addition to allowing simple assessments of rider handedness for example, this technology also allows a detailed and assessment of the correct application of negative reinforcement through objective recording of pressure release. The influence of physical aspects of equipment used, for example rein materials, can also be evaluated and has the potential to provide crucial information on impact on equitation practice. In summary rein tensiometry will play a fundamental role in the evolution of the ‘golden age of equitation’, whereby objective measures are used to evaluate and subsequently safeguard the welfare of the horse. The use of a rein tension meter will be demonstrated on a single driven horse during the practical day, and you will also have the chance to assess your own rein use in a demonstration setting.

Pressure testing Dr Charlie Nevison Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K.

Pressure sensors are established as a major tool in medical research. In particular clinical evaluations and computer models that are developed using pressure sensor data are making a significant contribution to informing surgical and therapeutic interventions, and development of products, to improve functional movement and reduce pain and discomfort. Such sensors are now being increasingly utilised 53 in sporting and veterinary contexts, including equestrian-related research. In this context, pressure sensors are improving our understanding of the impact of riding on equine and human participants, and to inform appropriate development and use of tack. There is also considerable potential for these sophisticated systems to be used in the assessment of horse-rider communication which could in turn improve athletic performance, horse and rider safety and equine welfare. In this session various sensor arrays that are being currently used in equestrian research will be demonstrated, with a focus on the pressures that riders consciously or unconsciously apply to the horse that could influence ridden responses.

Infrared thermography (MobIR® M8 Thermal Camera) Dr Carol Hall Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, U.K.

Thermal imaging cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum that is generally perceived as heat (in the range of 9,000 – 14,000 nanometres) and produce visible images of that radiation. Infrared radiation is emitted by all objects that have a temperature above absolute zero and thermal imaging cameras show variations in these emissions. This feature means that warm objects, such as humans and other warm-blooded animals, can be ‘seen’ against a cooler background even in the dark. The initial application of this technology was in military and other users of surveillance cameras. Thermography has also been used in medical / veterinary applications to monitor changes in body surface temperature in relation to underlying circulation and metabolism. More recently infrared thermography (IRT) has been used to monitor surface temperature / circulatory changes associated with different emotional states in humans and other animals and this technology offers a non-invasive means of assessing the mental state of the horse. In particular, increases in the temperature of the eye and surrounding area have been found to occur in fear-eliciting situations such as clipping and to correlate with other measures of negative emotion such as increased 54 cortisol level. It is currently being evaluated as a potential means of identifying negative experiences in the ridden horse.

Monitoring Visual Behaviour: Remote and Mobile Eye Tracking Dr Carol Hall Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, U.K.

Monitoring features of visual behaviour can provide an insight into what information is used by people in making decisions that guide their behaviour. Eye tracking technology has enabled us to record the point of gaze by monitoring pupil movements and relating these to the visual scene. The remote eye tracking system (SMI RED system) allows the monitoring and recording of eye movements while looking at a screen. This technology has been used extensively in website design and market research as well as in other applications where eye movements may vary according to experience and other factors, for example in reading. We have started to use this technology to identify the factors that are used in the subjective assessment of ridden horse behaviour and you will be able to trial this equipment with some clips that we have been using in an on-going study.

Mobile eye tracking technology allows the monitoring of rider visual behaviour while ‘on the hoof’. In other sports perceptual training has been used to improve performance but the means of monitoring visual skills in equestrian sports and relating this behaviour to past experience is still in a relatively early stage of development. However, we have collected footage for analysis of the visual behaviour of show jump riders and an example of the results using the ASL Mobile Eye will be available for comment and discussion.

THE ROAD AHEAD

ABSTRACTS

There's nothing so good for the inside of a man as the outside of a horse

Ronald Reagan

The Sustainable Athlete

To close your eyes does not ease another's pain Chinese proverb

1: The sustainable athlete: physical aspects S.J. Dyson Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK. [email protected]

The most common cause of loss of performance is a pain-related musculoskeletal problem, which may result in overt lameness, changes in behaviour or training problems. Prevention of injury and early recognition of problems are key for a sustainable athlete, for both mental and physical health. Pre-selection of potentially sound individuals is important. However, little is currently known about the heritability of many musculoskeletal injuries and diseases in the horse. Specific conformational abnormalities for example asymmetrical front feet, excessively straight hocks or hyperextended hind fetlocks are risk factors for lameness. Natural balance of the horse, progressively scaled training, suitable work surfaces to include a variety of footings and terrain, and cross-training are appropriate preventative measures. This must be combined with adequate musculoskeletal fitness and suitable warm up and warm down programmes. Over-training a skeletally immature athlete potentially predisposes to injury. Horses with naturally exuberant paces may need to be carefully managed to prevent repetitive over- use injury. Trimming and shoeing customised to the horse to maintain foot balance and optimal limb flight and foot placement are important. Horses need regular exercise and play time; regular turn out and horse walker exercise in addition to ridden exercise are probably beneficial. Dietary management is crucial to avoid both unnecessary overloading of limbs and equine metabolic syndrome and its potential consequences. Early recognition of lameness ideally requires objective assessment of gait on a regular basis by a skilled professional. Differentiation between gait irregularities reflecting lack of musculoskeletal strength and coordination rather than a pain-related lameness can be challenging. Regular monitoring of thoracolumbar muscle tension can help to identify changes that may reflect an underlying lameness. Changes in performance on one rein, alterations in contact with the bit and / or position of the head and neck, unusual tension or unwillingness are all likely to reflect an underlying musculoskeletal problem. Loss of rhythm, difficulties in lateral work, becoming disunited, inability to perform flying changes correctly, not landing with the correct forelimb leading are all potential manifestations of musculoskeletal pain. The absence of an overt lameness does not preclude the presence of lameness.

Lay Persons Message Good conformation, natural balance, progressive training to include cross-discipline work and regular turnout are prerequisites for mental and physical soundness.

Keywords: horse, conformation, balance, over-training, lameness, poor performance. 61

2: Acute stress responses of dressage horses ridden in three different head and neck positions M. Van Dierendonck1, M. van Dalum1, M. Beekmans1, J.W. Christensen2 1Utrecht University,Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark [email protected]

The effects of hyperflexion on the welfare of dressage horses have been debated. In previous studies, different Head-and-Neck-Positions (HNP) were assessed on a treadmill or on a lunge. This study aimed to investigate short- term stress responses of horses ridden in three different HNP. After a warm- up period of 20 minutes, 15 Danish dressage horses (medium to Grand Prix level; routinely trained in hyperflexion) rode a pre-determined 10-minute program in walk, trot and canter. All horses were ridden 3 times by their usual rider in respectively a long frame (unrestrained; LF); competition frame (‘on- the-bit’; CF) or Low-Deep-and-Round (LDR) in a balanced order across three test days. Heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), salivary cortisol, behaviour and rein-tension (SignalScribe™, sensor limit=5kg) were recorded during the 10-minute test period. Salivary cortisol concentrations were measured 60 minutes before and 0, 5, 15 and 30 minutes after the test. Results show that horses had a significantly higher cortisol concentration directly after LDR (RM ANOVA F2,11,=6.78; p<0.005) compared to the other HNPs. The horses exhibited significantly more distinctive head movements during LDR (F2,14=4.06; p<0.05). Head waving, most likely induced by the riders, was - shown for longer durations during LDR (Chi squared2.=22.8; p<0.001). Neck and poll flexion differed significantly between LF, CF and LDR whereas HNP stability was affected by gait only. HR and HRV measurements displayed no significant differences between treatments; or correlations with rein-tension. Riders indicated a loss of balance and steering control in the LF frame (less rein contact). Thus imbalanced riders might be experienced as a stressor by the horses, disturbing the effect of the control treatment and weakening the overall results.

Lay Persons Message The position of the horse’s head and neck resulted in significant differences in salivary cortisol concentrations, frequency/duration of certain behaviours and rein-tension. Combined results indicate that LDR may be perceived as more stressful for the horse during riding.

Keywords: hyperflexion, salivary cortisol, stress behaviours, heart rate variability.

3: The potential of surface electromyography as a tool to analyse muscle activity in National Hunt racehorses J.M. Williams, P. Gundry, L. Protheroe UWE Hartpury, Gloucester, UK. [email protected]

Electromyography is an assessment tool employed to assess efficacy of training and rehabilitation regimens in humans. Within equestrian sports, training is commonly based on historic and anecdotal good practice. Surface electromyography (sEMG) systems are available which can assess muscle recruitment (magnitude, amplitude and frequency of electrical output) and performance (synchronicity and lateralisation of muscle groups). Analysis of the mean EMG frequency (mEMGF) provides an objective measure of fitness levels whilst a shift in the median EMG frequency (MeEMGF) over time illustrates fatigue. This study aimed to establish if sEMG could be utilised to assess performance of the Gluteus superficialis (SG) muscle during canter interval training in racehorses of variable fitness. The left and right SG of seven racehorses were palpated to identify the muscle body. Horses were skin-clipped and test areas prepared using alcohol wipes. Sensors (Delsys Trigno™) were secured bilaterally to subjects’ SG prior to exercise. Horses underwent their normal interval training regimen. Data were collected for a standardised 10m interval and processed using a Butterworth low-pass filter (5th order; cut-off frequency 10Hz). Repeated measure ANOVAs evaluated differences (intra/inter horse) within mean motor unit action potential (MUAP) whilst paired t-tests tested differences in MUAP between the left and right SG. A Pearson’s correlation identified if mEMGF was related to fitness level. mEMGF and MeEMGF were plotted over time (0.25 second intervals) to assess fitness and fatigue. No relationships were found for mean MUAP between runs (f1=5.45; p>0.05) and no lateral difference in SG activity was observed across the cohort (t32=-1.4; p>0.05). However, at an individual level differences in MUAP were significant between runs for 72% of horses (horse1 1 2 (H): left f1=85.08; p<0.01; H right: f1=55.95; p<0.01; H left: f1=61.12; p<0.05; 2 3 5 H right: f1=75.95; p< 0.01; H left: f1=43.05; p<0.0001; H right: f1=57.25; 6 p<0.0001; H right: f1= 82.40; p<0.05) and 58% of the population exhibited 1: 2: 3 significant lateral variance (H t7=8.34; p<0.01; H : t10=-6.9; p<0.0001; H : 5 t14=2.29; p<0.05; H : t29=4.44; p<0.0001). Interestingly, no relationship between fitness level and mean sEMG was found. mEMGF varied throughout runs suggesting increased and decreased muscle effort during training. MeEMGF generally remained consistent throughout runs indicative of a lack of fatigue, however in 2 horses fatigue was observed.

Lay Persons Message sEMG is an assessment tool that could analyse muscle activity (fitness/fatigue) and recruitment but further work is needed.

Keywords: electromyography, National Hunt, fitness, training, Thoroughbred. 63

4: The effect of dynamic mobilisation exercises on the multifidus muscle in thoroughbred racehorses G.F. Tabor1, C. Johansson2, H. Randle1 1Duchy College, Stoke Climsland, Cornwall, UK, 2Western Counties Equine Hospital Ltd, Culmstock, Devon, UK. [email protected]

A relationship between the spinal stabiliser muscles and back pathology has been established in human and equine studies. Wasting of the Multifidus muscle in the spine occurs in the presence of back pain and the cross- sectional area (CSA), as measured by ultrasound imaging, of Multifidus does not increase despite resolution of the back pain. Exercises to increase Multifidus CSA have been shown to reduce the incidence of the back pain reoccurring in humans. Similarly dynamic mobilisation exercises (DME) have led to an increase Multifidus CSA in horses on box rest. As part of an on- going study of the effect of DME on the core musculature of horses, this study investigated the effect of DME on thoroughbred racehorses in training. Ultrasound Imaging was used to measure the CSA of the left and right Multifidus muscle at the T16 spinal level on 12 Thoroughbred horses (2 mares, 9 geldings, 1 colt; mean age 4.5±1.83 years) randomly allocated to a control group or experimental group which underwent DME. All horses followed the same training regime as determined by their mutual trainer. The CSAs were normally distributed. One experimental horse was excluded from the analysis following an anomalous 20% CSA reduction. DME led to a significant increase in Multifidus CSA (time 0: mean 14.52±1.64 cm2 vs. mean 2 15.26±1.05 cm after 6 weeks; t10=0.04; p<0.05), whilst no significant change was observed in the control group (time 0: mean 13.65±0.82 cm2 vs. mean 2 13.61±0.78 cm after 6 weeks; t12=0.88; p>0.05). Further research is required to determine whether exercises to increase the CSA of Multifidus benefit horses with back pain. Effective treatment of equine back pain will improve welfare and performance.

Lay Persons Message Physiotherapy techniques designed to manage back pain in humans are frequently applied to treat equine back pain. Dynamic mobilisation exercises intended to strengthen the muscles that support and control the movement of the spine were applied to racehorses undergoing a normal training programme. These exercises led to an increased size in one of the deep spinal stabiliser muscles, which may assist in prevention and/or reduction of back pain in horses.

Keywords: Multifidus, equine back pain, spinal stability.

5: The use of whips in a sample of Australian Thoroughbred races P. McGreevy, R. Corken, H. Savin, C. Black University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. [email protected]

The use of whips in thoroughbred racing is an ethical and welfare issue not least because it often fails to align with learning theory. In addition, the impact of the whip on horses themselves is poorly understood. The current study viewed opportunistic high-speed footage of the final 200m of 15 races (over 1000-2100m) frame-by-frame to examine the outcomes of arm and wrist actions (n=350) on 40 horses viewed from the left of the field. Any actions fully or partially obscured by infrastructure or other horses were removed from the database, leaving a total of 104 non-contact sweeps and 134 strikes. For all instances of arm actions resulting in fully visible whip strikes behind the saddle (n=109), the outcomes noted were area struck, percentage of unpadded section making contact, whether the seam made contact and whether a visible indentation was evident on impact. Working independently, two experienced observers also recorded use of clockwise or counter-clockwise arm action for each jockey’s whip, how the whip was held (like a tennis racquet or a ski pole) and whether the jockey’s arm was seen traveling above shoulder height. The goal of the study was to characterize the area struck and the visual impact of whip use at the level of the horse. We evaluated the percentage of the padded and unpadded sections of the whip that made impact. There was evidence of at least 28 examples, in 9 horses, of breaches of the whip rules (one seam contact, 13 contacts with the head, and 14 arm actions that rose above the height of the shoulder). The whip caused a visible indentation on 83% of impacts. The unpadded section of the whip made contact on 64% of impacts. The results call into question the ability of Stewards to effectively police the rules concerning whip use and, more importantly, challenge the notion that padding the distal section of the whip completely safeguards horses from any possible whip-related pain.

Lay Persons Message High speed cameras reveal evidence of the unacceptable use of whips in Thoroughbred racing and highlight the difficulty stewards face in policing Australian whip rules

Keywords: welfare, whip, rules of racing.

6: Acute stress responses of dressage horses ridden in three different head and neck positions M. Beekmans1, M. van Dalum1, M. VanDierendonck1, J.W. Christensen2 1Utrecht University, The Netherlands, 2Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark. [email protected]

The effects of hyperflexion on the welfare of dressage horses has been debated. In previous studies, different Head-and-Neck-Positions (HNP) were assessed on a treadmill or on a lunge. This study aimed to investigate short- term stress responses of horses ridden in three different HNP. After a warm- up period of 20 minutes, 15 Danish dressage horses (medium to Grand Prix level; (routinely trained in hyperflexion) rode a pre-determined 10-minute program in walk, trot and canter All horses were ridden 3 times by their usual rider in respectively a long frame (unrestrained; LF); competition frame (“on- the-bit”; CF) or Low-Deep-and-Round (LDR) in a balanced order across three test days. Heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), salivary cortisol, behaviour and rein-tension (RT) (SignalScribe™, sensor limit=5kg) were recorded during the 10-minute test period. Responses were analysed for a correlation between RT and ethological and physiological stress measurements across treatments. Average RT in CF (2.6±0.70kg) and LDR (2.6±0.65kg) were equivalent, but different from LF (1.6±0.50kg; RM ANOVA: F2,14=15.19; p<0.001). Unfortunately, a ceiling effect (tension measurements above the upper detection level) was present for a considerable amount of the time measured: 14.6±10.25% for the CF; 15.3±10.67% for the LDR and 1.8±1.29% for the LF (F14;2=11.3; p<0.001), therefore RT averages should be considered underestimations. Variation of the tension (measured as mean variation of the RT) differed between treatments (F2,14=25.8; p<0.001), with LF being the most stable (1.2±0.16kg) and CF (1.5±0.22kg) and LDR (1.6±0.21kg) equal. Poll flexion correlated to average RT (rs=-0.48; p<0.01) and tension stability (rs=- 0.41; p<0.01). Head waving correlated with the period the RT was above the ceiling (rs=0.36; p<0.05) and tension stability (rs=0.36; p<0.05) across treatments. Rein tension and head waving could be added factors to the stress responses of horses during CF and LDR.

Lay Persons Message Rein tension between the rider-horse partnerships varied between horses and Head-and-Neck-Positions. The rein-tension was above the detection limit of 5 kg for a considerable amount of time and correlated to poll flexion and head waving, even during the unrestrained frame. The rein tension had low correlation with physiological stress parameters.

Keywords: hyper flexion, rein tension, ceiling effect, head-neck position, behaviour, salivary cortisol.

7: The effect of horse shoes on equine hoof shape S.R. Malone, H.M.S. Davies University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [email protected]

Limited data exist on the effect of horse shoes on hoof shape. This randomised, controlled, crossover study was designed to test the hypothesis that significantly different changes in hoof shape would occur when horses were shod versus barefoot. Eleven adult Quarter Horse mares (mean age 15.4 years; range 8 to 22 years) underwent both treatments; control (barefoot) and shod (standard steel shoe). At the beginning and the end of each 7 week treatment period duplicate measurements of proximal hoof circumference (PHC) and hoof angle (HA) were taken of both forelimbs using a flexible seamstress tape and an aluminium hoof gauge, respectively. Horses were barefoot and maintained on a 7 week trimming interval prior to the start of the study. All horses were managed under the same conditions, fed the same diet, and underwent no forced exercise during the trial (June-September). Horse’s hooves were trimmed before the start of each 7 week period. Changes in PHC and HA were compared using a paired t-test with significance set at p<0.05. PHC decreased more when horses were shod compared to barefoot by 0.65 cm (SE 0.15; p<0.001) in the left forelimb and by 0.78 cm (SE 0.12; p<0.001) in the right forelimb. HA decreased more when horses were shod compared to barefoot by 1.5 degrees (SE 0.61; p<0.05) in the left forelimb and by 1.8 degrees (SE 0.57; p<0.05) in the right forelimb. This study indicated significant differences in PHC and HA changes between the two treatments, with horses showing significantly larger decreases in PHC and HA when shod. This difference in hoof shape could have a significant effect on the horse, and additional research is necessary for a better understanding of the factors that contribute to hoof shape changes and the potential consequences.

Lay Persons Message This study indicated that horses had significantly different changes in proximal hoof circumference and hoof angle when shod compared to when the same horses were barefoot over a 7 week trimming interval. A better understanding of the relationship between hoof shape and shoeing may lead to better management practices.

Keywords: hoof, horse shoe, proximal hoof circumference, hoof angle, hoof growth.

8: A pilot study to develop an ethogram for assisting in the identification of equine neck pain during manual clinical assessment N. Rombach, C. Heleski, N. Stubbs, H. Clayton Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA. [email protected]

Spinal dysfunction has a deleterious effect on sport horse performance and behaviour, and undiagnosed conditions may have welfare implications. In a preliminary study using a single-blinded randomised controlled design, ten clinically non-lame horses from matched career backgrounds (five cases with veterinary-diagnosed neck pain and five veterinary-assessed controls) aged 11.8±3.29 years were evaluated by an experienced equine manual therapy practitioner for signs of neck pain. Soft-tissue irritability and cervical spine joint range of motion assessment techniques adapted from human practice were used to identify sensitivity/dysfunction from the atlanto-occipital joint to the cervicothoracic junction. Each session was recorded on video, focusing on the horse’s head and neck, including the practitioner’s assessment techniques. Blinded analysis of recordings was conducted by an equine behaviourist and the manual therapy practitioner for evidence of behavioural manifestations in response to the manual assessment. Two groups of behaviour that are subjectively associated with manifestations of pain/discomfort were identified, namely, aversive behaviours with the head/neck (withdrawal responses e.g. head toss, bite threat) and altered expressions of the eyes/ears (anxiety responses e.g. pinned ears, eye whites showing). The numbers of occurrences were added. A Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test quantified agreement between paired scores from both observers. There was a strong correlation between agreements for evidence of withdrawal (r=0.78; p<0.01) and anxiety (r=0.77; p<0.05) responses. Both groups of responses were noted more frequently in the five cases with neck pain than in the five control horses (cases: 237.60±75.18; controls: 57.60±18.22). This difference was not statistically significant in this pilot sample. Behavioural manifestations related to potential neck pain should be considered in clinical evaluation, however, behaviour alone as based on this pilot work was insufficient to accurately place the subjects into their correct clinical classification of neck pain versus control case.

Lay Persons Message Neck pain can negatively impact equine welfare. Horses with neck pain may show behaviours such as head tossing and bite threats when palpated. However, some horses with diagnosed neck pain appear stoic and express few adverse/anxious behaviours. Based on this pilot work, behaviour could be a useful tool for practitioners but should not be expected to stand alone.

Keywords: Horse behaviour, welfare, neck pain, ethogram.

9: The effect of a rider’s weight on equine hoof circumference S.R. Malone, H.M.S. Davies University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, USA [email protected]

Research has investigated the loading patterns of horse hooves when a rider is mounted, but proximal hoof circumference (PHC) data are not generally described. PHC is measured at the proximal edge of the hoof which is less rigid and may change more quickly in response to stimuli than the rest of the hoof wall. This study tested the hypothesis that with the additional weight of a rider PHC would change. Ten adult free-ranging horses (mean age 11.1 years; range 4 to 21 years) had PHC data collected from both forelimbs using a flexible seamstress tape. Data were collected while the horse was standing saddled, again after rider one (R1=68 kg) had been mounted for 2 min, and a third time 2 min after rider two (R2=88 kg) mounted. Data were compared to the pre-rider values using a paired t-test and significance set at p<0.05. Results demonstrated no significant change in PHC in either forelimb when either rider was mounted. The left forelimb had a mean decrease in PHC of 0.03cm (SE=0.03; p>0.05) with R1 and a decrease of 0.02cm (SE=0.03; p>0.05) with R2. The right PHC decreased by a mean of 0.06cm (SE=0.06; p>0.05) with R1 and decreased by 0.02cm (SE=0.04; p>0.05) with R2. This study indicated that the additional weight of rider (approximately 13% and 17% of the horse’s body weight) was not associated with a significant change in PHC. An increase in the weight a horse is carrying may be expected to contribute to an increased PHC as the additional weight is distributed to the hooves, but this study did not support that hypothesis. Elucidation of relationships between an increase in load and hoof shape is essential to the design of management practices that reduce injury.

Lay Persons Message This study indicated that the short-term addition of a rider’s weight (approximately 13% and 17% of the horse’s body weight) was not associated with a significant change in proximal hoof circumference. A more thorough understanding of hoof loading is essential to the design of management practices that reduce injuries.

Keywords: rider, proximal hoof circumference, hoof shape, load.

10: An investigation into the effects of McTimoney chiropractic treatment on the stride parameters of the horse during trot S.L. Trott1,2, T. Carey1, C. Cunliffe1 1McTimoney College of Chiropractic, Oxfordshire, UK, 2McTimoney Animal Association, Kent, UK. [email protected]

Anecdotally, McTimoney Chiropractic is reported to improve equine performance. Objective data on the impact of McTimoney treatment on locomotor function are not yet available. This study investigated the effect of the technique on stride parameters during trot. Seventeen clinically sound college horses were randomised into treatment (n=12, mean age=11 years, mean height=160.6 cm) and control (n=5, mean age=10 years, mean height= 160.5 cm) groups. Horses were trotted in hand at self-selected speed (by experienced handlers, blinded to the study) immediately before and two days following McTimoney treatment. Data were obtained using 2D gait analysis software. Average stride velocity (SV) and stride length (SL) were calculated from 4-6 left and right trot strides per horse. Treatment group horses received routine McTimoney treatment whilst the control horses remained in their stables. Post care exercise for all horses was controlled to 3 hours paddock turnout the day after treatment; and 20 minutes horse walker exercise prior to reassessment. Prior to treatment, student T tests revealed no significant differences (p>0.05) between the population data and average stride parameters for the 2 groups. Using paired T tests to compare pre-treatment and post-treatment data, there were significant increases in SL (mean SL (Day 0)= 2.25±0.06 m, mean SL (Day 2)= 2.32±0.04 m; p<0.01) and SV (mean SV (Day 0)= 3.21±0.09 m/s, mean SV (Day 2)= 3.30±0.07 m/s; p<0.01) but no significant difference shown for the control group (p>0.05). The differences in stride length and velocity two days following McTimoney chiropractic treatment provide some evidence for the short term impact of treatment. This could have an implication in benefiting equitation science by improving performance, however further research is required on locomotor function following a treatment regime to fully understand the impact of McTimoney treatment on performance.

Lay Persons Message Despite anecdotal evidence into the benefits of McTimoney Chiropractic on equine performance, there has been little scientific evidence produced. This study provides some evidence that McTimoney treatment influences stride length and speed (forwardness) of the horse during trot, however further evidence is required to full understand the impact in improving performance.

Keywords: McTimoney, Chiropractic, kinematic, equine.

11: Differences in hind limb angulations between top-level dressage and show-jumping horses U. König von Borstel, R. Hoogveld, M. Gauly University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. [email protected]

The aim of the present study was to compare angles of the rear extremities of top-level dressage horses (n=40) with top-level show jumpers (n=40) horses competing successfully at German level L (roughly comparable to “elementary” in the Anglo-Saxon system) to international level 5* (highest competition level). Horses were balanced for competition levels across disciplines with a focus on horses competing at international levels. According to previously validated procedures, pictures were taken while the horse was standing without a mounted rider on even ground with its weight distributed on all four legs. Marks were placed on the horses’ tuber sacrale, ischial tuber, stifle and tarsus in analogy to the anatomical landmarks used in practice to evaluate equine conformation. Based on these marks, hip- and knee angles were calculated using the software package Golden Ratio. Within discipline, hip and knee angle did not correlate significantly with each other (both p>0.05). Mixed model analysis revealed no differences between dressage (56.1±0.6°) and show-jumping (56.0±0.6°) horses for the hip angle (F-test: p>0.05). However the angle tended to be more obtuse for horses competing successfully at more advanced rather than lower levels, regardless of discipline (+0.5±0.3° per additional level; F-test: p>0.05). In contrast, dressage horses had a more acute knee angle (90.3±1.0°) compared to show-jumping horses (93.4±1.0°; p>0.05), but this angle did not change significantly with higher competition levels (p>0.05). Overall, differences between dressage and show-jumping horses or between horses of different levels were small, and from the present result it is not clear if differences are innate or the result of training. Additional information such as angles to the ground should be collected to get more complete information on the interrelation between different factors.

Lay Persons Message Compared to top-level dressage horses, show- jumping horses appear to have slightly more upright legs based on the stifle, but not the hip angle. These differences might be used as additional information when selecting young horses for sport.

Keywords: conformation, hind limb angulations, dressage, show-jumping, hip, knee.

12: Monitoring front cannon bone dorsopalmar midshaft proportions during training in thoroughbred racehorses H.M.S. Davies Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [email protected]

Damage to the distal forelimb, is a major cause of wastage in the racehorse industry. Bones change size and shape in response to changes in their loading or mineral supply. The dorsopalmar proportions of the mid shaft of the third metacarpal bone (MC3) may be monitored with weekly radiographs according to published methods. This may reduce the incidence of shin soreness or show when the bone might be more prone to breakdown. 183 horses (mean age at start of training 2.3±0.8 years; mean duration of training 700±483 days) at a racehorse training stable at Flemington racetrack were followed throughout their time in the stable. Weekly radiographic measurements were taken of MC3 shape in both forelimbs and feedback given to the trainer concerning any changes. Most horses raced on the flat but 10% competed in hurdle races and steeplechases. Seven horses died during training in the 11 year study (3.8%). Six deaths were not related to the locomotory system. One horse (0.5%) died as a result of a catastrophic fracture of MC3 after 6 weeks of training. This colt was in the first cohort of horses that were followed from the start of their training and showed relatively large changes in MC3 shape preceding this event. No other horses sustained catastrophic fractures between September 1996 and August 2007 when weekly visits to the stable were discontinued. Radiographic evidence of bone fracture in the MC3 mid shaft was recognised on 12 occasions before August 2007 and in each instance the trainer was contacted the same day and fast work discontinued until the fracture lines were no longer evident (one to three weeks). Between August 2007 and March 2010 three horses from this stable (around 4%) have sustained catastrophic fractures of MC3. It seems likely that routine radiographic monitoring of MC3 in Thoroughbred racehorses might assist in reducing the incidence of catastrophic breakdown.

Lay Persons Message This study indicated that routine monitoring of racehorses in training through the use of weekly radiographs of the front cannon bones may assist trainers in avoiding catastrophic breakdown of the forelimbs during training and racing.

Keywords: third metacarpal bone, fracture, racehorse, radiography.

13: An investigation into the effects of McTimoney chiropractic treatment on axial rotation of the equine pelvis S.L. Trott1,2, R. Davies1, J. Ellis1, C. Cunliffe1 1McTimoney College of Chiropractic, Oxfordshire, UK, 2McTimoney Animal Association, Kent, UK. [email protected]

The equine pelvis is not a rigid structure and during most movements of the sacroiliac joint, asymmetric pelvic deformation occurs. Asymmetry between the left-right tuber coxae (L-R TC) height may or can indicate restriction in the range of rotation of the pelvis around the axis. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess the effect of McTimoney chiropractic technique on the axial rotation of the pelvis, aiming to reduce static pelvic asymmetry. Fourteen sound riding club horses were used (4 mares, 10 geldings; mean age=12.6 years; mean height=165 cm). Whilst standing square, the level height of the dorsal aspect of L-R TC to the floor was measured (pilot study yielded p<0.0001 intra-assessor repeatability). Measurements were taken immediately before and after a single McTimoney treatment session, and repeated after 2 days, 10 days and 21 days. The McTimoney treatments were conducted by the same practitioner, and included an appropriate left or right dorsal rotation adjustment on the ventral side of the pelvis. A repeated measures ANOVA yielded a significant reduction (p<0.001) in L-R TC height difference throughout the 3 week assessment period. Analysis of mean L-R TC height differences compared to pre-treatment measurement reveals: Pre- treatment=1.34±0.18 cm; immediately post-treatment= 0.32±0.06 cm (p<0.001); 2 days post-treatment= 0.55±0.09 cm (p<0.01); 10 days post- treatment= 0.76±0.12 cm (p>0.05) and 21 days post-treatment= 0.46±0.11 cm (p<0.05). McTimoney treatment reduced the difference between the L-R TC heights in sound horses. The pelvic axial rotation adjustment improved pelvic symmetry for at least 3 weeks. This study provides objective evidence for McTimoney treatment in improving postural pelvic asymmetry in sound horses. However further investigation is warranted in the effect of treatment on symmetry of the pelvis during movement and the impact on performance.

Lay Persons Message Asymmetry in the pelvis is often noted in riding horses. This study demonstrated that postural pelvic asymmetry can be improved with McTimoney chiropractic treatment for at least a 3 week period. With increased postural symmetry of the pelvis, movement and muscle development will be potentially more symmetrical, improving performance.

Keywords: McTimoney, Chiropractic, pelvis asymmetry, equine.

14: Influences of a saddlepad on heart rate, heart rate variability and thermography of ridden horses M Wulf1, G Racic1, R Stodulka1, M Becker-Birck1, C Aurich1,2 1Graf-Lehndorff-Institute for Equine Science, Neustadt (Dosse), Germany 2University of Veterinary Sciences, Vienna, Austria. [email protected]

Six warmblood horses (three stallions, two geldings, one mare, between three and seven years old) were used to evaluate the suitability of a saddlepad (Trapezius Relieve Pad, TRP, Passier, Hanover, Germany). The pad provides a specific cut-out sector for decreasing the compressive stress of the trapezius muscle. Heart rate and heart rate variability (Polar, Kempele, Finland) were determined. A thermal imaging camera (Wuhan Guide Infrared, China) was used to evaluate temperature distribution on the bottom of the saddles and the horse’s back. Pressure under saddle was measured using a pressure pad (Savecomp Megascan GmbH, Hanover, Germany). The horses were ridden on two consecutive days in a cross over study design with pad (WP) and without pad (WoP) at random order over a period of 15 minutes in all three gaits (tempi controlled) on both hands before measuring the skin temperature with the thermal imaging camera. The RR interval was recorded from the time of saddling until two hours after riding and analysed in 5min- intervals. Irrespective of gaits, RR interval was higher with than without TRP (walk WOP 614±47, WP 737±50; trot WoP 515±25, WP 528±26; canter WOP 560±22, WP 681±48 msec; p<0.001 between gaits, p<0.05 between groups) demonstrating a relaxation of the horses while being ridden with the TRP. No differences between groups were found in the two-hour-period after riding. The thermal imaging camera revealed significantly lower average and maximum temperatures for both hind quadrants of the saddle (caudal left WoP 24.5±0.9, WP 20.1±1.0, caudal right WoP 24.9±1.0, WP 20.4±0.9°C; p<0.05 between groups) while the maximal pressure under saddle tended to increase with TRP (e.g. canter WoP 39.3±7.0, WP 51.6±20.1 kPa; p>0.05). Thus changes in weight distribution of the rider using the TRP are suggested. The TRP seems to lead to a better heat flow under saddle and a reduction of pressure in the caudal region of the saddle and thus contributes to relaxation in the horse despite an increase in maximal pressure under saddle.

Lay Persons Message Usage of a specially designed saddle pad leads to a pressure reduction in the hind quadrants of the saddle and a higher RR interval showing relaxation of the horse. This pad can therefore help improving the welfare of ridden horses.

Keywords: heart rate, welfare, training, thermography.

15: An exploration of the equine ‘happy athlete’ N. Huws, C. Hall, E. Taylor, H. Owen Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK. [email protected]

Recent years have witnessed increased interest in the welfare of ridden sports horses, and in an effort to address this issue the Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI) introduced the concept of a ‘happy’ equine athlete. With the growth in spectator status of equestrian sports, it is important to establish if the layperson’s concept of ‘happy’ concurs with the FEI definition, and indeed if other industry professionals also agree. This study therefore aimed to identify the criteria used to assess ridden horses as ‘happy’, and to determine if these varied according to equestrian status. Five participant groups were involved: academics/ researchers (n=13), qualified dressage judges (n=10), professional riders and trainers (n=10), veterinary practitioners (n=9) and recreational riders (n=18). All participants assessed two-minute videos of ten horses ridden by amateurs through a Novice level test. The horses were rated via an online questionnaire against criteria based on the scales of training, FEI dressage test collectives and a selection of popular equestrian terms. Initial analysis compared how each participant group ranked the ten horses as ‘happy athletes’ , and found strong, positive correlations between each group, ranging from (r 8=0.848; p<0.01) to (r8=0.967, p<0.001). This indicates that there is general consensus regarding the behaviour of horses deemed to be ‘happy’ in their work. Further analysis will explore relationships between the other assessment criteria included in the questionnaire, with the aim of developing a statistical model for the ‘happy athlete’. Additionally, the video footage and feedback from professional assessors has formed the basis of a newly launched open access online teaching and learning resource (viewable at http://riddenhorsebehaviour.wikispaces.com). This will facilitate better understanding of ridden horse behaviour and consequently improve the welfare of both competition and leisure horses.

Lay Persons Message The concept of a ‘Happy Athlete’ was introduced by the FEI (Fédération Équestre Internationale) to protect the welfare of ridden sports horses. This study explored how various industry professionals rate ridden horses, and found general agreement regarding what constitutes a ‘happy’ ridden horse.

Keywords: horse, athlete, dressage, equestrian, welfare.

16: Effect of the Pessoa Training Aid on temporal, linear and angular variables of the working trot V.A. Walker, S.J. Dyson, R.C. Murray Animal Health Trust, Centre for Equine Studies, Kentford, Newmarket, UK. [email protected]

The Pessoa Training Aid (PTA) is commonly used for training and rehabilitation, yet there has been little research into its mechanism of action. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a PTA on stride characteristics of forelimbs and hindlimbs at working trot. Twelve riding horses were lunged on a 16m diameter circle without a PTA and with a PTA within an arena set up that ensured subjects were perpendicular to the camera for motion capture. The PTA was positioned with the line to the bit attached at level of the shoulder and length set with the horse’s nose in line with the vertical when stationary. Stride duration, speed and stride length were determined using inertial motion sensors and a Global Positioning System. Duty factor, tarsal angle, fore/hindlimb fetlock extension, lumbosacral flexion angle at forelimb/hindlimb stance and maximal hindlimb retraction and protraction were derived from high-speed motion capture (125Hz). A paired t- test or Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare with PTA to without PTA. Speed (Without: 3.01±0.52 m/s: With Pessoa: 2.92±0.58 m/s) (W=3774608, n=3630, p<0.0001), stride length (Without: 2.24±0.41 m: With Pessoa: 2.17±0.46 m) (W=3632368, n=3630, p<0.0001), and lumbosacral flexion angle at maximal hindlimb retraction (Without: 158.78º±6.18: With Pessoa: 156.50º±4.87) (t=3.08; p<0.01) were significantly lower with a PTA than without. Decrease in speed and stride length with the PTA compared with without, and maintenance of stride duration, and observation of the horses’ outlines suggest that they are in better balance. Lack of change in forelimb and hindlimb fetlock extension and tarsal flexion suggest that peak loading of the limbs does not alter with the PTA. Decreased lumbosacral flexion angle at maximal hindlimb retraction may be a response to hindquarter band tension, suggesting stimulation of the core muscles at this phase of the stride. It appears that the PTA may be beneficial for rehabilitation of horses recovering from limb injuries, because it encourages lumbosacral flexion without concurrent increase in loading of limb structures. A detailed investigation of trunk kinematics is warranted to further understand influence of the PTA on posture.

Lay Persons Message The Pessoa Training Aid appears to improve posture and stimulate the core muscles of the horse without producing greater loading of the limbs. This may make it a useful rehabilitation tool for horses recovering from limb injuries.

Keywords: equine; kinematics; working trot; rehabilitation; training aids. 76

17: Investigation into parameters for detection of limbs hypersensitivity G. Giovagnoli2, E. Bertamini1, M. Mazzi2, V. Redaelli1, M. Minero1 1Università degli Studi, Milano, Italy, 2FISE, Roma, Italy. [email protected]

FEI (Fédération Equestre Internationale) Veterinary Regulations state that horses are not eligible to compete at any time when any limb or part of a limb is desensitised or hypersensitised. FISE (Federazione Italiana Sport Equestri) and the University of Milan aimed to investigate parameters for detection of limbs hypersensitivity. Data were collected on 140 horses (7-18 years) and riders during 2010 and 2011 Young Cup at Piazza di Siena in Rome. All horses and riders were evaluated as they exited the competition arena. Thermographic images of the legs below the carpus/tarsus were recorded by a certified technician, following the standard method of examination proposed by FEI. Thermographic images of the carunculae lacrimalis were also collected. A brief clinical examination was performed by an appointed veterinarian who applied a quantifiable blunt pressure at the coronet band using an algometer and recorded the pressure at which the horse purposefully lifted the limb. Heart rate and distance of the first avoidance reaction of horses to an unknown person approaching one step/s were recorded. Riders and horses overall reactivity was evaluated using numerical rating scales to quantitatively score qualitative descriptors. Descriptive statistics, Spearman’s Rho correlations and Chisquare tests were performed. Thermographic images of the hindlegs (n=45) were invalidated due to high humidity and sand. Temperature recorded at coronet (34±2.6 °C) was affected by the sunlight. Eight horses presented more than 2°C difference between coronets, five horses had pastern T<30°C. Temperature of the caruncula lacrimalis and horses reactivity scores significantly correlated (Spearman’s Rho=0.4; p<0.001). 86% of subjects did not show any avoidance to the approaching person, horses showing some avoidance did not present significantly different withdrawal reactions to pressure but their riders were scored more reactive than other riders (Chi-squared=39.1; p<0.001). Sunlight, dirtiness and humidity could invalidate thermographic data. Reactivity evaluation and a standardized pressure test were meaningfully combined to thermographic results used for detection of limbs hypersensitivity.

Lay Persons Message In order to detect a possible illegal limb hypersensitization it is important to evaluate environmental, clinical, thermographic and behavioural parameters all together

Keywords: hypersensitivity, thermography, reactivity, show-jumping, welfare.

18: Do Horses That Crib-bite Exhibit A Different Sleeping Duration Than Those That Do Not Exhibit Any Stereotypic Behaviours? K. Roberts, J.M. Williams UWE Hartpury, Gloucester, UK [email protected]

It has been suggested that horses that crib-bite express reduced sleeping and resting behaviour. Two types of sleep are observed in the equine: slow wave sleep (SWS) present in both standing sleep (SS) and sternal recumbency (SR), and paradoxical sleep (PS) which can only occur during lateral recumbency (LR). Stereotypies have previously been associated with sleep deprivation, therefore individuals that crib-bite may exhibit altered sleeping behaviour which could be associated with negative welfare. This study aimed to determine whether differences existed in SS, SR, LR and total sleep duration between crib-biting and control horses. Non-crib biting horses (n=7) and crib-biting horses (n=7), non-matched due to selection via convenience sampling (mixed ages, breed and sex) but which had no human contact during the experimental period, were videoed between 22:00-06:00 for five consecutive nights utilising a night-vision camera. Footage was reviewed continuously at 16x speed with exact duration of type of sleep recorded (identified via body positioning); instantaneous sampling at 5 minute intervals recorded general behaviour using a pre-written ethogram determined from the pilot study. Data were parametric; therefore a series of ANOVAs, with post hoc Bonferroni correction, examined differences within SS, SR, LR and total sleep duration between crib-biting and control horses, mares and geldings, stable type and bedding type. Crib-biting horses demonstrated a significant reduction in SS (48%) compared to non-crib biting horses (F5=3.808; p<0.001). No significant difference was observed in SR, LR or total sleep duration. Sex and bedding substrate did not exert a significant difference on sleep (p>0.05). Age and stable type were also found to have no effect on sleep (p>0.05). The reduction in SS in crib-biters is indicative of potential reduced SWS, which can impact restorative repair. Horses were only filmed at night therefore potential exists for increased SS during the day to compensate for reduced SWS at night. This research suggests that crib-biting horses reduce sleep duration specifically to crib-bite. Further research is required to fully investigate this potential link between oral stereotypy and reduced SWS.

Lay Persons Message This study suggests horses that crib exhibit different sleep behaviour to ‘normal’ horses which could subsequently impact on welfare.

Keywords: sleep, paradoxical sleep, oral stereotypy, crib-biting.

19: The effect of different types of side-reins on measurable kinematic parameters of the young horse R.F. White, A.A. Mills, N. Blackie Writtle College, Chelmsford, UK. [email protected]

Side reins (SR) are used extensively in the industry as an aid to introduce the young horse (YH) to the bit and to establish self-carriage. The causal effect of SR on the position of the head and neck (HNP) and potential kinematic variance of the YH has yet to be published. The aim of the study was to determine whether an effect on measurable kinematic parameters exists between the use of three different types of commonly used SR on the YH. Seven horses (mean age: 1.87 years; range: 1-4 years; gender: 2 male, 5 female) were fitted with spherical markers placed at anatomical landmarks. SR were selected from those commonly used within the industry; donut (D), elastic (E) and fixed (F). Reins were attached to the girth of the roller to a pre- described length by the same handler. Each horse trotted in-hand five times in a straight line, on a mixed wax, sand and rubber arena surface under each treatment. Subjects were primarily tested with no-SR (NR) as a control measure. The order of rein treatment was randomised. The HNP was assessed observationally using eight pre-defined positions at ‘X’ on each run. Stride and tracking lengths (m) and hock and femur angles were measured using Simi Reality Motion Systems Package (Unterschleissheim, Germany). Length and angle data were analysed via an ANOVA. HNP data were analysed via Friedman’s ANOVA and Wilcoxon post-hoc tests. SR did not significantly affect locomotory parameters. HNP was significantly affected by the use of SR (Chi-squared3=13.96; p<0.05), however the change was not reliant on type. All treatments returned a range of HNP, with the highest frequencies found in HNP7 (HNP extended forward, bridge of nose on the vertical) (f=33) and HNP8 (HNP lowered and flexed, bridge of nose behind the vertical) (f=25). Overall, SR variety can be linked to beneficial changes in HNP as the lowered posture identified is aimed for when training the young horse. Affective changes on other parameters were statistically inconclusive. Additional research into the effect of SR variety on the horse’s kinematics is necessary in order to conclude recommendations for their correct use.

Lay Persons Message An appreciation of the effects of different SR on kinematic parameters needs to be developed. Rein type was not found to be significantly contributory as subjects favoured the lower HNP under all rein types (D, E and F). There is a need to understand the potential differences caused by SR type to be able to make choices regarding suitability and promote correct education in the industry, with misapplication potentially impacting the horse welfare.

Keywords: side-rein, young-horse, kinematics, training, welfare. 79

20: Motor laterality of forelimbs preference in freestyle jumping horses P. Baragli1, V. Vitale1, M. Cipollini2, C. Sighieri1 1University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, 2University of Florence, Florence, Italy. [email protected]

Horses usually jump with an asymmetrical pattern with either the left or right forelimb going over the hurdle first. In this study we examined 21 three year old Maremmano mares while they were jumping freely without rider. The aim was to determine which forelimb (right or left) left the ground prior to jumping over a fence. Three hurdles were mounted in a oval-shaped corridor where horses could only run in anticlockwise direction. The hurdle one (20 cm) was positioned at the end of the curve. The hurdle two (40 cm) was positioned 7 m from hurdle one. The hurdle three (60 cm) was positioned at 7 m from hurdle two (apparatus was standardised according to Italian freestyle jumping competition, http://www.unire.gov.it/index.php). Each horse performed five laps of the ring (5 jumps for each hurdle) at canter. In the inner part of the ring three video cameras were positioned perpendicularly to each hurdle. Video clips of each jump were analyzed frame by frame and preferential use of left or right forelimb going over the hurdle first were verified by Chi-square test. Five horses showed a significantly lateralized right bias (they jumped with right forelimb ahead) in jump one. Only 3 horses showed a significantly lateralized right bias in jump two. Interesting, while jumping hurdle three, 3 horses showed a significantly lateralized left bias and 4 horses a significantly lateralized right bias. The laterality right bias showed in jump one could be influenced by the anticlockwise gait (straight off left forelimb while cantering in the curve). This influence is reduced in hurdle two. Moreover, laterality bias could be influenced by the height of hurdles, as showed by hurdle three, in which an individually lateralized approach to the hurdle could be indicated by the preferential use of left forelimbs showed by three horses. We also underline that 2 horses showed a significantly preferential use of right forelimb in each hurdle, thus indicating that some horses could have stronger jumping laterality bias.

Lay Persons Message Understanding motor laterality biases in jumping horses could be help riders to correctly approach the hurdle in training and competition.

Keywords: jumping, motor laterality, forelimb.

21: A retrospective analysis of high performance dressage horse head and neck angles 1979-2011 H. Randle, B. Venables Duchy College, Stoke Climsland, Cornwall, UK. [email protected]

Over the last decade there has been substantial concern over the use of rollkür as a training method frequently employed to achieve a working outline in horses. Hyper flexion requires the horse to carry its head very low with the cervical vertebrae maximally flexed and may even involve the horses’ nose touching its chest. This hyper flexion is believed to improve the power and activity of the hind quarters due to enhanced engagement resulting from greater back mobility. In 2006 the FEI staged an international workshop in Lausanne examining the use of hyper flexion as a training method following substantial media concern over welfare. Ten trotting images from the dressage section of each of eighteen different FEI yearbooks spanning 1979 to 2010-11 were selected. All of the images selected had been taken side-on to the horse, with the photographer being parallel and at 90o to the horse. Images were digitally scanned before analysis to extract head-to-neck angle, deviation from vertical and nose-to-neck distance using MS Visio software. All measures were normally distributed and subjected to One-Way ANOVA using the Minitab v16 statistics package. The head-to-neck angle (o) varied significantly with year (F17,179=2.80; p<0.001) with significantly smaller angles seen around 2006 (Tukeys qs, p<0.05). Deviation from the vertical (o) also differed significantly with year (F17,127=2.31; p<0.005) with significantly greater negative deviation observed in both 2006 and more recently 2010 (Tukeys qs, p<0.05). Similarly, chin to neck distance also differed significantly between years (F17,179=2.17; p<0.01) with the smallest distances being recorded for 2006 (Tukeys q, p<0.05). Analysis of the post FEI hyper flexion workshop data suggests a decrease in the extent of hyper flexion, however none of these were significant (all t-tests, p>0.05). Whilst examination of historic data demonstrates fluctuations in the extent of hyper flexion seen in FEI competitions, significant improvement is not evident.

Lay Persons Message Scrutiny of winning dressage horse images in FEI yearbooks from 1979 to 2010 demonstrates that the extent of hyper flexion seen varies from year to year. Despite concern over its use resulting in an international FEI workshop in 2006 meaningful changes in practice and therefore welfare have not been seen.

Keywords: hyper flexion, rollkür, head, neck, angle, welfare.

22: Risk factors associated with horse falls in British Steeplechase Racing from 2008 to 2011 J.M. Williams, N. Aldous, F. DaMata UWE Hartpury, Gloucester, UK. [email protected]

Previous epidemiological studies have identified factors related to increased fall risk in racing, with results being applied to inform preventative strategies to enhance racehorse welfare. Recent high profile race meetings including the Cheltenham Festival and Grand National meeting have had high numbers of falls and fatalities. This study aimed to investigate if risk factors associated with steeplechase horse falls have changed as a result of strategies implemented. Horse, course and race factors related to horse falls were identified and collected via the Racingpost website for all British steeplechase races (n=5133) between 2008 and 2011. Data were analysed using a multivariable and single effect logistic regression model, with a binomial fit, and using ‘fall’ or ‘no fall’ as the dependent variables, to identify factors associated with increased fall risk. Steeplechases for this period exerted a 32% chance of containing a faller; with a 5% probability for an individual horse to fall. Courses considered less testing, defined via application of a scale rating from published course descriptions (b=-0.063; df=1; p<0.05) and classes of race (1-3: b1=-1.053; b2= -0.360 b3= 0.156; df=1; p<0.0001) significantly increased the risk of horse falls. Speed (b=0.142; df=1; p<0.05), distance (b=0.0001; df=1; p<0.05) and increased number of runners and fences (br=-0.158; bf=-0.074; df=1; p<0.0001) were also significantly associated with a higher incidence of falls. Races run on firm (b=0,529; df=1; p<0.0001) or good to firm (b=0.058; df=1; p<0.0001) going resulted in more fallers. The results have found a decrease in the risk of falling from that established by prior studies for speed, distance, number of fences, course difficulty, class and going. This suggests that prevention strategies have been partially effective to reduce racehorse falls; however scope remains to maximize equine welfare. Whilst many significant factors identified here relate to the spectacle of racing, it is suggested that improved racecourse strategies to address the influence of going and course design (undulations, fence locations) could be implemented to further reduce horse-falls.

Lay Persons Message Our results suggest that racecourse strategies to limit factors which contribute to horse-falls are partially working as fall risk has declined since previous studies. However further measures such as targeted watering to control going and consideration of course design may reduce fallers further.

Keywords: epidemiology, steeplechasing, thoroughbred, racing, horse-falls.

23: Equine behavioural neuroscience: research goals for the next decade and beyond A.Hemmings Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, UK. [email protected]

In order for the horse to behave appropriately within a dynamic environment, information is gathered from sensory receptors, and is conveyed via the peripheral nervous system to the brain. Following a process of cognition influenced by experience and innate genetic programming, a corresponding motor response ensues. Given the requirement for domestic horses to assimilate taught associations and respond correctly to cues, an understanding of cognitive neuroscience will no doubt bolster progressive training strategies. However, despite this putative linkage between brain function and training, few studies have sought to investigate the neural underpin of equine behavioural processes. As such, the primary aim of this paper is to firstly summarise the current state of knowledge, and then, using data from better studied species, recommend future research goals. Given the logistical and ethical dimensions of direct measurements of brain function, most equine studies have traditionally focussed on quantification of centrally released neurotransmitters in the peripheral bloodstream. Such endeavours are characterised by lack of repeatability and vagaries of interpretation. More recently, behavioural probes using operant conditioning, or maze testing to analyse basal ganglia function have yielded higher quality data. Furthermore, other indicators such as spontaneous eye blink rate could provide non- invasive measures of behaviourally important neurotransmitters, like dopamine for instance. Finally, with an eye towards research horizons, genetic tests of brain function contain vast potential. For example, using genetic material extracted from hair, we are on the verge of predicting learning potential, food intake, stress susceptibility and aggressive tendencies. When interpreted carefully, this information could be used to direct breeding strategies, or to screen young stock such that bespoke management and training programmes can be implemented from an early age.

Lay Persons Message A greater understanding of equine brain function will promote training and management strategies that maximise health, welfare, and performance. Moreover, genetic tests that predict temperament and learning ability could well become useful management tools over the next decade.

Keywords: equine, cognition, behaviour, brain, training, welfare.

24: Influence of psychological and physiological arousal in humans on horse heart rate and behaviour K. Merkies1, A. Isensee2, H. MacGregor1, U. von Borstel2, A. Tucker1, J. Carson1, R. Bergeron1 1University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 2University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany [email protected]

Direct human contact may transmit distress signals from humans, causing an increased heart rate (HR) in horses. No studies have been done to determine whether horses can differentiate between humans who are physiologically- stressed (eg. after exercising) as opposed to psychologically-stressed (eg. feeling nervous/afraid). Horses (n=10) loose in a round pen were randomly subjected to each of four treatments: 1) no human [control], 2) calm human comfortable around horses [CALM], 3) physically-stressed human [PHYS; human exercised to 70% maximum HR], and 4) psychologically-stressed human [PSYCH; human nervous around horses]. Both humans and horses were equipped with a HR monitor. Behavioural observations of the horses [gait, head position relative to the withers, distance and orientation toward human] were recorded and analysed using a mixed procedure with horse as a random effect. Increasing human nervousness correlated to a decrease in horse HR (p<0.05). Over the 5 minute test period, horse HR decreased in PHYS and PSYCH (p<0.01) whereas it increased in CALM (p<0.0001). Horses moved at a slower gait in the PSYCH treatment (p<0.0001), and horse head position was lower in the PHYS and PSYCH treatments compared to CALM or baseline (p<0.0001). A lower horse head position was positively correlated to a lower horse HR (p<0.0001). Human HR was highest in the PHYS treatment (p<0.0001) and HR increased when the horse was facing away (p<0.05). Overall, horses appear less distressed in the presence of an anxious or physically-stressed human.

Lay Persons Message Horse handlers may involuntarily emit fear or distress signals to horses, and interpreting how horses respond to these messages is important, particularly for human safety around horses. This study shows that stressed humans exhibit increased heart rates, but horses respond with lower heart rates and move at a slower gait than when in the presence of a calm human. The risk associated with horses appears to be increased with calm humans, thus horses interacting with nervous humans, particularly in equine- assisted therapies where participants may not be comfortable around horses, should not pose a risk provided normal safety precautions are employed.

Keywords: horse-human interaction, heart rate, behaviour, human nervousness.

25: The relevance of laboratory-based aversive conditioning experimental psychology for informing practical horse training C.C. Henshall, P.D. McGreevy University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. [email protected]

This paper introduces a prototype method for applying the analytical techniques of experimental psychology to round pen horse training (RPT) in order to facilitate the precise identification of the duration, intensity and aversiveness of stimuli applied in such training. The prevalence of aversive conditioning techniques in horse training means that studies of aversive conditioning in rats and other laboratory animals have relevance for equitation scientists. Over the past century, scientists working predominantly in the North American tradition of experimental psychology investigated the mechanisms by which animals learn to escape and avoid aversive experiences. Learning theory explains the conditioning outcomes in the majority of these experimental contexts. In contrast, a number of popular contemporary horse training theories and considerable scientific work in the area are framed within an ethological discourse. Many trainers advocate RPT on the basis that the horse’s responses are the result of ethologically salient cues. An alternative and more parsimonious interpretation is that horse’s responses are the result of stimulus-response (S-R) contingencies common to the majority of animal learning contexts, in particular negative reinforcement via escape and avoidance responses. Interpreting horse responses to stimuli commonly applied in horse in escape and/or avoidance terms enables scientists and trainers to identify the aversive impact of such stimuli. RPT provides both trainers and researchers with a context which shares many similarities with the controlled environment of the laboratory, including standardisation, quantification and repeatability. This prototype adapts the terminology of experimental psychology in a simple table to enable the precise identification of the S-R contingencies operating within RPT sessions. The table can analyse the aversiveness of the stimuli employed based on the ratio of escape to avoidance responding occurring. Although developed for the RPT context, the method also provides a means to analyse the use/impact of aversive stimuli in wider training situations including when ridden. The welfare of trained horses will benefit from a clear, simple and quantitative approach to identifying the aversiveness of common conditioning procedures.

Lay Persons’ Message RPT is widely recommended on the basis that it is humane. Explanations of RPT often overlook the role of the aversive stimuli. The development of a rigorous and standardised method for identifying aversive stimuli used would assist trainers to minimise the harmful effects of such stimuli. Keywords: aversive conditioning, psychology, ethology, natural horse training, round pen.

26: Would EAP (Equine Appeasing Pheromone) be able to modify stress coping strategies in horses?

M. Mengoli1, P. Pageat1, P. Monneret1, A. Giacalone1, C. Lafont Lecuelle1, P. Baragli2, A. Cozzi1 1IRSEA, Saint Saturnin les Apt, France, 2Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy. [email protected]

Stress can result in learning strategies’ modifications within different species. Equine Appeasing Pheromone (EAP) can modulate emotional reactions during stressful situations. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the EAP in horses during a cognitive test. 34 horses from different breeds were divided into two homogeneous groups by sex, age and activity. Experimental design: blinded, randomized, two groups study (EAP vs placebo). The treatment (nasal gel) was applied 10 minutes before each session. The cognitive assessment was divided into three sessions: learning and memorisation (during these sessions horses were trained to discriminate between a yellow circle and a blue triangle, to get rewards) and reversal (if horses had learned previously to receive carrots in the yellow circle, during the reversal session they obtained rewards only if they touched the blue triangle). All sessions were videotaped. EAP group produced less wrong choices during memorisation session (EAP: 0.1 ± 0.3; placebo: 3.2 ± 6.4; Z=2.12; p<0.05; Wilcoxon two independent sample test) and more success during the reversal session (EAP 5.4 ± 1.7; placebo: 4.1 ± 1.2; Z=-2.17; p<0.05; Wilcoxon two independent test). During the learning session EAP group increased behaviours related to attention (alert toward panels: EAP: 0.46 ± 0.61; placebo: 0.13 ± 0.24; F=39.19; p<0.0001 ANCOVA) instead of placebo group that focused its attention to the environment (learning session: sniff ground, EAP: 0.46 ± 0.32; placebo: 0.55 ± 0.41; F=3.50; p<0.05; reversal session: head turning, EAP: 0.34 ± 0.17; placebo: 0.61 ± 0.33; F=5.22; p<0.05 ANCOVA). EAP seems to play a role in modulating behavioural responses during cognitive effort.

Lay Persons Message Careful consideration must be given to trainers in evaluating the animal’s emotional state during a cognitive effort; EAP could represent a tool to help horses in filtering environmental information and focusing on exercises rather than on distractions.

Keywords: behaviour, cognitive stress, equine appeasing pheromone, horse, learning.

27: Human-horse attachment: The role of commonplace training methods P. McGreevy1, J. DeAraugo3, A. McLean2, G. Caspar1, S. McLaren4, M. McLean2 1University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2Australian Equine Behaviour Centre, Victoria, Australia, 3Member of the Clinical College Australian Psychological Society, Victoria, Australia, 4University of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. [email protected]

Evidence of human bonding and human-canine emotional bonding is clear. Our investigation is the first to explore human-horse emotional bonding, and training methods. Specifically, the research investigated whether the participants’ levels of attachment (anxiety and avoidance) to horses, social group dominance, and education differed according to commonplace horse training methods (behavioural, conventional, natural horsemanship, and eclectic). An international sample (n=555) of horse riders, aged 18-80 years, completed the Experiences in Close Relationships -Relationship Structures Questionnaire and the Social Dominance Orientation scale via the Internet. Results from a MANOVA were significant (F9,1336=3.72; Wilk’s Λ=0.94; p<0.001), demonstrating the emotional bonds differed according to the self- identified training method. Inspection of the univariate analysis indicated scores of overall attachment between humans and horses (F3,551=6.78; p<0.001), as well on the specific dimension of avoidance of horse attachment, (F3,551=8.54; p<0.001), differed according to the training method reported. Tukey post hoc testing revealed that the participants who reported currently using behaviourist training methods were significantly less attached to their horse and significantly more avoidant than the participants who used eclectic or natural horsemanship training methods. Social dominance did not significantly differ according to current training methods used. Chi-squared analysis indicated a significant relationship between level of education and current training method (χ²9=31.8, p<0.001). Higher levels of education were associated with greater identification with the behavioural and eclectic training methods. In contrast, lower levels of education were associated with greater identification with the natural horsemanship and conventional training methods. In summary, this is the first study investigating human-horse attachment, social dominance, education and commonplace training models. Further research is warranted to elucidate the role that commonplace training methods plays in the relationships between humans and horses.

Lay Persons Message The research demonstrated the human-horse bond varied according to the way people train horses. People who used behaviourist training have a less intimate relationship with their horse than those who used natural horsemanship or eclectic training. Keywords: Human-horse attachment, human-horse bond, training methods. 87

Rider Aspects and Inputs

When you are on a great horse, you have the best seat you will ever have Sir Winston Churchill

28: Rider Inputs L. Hawson1,2 1University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, 2North Melbourne Insitute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia. [email protected]

Harnessing the extraordinary power and versatility of the horse by humans has always been a matter of applying technology. The use of saddlery and machinery enabled exploitation of the horse in all areas of human endeavour from food production to war. It truly is a case of brain over brawn. In the 21st Century the horse is no longer a critical part of transport or agriculture in the developed world and yet our fascination with this amazing animal remains. Riders use various avenues to communicate with their mounts. In most riding disciplines, we can divide these modalities into five channels: pressure on structures in the oral cavity, curb groove, nose or poll; pressure on the lateral thorax of the horse; pressure onto the back of the horse; auditory cues and olfactory cues. Three of these avenues of communication incorporate technology through the application of reins, bit and saddle. Technology can amplify the communication process by the use of different bits, saddles, saddle pads, spurs, whips, nosebands and secondary reinforcers (such as clickers). Current equitation science research is identifying the magnitude and nature of the sensory input created in these communication channels. The next phase of discovery must be to examine the sensory, central nervous system and motor processes of the horse that are influenced by the imposition of these modalities. Recent advances in neuroscience and learning theory can do much to inform our understanding. The physiological limits of each channel will affect the horse’s abilities to learn and perform. Identifying and defining the most effective communication channels has direct implications for practical horse training and performance.

Technology is undoubtedly improving human performance. Can we do the same for horses without compromising their welfare? The advent of smart textiles and augmented reality are examples of technology that may be suitable for adoption by equestrian practitioners. It is fitting that they have emerged at the same time as the concept of ethical equitation that proposes a cap on the price horses pay for human glory. When we demand more skill on the part of the rider, technology that shows how horses are being hindered by particular humans and certain techniques will truly come into its own.

Keywords: technology, neuroscience, learning theory, sensory inputs.

29: Co-variations between perceived personality traits and quality of the interaction between female riders and horses I. Wolframm1, R. Meulenbroek2 1University of Applied Sciences Van Hall Larenstein, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. [email protected]

The current study seeks to investigate the relationship between perceived equine and rider personality traits on the one hand and quality of horse-rider relationships on the other. An internet questionnaire examined the self- perceived personality traits of 2525 horse- female rider dyads. The questionnaire was split into three parts. Part 1 focused on personal details, while parts 2 and 3 investigated perceived personality traits of the rider (15 items) and the horse (15 items). Female riders also were required to rate the perceived quality with their horses as low, medium or high. In order to determine relevant personality components contained in the rider and horse personality questionnaires, principal components analyses (PCA) were performed. The following personality components could be identified for the rider: “excitability”, “liveliness”, “consideration” and “leadership”. For the horse, relevant components consisted of “emotional reactivity”, “ability to learn”, “gregariousness”, and “(perceived) cooperation”. Partial correlations were used to investigate relationships between horse and rider personality components, while controlling for the effect of length of ownership and competitive level. Weak positive partial correlations were found between the personality components of “liveliness (rider)” with “ability to learn (equine)” [r=0.16; n=1674; p<0.0001] and “gregariousness (equine) [r1674=0.1; p<0.001], “excitability (rider)” with “emotional reactivity (equine)” [r1674=0.14; p<0.0001], “leadership (rider)” with “ability to learn(equine)” [r1674=0.1; p<0.0001] and “(perceived) cooperation (equine)” [r1674=0.1; p<0.0001], “consideration (rider)” with “gregariousness (equine)” [r1674=0.11; n=1674; p<0.0001] Our findings suggest that self-perceived personality traits in the rider at least in part co-vary with perceptions of horse temperament, and, as a consequence, are likely to affect quality perceptions of horse-rider interaction.

Lay Persons Message Findings suggest that how female riders perceive themselves at least in part co-varies with their perceptions of horse temperament, and, as a consequence, is likely to affect quality perceptions of horse-rider interaction. When contemplating buying a horse, riders should bear in mind their own personality traits and take as much time as possible getting to know the personality of the horse prior to purchase.

Keywords: horse-rider interaction, personality traits, equine personality.

30: Heart rate, heart rate variability and cortisol release in the horse and its rider: different response to training and a public equestrian performance M. Becker-Birck1, S. Biau2, N. Ille3, J. Aurich3, E. Möstl3, C. Aurich1,3 1Graf Lehndorff Institute for Equine Science, Neustadt (Dosse), Germany, 2Ecole nationale d´equitation, Saumur, France, University of Veterinary Sciences, Vienna, Austria, [email protected]

While information exists on the stress response of horses in equestrian sports, less is known about the rider and the horse-rider-team combined has scarcely been investigated. In this study, salivary cortisol concentrations, heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) variables SDRR (standard deviation of beat-to- beat interval) and RMSSD (root mean square of successive beat-to-beat intervals) in horses (n=8) and their riders (n=7) were analysed at a public presentation and an identical but non-public training session of classical dressage which included the airs above the ground. Data were compared by analysis of variance using a general linear model design for repeated measures. Cortisol concentrations increased on both occasions in horses (F4=16.0; p<0.001) and riders (F4=4.4; p<0.01) but did not differ between the public presentation and the non-public rehearsal, ridden in the same arena. Heart rate in horses (F11=24.8) and riders (F8=62.7) increased during training and public presentation (p<0.001). In riders but not horses, the increase in heart rate was more pronounced (F1=11.5; p<0.01) during the public presentation (from 91±10 to 150±15 beats/min) than during training (from 94±10 to 118±12 beats/min). In horses, SDRR did not change significantly over time. RMSSD decreased (F11=5.8; p<0.001) during training and public presentation to the same extent, indicating a decrease in parasympathetic tone. In riders, both HRV variables decreased during riding (SDRR: F8=24.7; p<0.001; RMSSD: F8=21.4; p<0.001) and for SDRR the decrease was more pronounced (F1=9.4; p<0.05) during the public presentation (from 5.3±1.1 to 2.3±1.1 msec) compared to the rehearsal (from 5.0±1.5 to 3.2±0.6 msec). In conclusion, the presence of spectators caused more pronounced sympathoadrenal activity in riders than the same equestrian tasks ridden without spectators present. The presence of an audience was without effect on sympathoadrenal activity in horses. Cortisol release was more pronounced in horses on the day of the public presentation.

Lay Persons Message Spectators induced an acute stress response in experienced riders but were no additional stressor for experienced horses. Horses and riders respond differentially to challenges associated with equestrian sports.

Keywords: horse, rider, heart rate, cortisol.

31: A comparison of the position of elite and non-elite riders over two different fences in a show jumping competition L. Herbert1, J. Winfield1, K. Nankervis1, L. Dumbell1, R. Guire1,2, L. Launder1,3 1Hartpury College, Gloucester, UK, 2Centaur Biomechanics, Warwickshire, UK, 3Osteopathy for Horse and Rider, Gloucester, UK. [email protected]

The purpose of this study was to compare positions of riders within the top 150 of the British Show Jumping rankings with those outside of it. Video footage of 10 ranked riders and 10 unranked riders competing in the first round of the 1.20 m Bronze Tour Competition at the Hartpury Show Jumping Spectacular 2010 was analysed using Dartfish Team Pro software. The following angles were measured at take-off and suspension over an upright and an oxer: the angle between the trunk and the vertical (TRUNKvert), the angle of the thigh to the vertical (THIGHvert), the hip angle (HIP), the angle of the thigh to the horizontal (THIGHhoriz) and the angle of the lower leg to the horizontal (LOWER LEGhoriz). Differences in angles between ranked and unranked riders over the upright and oxer were compared using Mann- Whitney U tests from IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. HIP on take-off was significantly different for the upright (Z=- 2.343, n1=10, n2=10; p<0.05) and highly significantly different for the oxer (Z=3.326, n1=10, n2=10; p<0.001). THIGHvert was highly significantly different on take-off for the oxer (Z=3.403, n1=10, n2=10; p<0.001). During suspension HIP was significantly different over the upright (Z=-2.572, n1=10, n2=10; p<0.01) but not over the oxer. The LOWER LEGhoriz was more variable in the non-ranked riders over both fences. There was a significant difference in LOWER LEGhoriz during suspension over the oxer (Z=2.193, n1=10, n2=10; p<0.05). Ranked riders adopted a more ‘closed’ hip angle on both take-off and during suspension over an upright fence than unranked. Over an oxer, ranked riders show a more ‘open’ angle at take-off. Unranked riders tended to have a more acute LOWER LEGhoriz during suspension). This information is useful in describing the differences between elite and non-elite riders which can be directly applied to rider training.

Lay Persons Message Between take-off and suspension the lower leg of elite riders is more stable than non-elite riders. In contrast to elite riders, non-elite riders tend to swing the lower leg back between take-off and suspension. Non- elites should aim to stabilise the lower leg to improve performance.

Keywords: rider, show jumping, position, upright, oxer.

32: A preliminary investigation into the effect of a rider on equine jumping kinematics H. Parr, C. White, C. Hall Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, UK. [email protected]

When jumping a fence the extent to which the rider determines the point of take off and the jumping style of the horse will depend on a number of different factors, including the experience of both horse and rider. By determining which aspects of jumping performance are influenced by the rider and which depend more upon the ability of the horse, optimal training schedules can be devised. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a rider on equine jumping kinematics. Ten horses were videoed jumping a 90cm vertical fence under two experimental conditions: ridden and loose- jumped (without a rider) using a cross over design. The same rider was used for all horses (currently competing at Newcomers level show-jumping). Four clear jumping efforts were analysed for each horse both ridden and loose- jumped. The computer software Dartfish was used to measure: take-off point, total distance jumped and maximum knee height over the fence. Mean values for each measure were compared (paired samples t-test) for ridden and loose jumping trials. Differences were found but none of these differences were significant. When ridden the horses took off closer to the jump (0.91±0.12 m) than when loose jumped (1.03±0.22 m) (t9=-2.04; p>0.05). When loose jumped the horses jumped slightly further (3.08±0.43m) than when ridden (2.91±0.41m; t9=-0.97; p>0.05) and also slightly higher (loose: 1.41±0.12 m; ridden: 1.37±0.14 m; t9=-2.03; p>0.05). At least over relatively small fences the rider was not found to significantly affect the jumping kinematics of the horse and it is possible that a novice rider may well impede the performance of a jumping horse. The extent to which this differs with experienced horses over larger fences should now be determined.

Lay Persons Message One of the key skills of jumping is said to be the ability of the rider to ‘see a stride’. However, over a small upright jump we have found that although horses tend to take off closer to a jump when ridden than when loose this does not affect the height or length they jump. No advantage was gained by controlling the take-off point at this level.

Keywords: jumping, kinematics, rider effects, ridden, loose jumping.

33: The effect of multi-modal cues on the response of the horse to training in-hand A. Smith, C. Hall Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, UK. [email protected]

Training horses from the ground at least initially involves the use of auditory, visual and tactile cues. As training progresses multi-modal cues are commonly reduced and replaced with cues/aids from a single modality. This study compared the response of horses to single and multimodal cues in an in-hand training situation. Trained riding horses (n=10) were used in the study (split into two groups of five: Group A and Group B). The trials consisted of a set track including halt, walk and trot with the cues being given for each transition. Four transitions were included in each trial: walk/halt, halt/walk, walk/trot and trot/walk. The single (tactile) cue was applied as light pressure on the bit of the lead bridle using the reins. The multimodal (tactile/audio) cue was applied as the same light pressure but with an additional simultaneous voice command. Negative reinforcement (release of bit pressure) was used when the horse performed the transition. Both groups completed 20 trials in total, 10 training trials with the single cue and 10 training trials with the multimodal cue. A repeated measures design was used and the cue types were alternated between the trials for both groups. Latency between cue and response and behavioural events during the transition were recorded. It was found that the latency to response was significantly less during the trials using the multimodal cue (1.39±8.05 s) (Wilcoxon Signed Rank test: Z=-4.53; p<0.001) compared with the single cue (2.48±2.1 s). When individual transitions were compared it was found that the multimodal cue resulted in significantly quicker responses in the walk/trot transition (Wilcoxon: Z=-2.24; p<0.05) and in the trot/walk transition (Wilcoxon: Z=-1.96; p<0.05). When the single cue was used responses became significantly quicker as the trials progressed (Friedman: Ҳ2=61.95; p<0.001) but there was no change in speed of response with the multimodal cues. No significant difference in behaviour was found in relation to cue type. It can be concluded that during initial training the use of multimodal cues enhances the response but that as the association between the light tactile cue and the response becomes established the single cue is sufficient.

Lay Persons Message In a simple in-hand exercise it was demonstrated that horses initially respond more quickly to cues that involve the voice as well as light bit pressure, but as training progresses the horse responds to light bit pressure alone.

Keywords: communication, training, tactile, audio, cues.

34: The impact of a rider on the heart rate and behaviour of horses when exercised on the lunge R. Wilkinson, C. Hall Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, UK [email protected]

In ridden work the rider will affect the physical demands put on the horse as well as its mental state. The skill of the rider in giving aids and maintaining balance and harmony with the horse will determine the impact of both on performance and welfare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the rider by comparing the heart rate and behavioural responses of the horse to exercise on the lunge with and without a rider. Nine riding school horses (all with at least 3 year’s experience of being lunged with and without a rider) were exercised on the lunge in three different conditions: RS with a rider who gave signals to the horse; RLS with a rider but the lunger gave signals to the horse; LS with no rider and the lunger gave signals to the horse. The same rider was used throughout. Both the rider and lunger were experienced equestrian centre staff who had previously ridden/lunged all of the horses used in the study. Each horse was fitted with a heart rate monitor and behaviour was video recorded. The effect of the rider, gait and direction (left/right rein), and the relative weight of rider/horse on heart rate and behaviour was assessed. The results showed that gait had a significant effect on heart rate (Friedman 2 test: Ҳ 2=18; p<0.001), but rider and rein direction did not. No correlation between rider/horse weight and heart rate was found but the horse that weighed least had the highest heart rate. Tail swishing occurred significantly more frequently in RS (mean 4.33±7.38) than in RLS (mean 1.56±3.32) or LS (1.89±4.57) (p<0.05) and head tossing was more frequent, particularly during transitions, but not significantly so. Although physical stress, as indicated by heart rate, was not significantly affected by the rider, behavioural signs indicated that certain aspects of the human-horse interaction can negatively affect the horse. Identification of these factors would allow riders to be trained to minimise such negative effects.

Lay Persons Message When the heart rate and behaviour of horses lunged with or without a rider was compared it was found that although the rider did not seem to cause additional physical strain on the horse, it showed behavioural signs often associated with resistance when ridden. Lungeing may help to identify aspects of human-horse interaction during ridden work that negatively affects the horse.

Keywords: horse, rider, heart-rate, horse-human interaction.

35: Does aggressive riding behaviour of youth barrel racers influence competition time or undesirable horse behaviour K. Waite, C. Heleski, M. Ewing Michigan State Univerity, East Lansing, Michigan, USA. [email protected]

Research shows that Thoroughbred horses reach top velocity when no whip is used, and that increased whip use is not related to variation in velocity or improved finish position. The Cloverleaf Barrel Race is a popular timed event among American youth riders, who are often encouraged to aggressively use both the whip and leg to increase the velocity of the horse. Hence, the purpose of this study was to quantify aggressive riding behaviours among youth riders in a timed Cloverleaf Barrel Race, as well as specific horse behaviours. The first hypothesis stated there is a positive correlation between aggressive rider behaviours and performance time. The second hypothesis asserted a positive correlation exists between aggressive rider behaviours and horse behaviours. Study participants included 64 horse and rider teams competing in a state level horse show in the Cloverleaf Barrel Race. This class was chosen because it allows for recording of individual runs of horse and rider pairs. Patterns were of the same measured distance, in the same arena, with the same footing conditions. Each horse and rider combination was videotaped from the time they approached the gate to the time they dismounted following their run. Three trained observers separately assessed horse and rider behaviours, and frequency of behaviours were recorded using a predetermined ethogram. Criterion for inter-observer reliability of trained personnel ranged from 0.68 to 0.97. Aggressive riding did not enhance competition time (19.33±1.77 s). There was a small but significant positive relationship between mean Gate and Whip scores (r=0.247; p<0.05), i.e. horses whipped more during the run were more likely to react poorly to entering the arena. Similarly, there was a small but significant correlation between mean Kick and Pop-up scores (r=0.298; p<0.05), i.e. horses kicked more frequently by the rider were more likely to perform small rears. Finally, mean Tail lashing and Pop-up score were significantly correlated (r=0.357; p<0.005). These data suggest that rider behaviour does influence horse behaviour in Cloverleaf Barrel Racing, and provide supporting evidence for future youth education programs.

Lay Persons Message There appears to be no relationship between the use of the whip, leg, or reins and the final run time of Cloverleaf Barrel Race patterns. A small but significant relationship was found between some rider and horse behaviors, suggesting that rider behaviour may influence horse behaviour in Cloverleaf Barrel racing.

Keywords: horse, behaviour, rider behaviour, welfare, gymkhana.

36: Horse-related accidents in leisure riding in chosen Polish equestrian centres E. Jastrzebska1, A. Gorecka-Bruzda0,2, Z. Jaworski1, K. Wolinska1, K. Kowalczyk0 1University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland, 2Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, Poland. [email protected]

Due to the fact that horses are big, strong and often unpredictable animals, their riders are frequently exposed to a variety of accidents. Identification of the dangers would contribute to the reduction of accidents. The aim of the study was to examine different causes of accidents in leisure equitation associated with horse handling and riding. Three hundred and twenty four recreational riders from seven randomly selected Polish riding schools responded to the questionnaire containing 36 items. Being part of the larger project studying rider-, trainer-, location- and equipment-related accidents, the present abstract focuses only on the horse-related accidents. Frequency analysis showed that occurrence of accidents was higher during riding (61.4%) than when handling horses (38.6%). The types of accident during the riding were: a fall from a horse (42.6%), being kicked by a horse (15.4%), a fall with a horse (12.9%), being bitten (9.3%), crashed (7.1%), pulled (6.8%) and trodden by a horse (5.9%). According to riders’ assessment those types of accidents were related to behavioural problems (34.5%), shyness (17.7%), deficiencies in training (14.7%), young age (12.4%), physical tiredness (9.9%), mental tiredness (9.4%) and horse’s pain (1.4%). In most cases the accidents happened during individual riding (44.2%), hacking (38.2%), during group riding (10.6%) and lungeing (7.0%). The most accident-prone activities were cantering (31.1%) and jumping (24.6%). Interestingly, high occurrence of the behaviour-related accidents is in opposition to the information provided by the owners of equestrian centres in the self rating questionnaires. Perceived deficiencies in training, tiredness and pain reported by riders indicate urgent need for monitoring of the welfare of working horses.

Lay Persons Message Carefully monitored welfare of working horses could directly contribute to the decrease in numbers of accidents in leisure horse riding.

Keywords: leisure horse riding, accidents, behaviour, welfare.

37: Evidence based psychology principles: What can it offer horse riders? J. DeAraugo Clinical College, Australian Psychological Society, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia. [email protected]

Evidence based psychology is a discipline that has relied on rigorous randomised controlled trials commonly used in medical, clinical, and health populations prior to the introduction of the widespread use of a skill. Mindfulness meditation is a skill that has been scientifically examined and demonstrated neurobiological changes in emotional regulation (Chambers, Gullone & Allen, 2009). It is a skill widely used in general health settings and clinical setting for stress, anxiety, and mood management. Innovative sports psychologists have examined its utility in sport settings as a stress or anxiety reduction technique, particularly with athletes that exhibit perfectionism (De Petrillo, Kaufman, Glass & Arnkoff, 2009) and to enhance sports performance, which include Olympic athletes (Bernier, Thienot, Codron & Fournier, 2009; Harbel, 2007). To date there is no research on the efficacy of mindfulness meditation skills for anxiety management used by equine riders, however the construct of anxiety is similar, regardless of situation specifics and its efficacy is robust. The application of mindfulness meditation skills in horse riders may be useful for anxiety related to fears of falling off and being injured and anticipatory anxiety with riders’ negative cognitions for competitions or training. Past research reported a correlation between riders’ anxiety scores, heart rates, and the horses’ heart rates (Bridgeman, Pretty & Terry, 2011). Therefore, evidenced based anxiety management skills seem paramount for riders. Mindfulness meditation places an emphasis on the “here and now” experience, rather than ruminative processes of the past.

Lay Persons Message Mindfulness meditation is a well developed, scientifically and empirically supported psychological skill applied across a variety of situational settings addressing anxiety and stress in general, but more specifically, performance anxiety within sport. Training horse riders in well developed psychological skills, already tested and shown to be effective seems a logical step towards enhancing riders’ performance.

Keywords: mindfulness, meditation, anxiety, evidenced-based psychology.

38 : Influence of type and intensity of riders’ reinforcement on horses’ fear reactions U. König v. Borstel, S. Euent University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. [email protected]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of two different reinforcement schedules varying in intensity and type of reinforcement on horses’ behavioural and physiological fear reactions. Fifty-one horses were each subjected twice in random order to a ridden novel object test. In one trial riders were equipped with whip and spurs and were instructed to use continuously increasing negative reinforcement (starting with seat and legs aids, then adding whip and spurs; INR) in the case horses hesitated to pass the novel objects. In the other trial, the same riders did not wear spurs or a whip (MNR). Horses were allowed to stop and investigate the novel object for five seconds before the rider started to use seat and leg aids again. If horses turned or retreated, the rider interfered until the horse stood again facing the stimulus. In addition, the rider provided (secondary) positive reinforcement (verbal praise, stroking) as soon as they started moving into the correct direction. Trials were videotaped, and horses’ and riders’ reactions (intensity of aids, number of stops, durations, as well as reactivity and emotionality (gestures and facial expression) were measured in addition to heart rate and heart rate variability parameters (RMSSD, pNN50, LF/HF). Horses did not stop more often or take longer to pass the stimuli in the MNR compared to the INR treatment. However, horses tended to show slightly higher emotionality (Mixed-model-analysis: 3.8+0.2 vs. 3.3+0.2cm on a 10cm visual analogue scale; P=0.0629) during INR compared to MNR. Also, horses’ heart rates at the stimuli (INR:86+1.2bpm vs. MNR:82.7+1.2bpm) were significantly higher when riders wore whip and spurs (p<0.05). However, none of the heart rate variability parameters differed significantly between the treatments. These findings indicate that horses behaved slightly differently but were not more stressed when ridden with whip and spurs.

Lay Persons Message Using whips and spurs to augment intensity of rider’s aids rather than using natural aids only and allowing the horse to briefly investigate a fear-inducing stimulus does not cause undue stress but also does not speed up the passing of the fear stimulus and results in slightly stronger behavioural reactions.

Keywords: horse-rider interaction, fear, negative reinforcement, novel object, whip, spurs.

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39: Saddle fit, degree of neck flexion and rider's position associated with back soreness in riding horses C.M. Mejdell, F. Aksnes Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway [email protected]

The aim of the study was to find the prevalence of back soreness in a population of riding horses in daily use and to investigate probable risk factors: equipment and rider. In total, 73 horses (29 riding school horses, 35 private riding horses and 9 police horses) at nine premises passed the inclusion criteria. The horse' back was carefully palpated by a veterinarian, using a 4 kg pressure. Reactions were categorized as: none; mild; medium; and severe. The fit of the horse' saddle was categorized as well fit, too wide or too narrow. Horses having one main rider (n=35) were observed under rider and the horse' head and neck position and the position of the rider's upper body, pelvis and legs, were recorded. Saddle fit and riding was recorded by an educated riding teacher. 43.8 % of all horses showed some degree of back soreness, mostly in the caudal area and more common among older horses. Horses with back soreness where common among all three groups, with the highest prevalence among privately owned horses. 46.5 % of all horses had a well fitted saddle, 32.4 % a narrow saddle, and 22.5 % a wide saddle. Poor saddle fit was significantly associated with back soreness (p<0.01). Five of six horses ridden with a high degree of neck flexion showed back soreness, compared to 9 of 35 horses ridden with head and neck in a more “natural” position (RR 3.24, p<0.01). Compared to the “correct” vertical position, riders placing their weight behind the vertical line and riders placing weight in front of the vertical line had a RR of 2.10 and 0.63, for horse with sore back, respectively. Among equipages competing at the elementary level more horses tended to have back soreness compared to equipages at both the novice and the medium level. The proportion of back soreness found in presumptively healthy riding horses was high, as was the proportion of saddles with poor fit. Back soreness is a welfare problem which should be addressed in cooperation between veterinarian, saddle experts and riding teachers.

Lay Persons Message Back soreness is very common among riding horses, and fitness of the saddle and factors concerning the rider’s style seem to play an important role.

Keywords: saddle fit, neck flexion, back soreness, rider position.

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40: The effects of an 8 week rider specific fitness regime on rider position and leg length whilst mounted E. Boden, H. Randle Duchy College, Stoke Climsland, Callington, Cornwall, PL17 8PB, UK [email protected]

The sport of horse riding has been described as unique in its posture and motion patterns and cannot be easily be compared to the actions of any other athletic endeavour. There are several factors that cause a horse to not move correctly, the most common being an unbalanced rider. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an eight week course of rider specific fitness on mounted rider position and leg length. Students (n=19) participated in a specific rider fitness course based on exercises developed by Eckart Meyners. During the data collection sessions, each rider was required to wear spherical markers attached to anatomical landmarks; shoulder, hip and heel. All measurements (cm) of the deviation from the vertical, ear, shoulder, hip, heel alignment (ESHH), and the distance between the hip and heel marker were analysed using Dartfish™ Sports Biomechanics Video Analysis software. Measurements were due to be taken whilst mounted, in walk, rising trot and sitting trot, both before and after the eighth fitness session. The results shown are of 4 riders at the midway stage of the regime. A paired t test was used to test at week 1 and week 4 as well as the deviation of the anatomical markers. The candidates all showed a significant improvement in overall mean position after four weeks (p<0.001). One of the most common rider position faults was tested at this stage, rounding of shoulders in rising trot and an improvement was shown, although not significant at this stage in the trial (p>0.05). The length of the leg whilst mounted has shown a significant improvement (p<0.001). This study so far indicates that a course of rider specific fitness can improve rider position from a lateral view as well as increase the length of the leg whilst riding which consequently may reduce the negative impact a rider has on the horse.

Lay Persons Message Improving fitness levels and self-awareness through rider specific fitness regimes may improve overall rider position as well as increase the length of leg whilst mounted.

Keywords: fitness, rider position, leg length, Pilates, self-awareness.

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41: Proprioceptive sensitivity and stability of the head: characteristic of experts horse riders A. Olivier1, E. Faugloire1, S. BiauI2, L. Lejeune1, B. Isableu3 1University UFR STAPS, Caen / Basse Normandie, France, 2Ecole Nationale d'Equitation, Saumur / Pays de Loire, France, 3University UFR STAPS, Orsay / Paris Sud, France [email protected]

Balance is a paramount constraint for the rider and is based on the interaction of sensorimotor systems. Experimental studies on the expertise in sport showed that the contribution of sensory information in postural control evolves as well as the strategies of segmental stabilization. The objective of this study was to identify the sensorimotor determinants of the expertise in postural stability of the riders. Our principal assumption is that the importance granted to the non-visual signals (proprioceptive and vestibular) should increase with the level of expertise of the riders, and result in a better stabilization of the head of the gravitational frame of reference. In order to do so, we recorded the motion of one 3D marker on top of the head. In total, we measured 25 equestrian performers: 12 experts, who are professional riders from the ‘French National Horse Riding School’ (ENE), corresponding to the national level; and 13 less skilled riders, who are intermediate riders corresponding to the regional level. At first, subjects’ dependence to the visual frame of reference was tested by means of the rod and frame test. The results showed expert riders would use the gravitating and egocentric reference frames to perceptual test. They are not dependent on visual reference frames (F1,23= 4.53; p>0.05). In a second time, they realized a postural test on the equestrian simulator ‘Persival’ of Saumur (ENE). We used simulator in order to reproduce the same experimental conditions for all subjects. We recorded the displacements of the head of the subject in canter under four conditions of vision (vision without the scene, continuous vision, strobe vision, darkness). We computed the range of motion pattern for each direction in each condition. The head of the expert riders is more stable when they canter than the less skilled riders (‘x’ axis F1,23= 6.15; p<0.05), ‘y’ axis F1,23=4.42; p<0.05], ‘z’ axis F1,23=7.51; p<0.01). In general, expert riders were less affected by the modification of vision. They show a greater reliance to the proprioceptive- based frame of reference as well as a greater stabilization of the head.

Lay Persons Message In horse riding, sensory information is an important means of communication and interaction between the rider and the horse. The result suggests it is interesting to improve individual training in order to develop proprioceptive information and the performance. We should take this factor in consideration in horse riding pedagogy and create a new ‘sensory pedagogy’ to develop a better interaction with the horse.

Keywords: horse, rider, sport expertise, vision, proprioception, head stability. 103

42: Movement related feelings in horse riding – an empiric analysis of a neglected phenomenon D. Capova Department of Sports Science, University Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany [email protected]

A lot of teaching books of horse riding present and discuss feeling as a key- variable of successful riding. Consequently the development of good movement related feelings are emphasised within learning and training processes. Up to now it is, however, rather unclear what movement related feeling means exactly and how it can be trained systematically and then used successfully. Horse riding of beginners is typically strongly influenced by the complexity of the different motoric demands: The rider´s own movements must be coordinated and synchronised with the movements of the horse as well as with the demands of the surrounding and have to be constant controlled. In this case the problem is the multitude of different actions that have to be performed simultaneously: Thus the initial orientation towards one´s own body leads to problems with managing the horse. By handling parts of the action further intuitively – not by the volitional control (e.g. balanced position) – they master these problems more successfully. With increasing experience they start orientating themselves towards the situational demands (e.g. movement of the horse) and control the horse by “feeling”. Movement actions in horse riding have specific key points, with the help of which the intention of performing the action can be transferred into an adequate action. One characteristic feature of these key points is their phenomenal representation. It is fundamental to the teaching process that the phenomenal structure of the action and the movement related feelings change within the learning progress. This study deals with the question how the phenomenal representation of horse riding and the movement related feelings which develop at different levels out of the perspective of the acting person. This study is quasi-experimental designed as a comparison of extreme groups (n=30) within a video-based riding test. The empiric data are operationalized as stimulated-recalls interviews, questionnaires and video rating by two experts. The initial empirical pilot from top riders (dressage, eventing) are presented.

Lay Persons Message The aim of this study is not only to describe theoretically what the movement related feelings means, but also to work out a prognostic model which can be used for empirical research that wants to find out how feeling can be used successfully for learning and training processes.

Keywords: horse riding, feeling, phenomenal representation, quality of movement, training, learning. 104

43: Achieving expectations: competitive state anxiety in equestrian sport E. Davies, R. Collins, S. Lee Hartpury College UWE, Gloucester, UK [email protected]

Sports psychology literature has identified key relationships between anxiety and performance, developing management techniques to enhance athlete focus and improve performance. Equestrian anxiety research is less advanced than similar work in other sports despite the desire of equestrian sport to show horse and rider working in a cohesive partnership that could be undermined by the effects of anxiety, leading to a decrease in performance. This study aims to determine how state anxiety has an effect on the achievement of expectations in show jumpers. Thirty five show jumpers (33 female and 2 male aged 23±6.043 years) completed the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R) prior to competition. Performance was measured by whether the athlete achieved their initial expectations of performance, but faults and placing were also recorded. Post competition semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted to expand on the athlete’s interpretation of the CSAI-2R subscales. The intensity of somatic anxiety was greater in riders who did not go on to achieve expectations (U=35.00, Z=2.14; p<0.05, R=0.57) whilst a more facilitative interpretation of self-confidence was evident in riders competing in 1.10m open and Newcomer classes who did achieve expectations (U=6.00, Z=-2.01; p<0.05, R=-0.54). Riders in 1.10m open and Newcomer classes who accumulated faults showed a more debilitative interpretation of self-confidence (U=29.50, Z=0.94; p<0.05, R=0.25), whilst riders who were placed showed significantly greater facilitative interpretations of somatic anxiety (U=218.00, Z=2.57; p<0.01, R=4.92) than riders who were not placed. Somatic anxiety could affect the riders’ achievement of expectations by interrupting motor skills and reducing the effectiveness of aids transmitted to the horse during competition. A facilitative interpretation of self- confidence also attributed to achieving expectations, whilst a debilitative view significantly altered the accumulation of faults. Self-confidence acts as a mediator to cognitive and somatic anxiety in equestrian sports. Further research into using established psychological techniques to enhance self- confidence in equestrian sport should improve performance.

Lay Persons Message The physical characteristics of anxiety could affect the performance of the horse and rider partnership by reducing efficiency of the communication to the horse. Self confidence had the greatest overall affect on performance. Using techniques from other sports, equestrians and coaches should focus on enhancing self-confidence to reduce the physical attributes of anxiety before competition to improve chances of success.

Keywords: equestrian, state anxiety, self-confidence, performance, achieving expectations. 105

44: Investigating riders' emotional management of an injury to or loss of their horse J. Kühn1, S. Beijerman2, I. Wolframm1 1University of Applied Sciences Van Hall Larenstein, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2Sanne Beijerman Training, Coaching & Praktijk voor Sportpsychologie, Sleeuwijk, The Netherlands [email protected]

Considerable research exists examining how athletes cope with injury. Equestrian sports are defined through the close interaction between horse and rider. In times of injury or even death of a horse, the rider is likely to suffer from considerable emotional distress yet no research exists examining how riders do indeed cope. The current study aims to identify how equestrian riders emotionally manage an injury to or loss of their horse. One-hundred and four dressage competition riders (2 male and 102 female) who had previously experienced an injury to or loss of their horse between 2007 and 2010 completed the Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale, the Jalowiec Coping Scale and a 20-item specific rider-related questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were applied to analyze frequencies in the riders’ coping behaviour and their positive and negative emotions. Furthermore, in order to investigate differences in positive and negative affect as well as in applied coping strategies between independent groups, inferential statistics were utilized, in particular independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA with post hoc Scheffé tests. In order to investigate the effectiveness of applied coping strategies, Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient was used. Equestrian athletes were found to show higher negative than positive affect with the most experienced emotions of being upset, distressed and afraid. Confrontive and optimistic coping scores were found to be positively correlated with positive affect (r=0.317; p<0.001) while emotive coping was positively correlated with negative affect (r=0.461; p<0.0001). Further, negative correlations were associated between optimistic coping with negative affect (r=-0.231; p<0.05) and fatalistic coping with negative emotions of riders (r=-0.335; p<0.001). These findings suggest that emotive coping, whereby the - primarily female - riders focused mainly on how they felt, were linked to less effective coping strategies and resulted in riders actually feeling worse. Overall, participants applied a combination of problem-, emotion- as well as avoidance-focused coping strategies.

Lay Persons Message Findings suggest that when experiencing an injury to or the loss of a horse, riders should attempt to confront the problem and concentrate on how to deal with the experience in a positive manner, rather than mainly focusing on how they feel. Such strategies are likely to improve the emotional state of the rider during such a difficult time. Keywords: equestrian, injury, loss, coping, emotions, negative and positive affect.

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45: A comparison of the light seat position in novice and experienced riders E. Daniel, L. Dumbell UWE Hartpury, Gloucester, UK [email protected]

The light seat (or two-point) position is used within many disciplines, and is taught and examined by both The British Horse Society (BHS) and the Pony Club at novice levels. Little research has been conducted on the light seat although authors have investigated its effect on the horse. The aim of this study was to compare the light seat between novice and experienced riders. Ten novice (BHS Stage 1) and ten experienced (BHS Stage 3) riders between 20 and 23 years of age (mean height 168.8 cm ±8.19) participated. Markers were placed on palpable points of the ankle, toe, knee, hip, shoulder, elbow and wrist. The participants undertook a standard eight minute warm up procedure in a classical position on a Racewood Simulator then 10s of canter in classical seat followed by 30s of canter in a light seat, repeated a further two times. Video recording measured angle at the highest and lowest points of the stride during light seat, for three strides for each of three repeats in light seat. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics v19.0 package and the Mann Whitney u test and Wilcoxon’s test for matched pairs (α=0.05). The shoulder, hip, knee and ankle angles were all statistically significantly different between novice and experienced riders (Z=-4.581, -3.968, -6.612, -10.494 respectively, n1=10, n2=10; p<0.001) at the highest point of stride. At the lowest point of stride shoulder angle was not statistically significantly different (Z=-0.507, n1=10, n2=10, p>0.05), however hip angle (Z=-2.247, n1=10, n2=10; p<0.05) and knee and ankle angles (Z=-4.449, -11.585 respectively, n1=10, n2=10; p<0.001) were statistically significantly different. The novice riders showed smaller shoulder and knee angles, but larger hip and ankle angles. The angles altered from the highest to lowest points in the stride in the same pattern for all riders except for at the ankle.

Lay Persons Message Experienced riders maintain a very similar light seat position throughout the stride and alter ankle angle with horse’s movement, whereas a novice rider is more upright through the hip but does not absorb movement through the ankle.

Keywords: rider position, light-seat, canter, joint angle, kinematics.

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46: The light seat in the experienced rider E. Daniel, L. Dumbell UWE Hartpury, Gloucester, UK. [email protected]

Although the light seat (or two-point) position is used within many disciplines and is known to affect the horse’s stride it has several descriptions and has not been clearly described in the experienced rider. The aim of this study was to describe the light seat position in experienced riders. Ten horse riders between 20 and 23 years of age, who had achieved the British Horse Society Stage Three examination, participated in this study. Markers were placed on palpable points at the ankle, toe, knee, hip, shoulder, elbow and wrist of the right hand side as previously described. The participants rode a Racewood Simulator and undertook a standard eight minute warm up procedure in a classical position. They then undertook 10 seconds of canter in classical seat followed by 30 seconds of canter in a light seat, repeated a further two times. Video recording occurred with the camera positioned 4.7m from the horse (1.36m above ground). Angles were measured at the highest and lowest points of the stride, for three strides to find a mean, for each of the three repeats. The shoulder angle increased from 11.5±1.76 ° during flight to 16±2.42 ° during stance. The hip and knee angles remained similar between flight and stance at 121.6±10.55 ° at 120.9±11.25 °, and 121.3±8.14 ° and 116.6±7.15 ° respectively. The ankle angle decreased from 54.3±3.74 ° to 51.23±2.78 ° during stance. The experienced rider showed very similar hip and knee angles throughout the horse’s stride but the shoulder angle increased from flight to stance and the ankle angle decreased. The experienced rider therefore appears to compensate for the horse’s movement during the canter stride by allowing their ankle and shoulder to move whilst maintaining the forward fold with stable hip and knee angles.

Lay Persons Message The experienced rider during light seat has elbows advanced in front of the body, folds the same amount at hip and knee and has a deep heel. During the stride the experienced riders’ position remains very similar and the heel becomes deeper during the stance phase of the stride.

Keywords: rider position, light-seat, canter, movement, kinematics.

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47: A comparative study of training with negative and positive reinforcement M. Concannon Irish Clicker Centre, Kerry, Ireland [email protected]

The purpose of this study is to compare the efficiency and efficacy of using clicker training (positive reinforcement) with traditional training techniques (negative reinforcement). A simple behaviour (to lower the nose to the ground) was taught to three groups of five horses. An objective (three complete consecutive repetitions) was set and the training time was measured until the horses achieved this standard. The time taken by each of the groups was compared; statistical analysis was carried out on these figures and conclusions drawn. Method A - positive reinforcement (addition of desired stimulus: marker signal and food reward). Method B – negative reinforcement (removal of undesired stimulus: light pressure). The pressure was not increased if the horse was not responding, but held the required response was given. Method C – both positive and negative reinforcement (removal of pressure and addition of marker signal and food reward. Method B was not shown to be effective, as four out of five horses failed to reach the objective behaviour. Both methods A and C were effective in obtaining the target behaviour. Mean training time for groups A and C were 651 and 233 seconds respectively with standard deviation 328.21 and 160.18. There was no significant difference between variance (F= 4.198; p>0.05). A one-tailed t- test showed that method C was significantly more efficient in training the behaviour (t=2.56; p<0.05).

Lay Persons Message Most current horse training is based the application and removal of unpleasant stimuli. This study indicates that the use of positive reinforcement techniques such as clicker training is more effective and efficient. This has important impacts for horse welfare and the efficacy of all forms of training within the industry.

Keywords: clicker, training, positive, negative, reinforcement, welfare.

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48: Rider coaching – putting science into practice I. Wolframm University of Applied Sciences Van Hall Larenstein, Wageningen, The Netherlands [email protected]

In equestrian circles, the ‘eye on the ground’ is considered fundamental in the development and maintenance of appropriate riding-specific skills and in the prevention of accidents. Riding coaches are expected to provide appropriate feedback and instructions based on what they are able to see of horse and rider at any given moment. Yet the inherent nature of equestrian sport dictates that horse-rider interactions are likely to be very subtle and quick, especially at the more advanced levels of the sport. Frequently, coaches can only address the end result of horse-rider communication, i.e. the final ‘picture’, rather than being able to identify all of the underlying mechanisms. They are therefore only able to comment on a limited number of elements, overlooking or discarding other aspects in the process. In other sports considerable research efforts have been devoted to investigating how detailed analyses of human athletic performance might help to improve coaching practices. Previous studies have indicated that the use of training diaries, reflective analyses, and other sport scientific tools help athletes to achieve excellence. The use of biofeedback monitoring equipment, video-analysis or performance in virtual environments for example can provide useful information to coaches on the physiological, biomechanical and psychological components of athlete behaviour. These sport scientific principles and methodologies could easily be adopted by equestrian coaches, allowing them to gather objective and independent data on horse-rider dynamics. Equestrian coaches would thus be able to develop coaching trajectories aimed specifically at the individual needs of horse and rider, while also gaining a better understanding of fundamental differences between, for example, grassroots and advanced riders. Subsequent ‘benchmarking’ of optimal rider behaviour at physiological, biomechanical and psychological level is likely to improve equestrian coaching at a fundamental level.

Lay Persons Message Coaching in equestrian sports is often very difficult. The interaction between horse and rider can be so subtle and quick that important mechanisms might be missed. Scientific means of measuring and monitoring horse and rider in training and competition can provide equestrian coaches with objective, in-depth data to be used to develop effective, tailor- made coaching trajectories.

Keywords: equestrian coaching, sport science analysis.

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49: An investigation of fitness parameters and their impact on riding position in the equestrian J. Sudhoff, I. Gowers Writtle College, Chelmsford, Essex, UK [email protected]

In equitation science anecdotal evidence suggests that certain fitness parameters are beneficial for riding position. Studies have investigated the demands of riding however, there are no objective data linking the general fitness of riders to its effects on riding position. This study aimed to investigate the average fitness of riders; aerobic capacity and flexibility in particular and the effect these may have on riding position. Sixteen female riders (≥18 years) who ride at least one hour per week at any level were randomly recruited. They underwent a number of fitness tests assessing their balance, flexibility, core stability and cardiovascular fitness and have been video recorded in walk, trot and canter on a mechanical horse. The data from the mechanical horse has then been used to analyse riding position using the biomechanical software Quintic™. A Spearman’s Rank correlation showed that correlations between overall flexibility and relative trunk angle in trot were non significant (r14=-0.499; p>0.05). None of the other body angles studied demonstrated a significant correlation with flexibility. Paired samples T-test results between recorded heart rates during the Astrand Cycle Ergometer test (147.33±3.46 bpm) and on the mechanical horse (121.42±7.00 bpm) demonstrated that heart rates on the exercise bike was significantly higher than on the mechanical horse (t12=3.276; p<0.01). No significant correlations between heart rates on the mechanical horse and the heart rates or predictive VO2max (2.82±0.15) on the exercise bike were found. The findings suggest that flexibility may improve riding position in trot. Hip flexibility in particular, as the trunk angle between trunk and thigh was increased suggesting a more upright upper body position or a longer leg position; however, this was a small trial and requires replication in a larger cohort of riders. Also cardiovascular fitness does not seem to be transferable with higher heart rates found on the exercise bike and VO2max scores showing no correlation to the recorded heart rates on the mechanical horse. This information can be used in the industry to improve equitation practice through rider specific fitness training. Transferability of skill will need to be further investigated.

Lay Persons Message Awareness of the rider being a part of the horse-rider team in equitation needs to be raised. Those responsible for the training of equestrians and their horses need to be aware that the riders fitness has an impact on riding position and the horses way of going. This research looks at how different fitness parameters affect riding position to establish whether unmounted fitness of the rider should be considered more carefully by those training the horse-rider team. Keywords: rider, fitness, position, flexibility.

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50: Expertise induced amnesia creates a dislocation between expertise and explanation that endures unless precise descriptive language is used to make riding skills more accessible M. Wanless Planet Trading Ltd, Oxfordshire, UK. [email protected]

The implicit knowledge of talented riders is, by definition, not accessible to them in language, and ‘expertise induced amnesia’ is well researched within cognitive science. Beyond the operant conditioning of the horse, the rider biomechanics of the ‘good seat’ have remained mysterious, maintaining a dislocation between expertise and explanation that is centuries old. Expert riders demonstrate the subtlety that classical conditioning can bring to the rider/horse interaction, but traditional language coupled with the exercises of training enable a only small percentage of riders to reproduce those skills.The riding culture is rich in declarative knowledge that describes what the horse should look like, but lacks procedural knowledge which describes how to achieve that goal. Only with this information can the average rider progressively build skills, bringing her closer to the biomechanical ideal of a balanced and stable body that can have a positive effect on the carriage and paces of the moving horse. The phrases of traditional instruction are routinely repeated to novice and intermediate students; however these phrases were originally coined by experts, implying that they were discoveries made through time and talent, representing the advanced stages of a learning process. The resulting misinterpretations leave many students who could improve stuck on a plateau, as pupil and coach both fail to realize that the traditional phrases presuppose a beginning point that is far above the student’s current skill level. Effective coaching skills recognize the existing discrepancies between expertise and explanation, and appreciate the many layers of the learning process that develops riding skills. They break the skills of the expert into accessible pieces that can be described accurately in language and reproduced by many more riders. Coaches need the pedagogical knowledge to recognize what changes in technique are viable next steps for each student, and also the visual skills to see how riders get and lose the required co-ordinations, and the linguistic skills to help riders home in on them. Riding becomes more ethical as coaching focuses on reproducible strategies that maximize each rider’s potential to positively influence the moving horse.

Lay Persons Message The dislocation between expertise and explanation within the riding culture keeps riding skills mysterious. Appreciating the starting point of each individual, and breaking the skills of riding down into small pieces that build on each other, makes them accessible to all riders. Keywords: expertise, coaching, language, procedural knowledge, presupposed skills.

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51: The effect of experience on the shoulder and rein contact angles of riders on a horse simulator during different gaits E. Scott, L. Dumbell UWE Hartpury, Gloucester, UK. [email protected]

Rider position is important to maintain balance, whilst also enabling the rider to influence the horse. The aim of this study was to compare the shoulder and rein contact angles between novice and experienced riders. Ten novice and ten experienced riders between 20 and 23 years of age (height 168.8±8.19 cm) participated. Experienced riders had achieved their British Horse Society Stage Three examination and novice riders assessed as riding at Stage One standard. Anatomical markers were placed on the rider’s humeral head (shoulder), hip (hip bone), lateral Epicondyle (elbow) to measure the shoulder angle. Markers were placed on the lateral cuneiform (knuckle of the third metacarpal), centre of the rein and the horse’s bit to measure rein contact angle. Rein contact angle and shoulder angle were measured post-transition (25 frames in 30s) and during the established gait (50 frames in 60s) using the Dartfish™ team pro software for the walk, sitting trot, rising trot and the canter gaits on the Racewood Dressage Simulator. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics v19.0 package and the Mann Whitney u test and Wilcoxon’s test for matched pairs (α=0.05). Once the gaits were established there were no significant differences between novice and experienced riders in shoulder or rein contact angles. The shoulder angle of the novice riders in canter differed significantly between post transition and established canter (Z=-2.090, n=10; p<0.05). In experienced riders, shoulder angle in canter (Z=-2.191, n=10, p<0.05) and rein angle in walk (Z=-2.090, n=10; p<0.05) and rising trot (Z=-2.091, n=10; p<0.05) significantly altered from post transition to established gait. The novice riders maintained a more consistent position throughout the gaits, whilst the experienced riders significantly changed position from post transition to during the established gaits. Repeating this study on a live horse would reveal whether the novice riders’ strategy could be maintained whilst controlling the horse.

Lay Persons Message Novice riders appear to have a very rigid position whilst experienced riders alter their position as they adapt to the movement of the mechanical horse. It is likely that the experienced riders’ strategy would enable them to adapt to the requirements of differing live horses.

Keywords: arm position, shoulder position, experience, gaits, horse-riding.

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52: Incorporating Learner-Centered strategies into horse riding instruction and identifying rider’s learning preference M. Voigt, S. McKinley, A. Davis, C. Brady Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA [email protected]

Many riding instructors focus on the development of the horse which is important; however, they often overlook the importance of helping the rider develop an understanding of drills and concepts vital for continued success between rider and horse. The present mixed-methods study looked at horsemanship camp participants’ learning preferences and their feedback regarding training that is based on Learner-Centered theory. The study compared participants’ satisfaction and views of being taught using constructivist and behaviorist instructional approaches. Participants of the study included 17 riders from a 3-day Dutch horsemanship camp utilizing Learner-Centered instructional approaches. Eight of the 17 (47%) participants had participated in a similar camp the previous year which utilized Teacher- Centered and behaviorist instructional approaches. A questionnaire including open-ended questions, five point usefulness scales, and five point satisfaction scales was developed to measure the participant’s response and feedback to Learner-Centered instructional methods and satisfaction of camp experiences. Additionally, learner preferences were measured on a two-sided Likert-type scale (Cronbach’s Alpha=0.813). Participants found the Learner-Centred instructional methods utilized to be very useful as they enhanced the participants’ understanding and retention of drills and drill purpose. First year camp participants were very satisfied (n=16, mean=4.63±0.50) with the constructivist instructional approach. Qualitative responses indicated that the participants found the Learner-Centered teaching strategy more engaging than the Teacher-Centered strategy of the previous year. Rider’s reported mean satisfaction score of 4.44±0.52 (n=8) in year 2, and mean satisfaction score of 3.50±0.93 (n=8) in year 1 (p>0.05). Half (50%) of the participants preferred learning in a constructivist setting, while half (50%) preferred a behaviorist setting. Findings indicate that the Learner-Centred teaching approach was effective and engaging for participants with both constructivist and behaviorist learning preferences. Therefore, instructors should utilize Learner-Centred instructional strategies to enhance the learning outcome of riders.

Lay Persons Message Incorporating Learner-Centred teaching strategies in all forms of education have become increasingly popular. This study demonstrates that these strategies have a positive impact on student engagement and satisfaction with their riding instruction regardless of student learning preference. Therefore, riding instructors who use Learner-Centred strategies may have a higher satisfaction rate with their students. Keywords: instruction, rider coaching, teaching strategies, equitation. 114

53: The effects of balance and imbalance within and between the myofascial meridians that form stabilizing chains within the physique of both horse and rider M. Wanless Planet Trading Ltd, Oxfordshire, UK [email protected]

Recent research by functional anatomists describes how muscles are linked into stabilizing chains by the fascial fabric that surrounds them and attaches them to bones. The muscles of horse and rider work in twelve linked chains, which form ‘lines of pull’ within the body from head to foot. The balance within and between the chains of muscle and fascia is critical to the posture and movement of both horse and rider. A significant difference between average and elite riders lies in the quality of connection and awareness within each line. Balancing the lines within the rider encourages the horse to find the balance within his lines that dressage riders call a ‘correct outline’. Trauma or long-term habits of use can cause fascial layers to stick together causing restriction, misalignment, or miscoordination which is passed along the lines. Thus the stability of the body’s core and extremities are intimately linked, and the best corrections lie in contacting and strengthening the lines as a whole. Imbalance between the superficial front line and superficial back line makes horse and/or rider round or hollow backed. Sitting in ‘neutral spine’ balances these two lines, and elite riders are able to use even tone throughout the lines to stabilize both themselves and the horse in a posture that allows controlled yet unconstrained movement. If necessary they can find extra stabilizing tension in one of the lines, maintaining the appropriate balance even when the horse’s posture would otherwise pitch them forward or back, or make them asymmetrical. The twelve lines make it possible to map distortions between horse and rider, yielding practical methods for bringing riders at all levels closer to the biomechanical ideal of balanced riding. Side-to-side distortions, such as the rider weighting one seat bone and leg more than the other, and/or the horse holding his rib cage to one side, can be addressed by looking into the Lateral Lines. Contralateral distortions, which involve diagonals within the torso, require riders and coaches to examine the balance in the Spiral and Functional lines. When riders learn to exert influence with this series of lines they develop ethical, efficient, reproducible riding skills.

Lay Persons Message Muscles and connective tissue work in linked chains that form ‘lines of pull’ within the body. Imbalances within and between these lines affect the posture and movement of horse and rider, and the rider’s ability to influence the horse’s carriage

Keywords: myofascia, co-ordination, posture, riding, skills, influence.

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54: Motivation and development of UK young riders S. Penrice, C. Brigden, S. Tinsley, J. Martin Myerscough College, Preston, Lancashire, UK [email protected]

Motivational behaviour in achievement situations has been investigated for over six decades. It is well established that childhood participation in sport is linked to ability as an adult. Motivational orientation can be broadly categorised as intrinsic or extrinsic. Early specialisation in a single sport and extrinsic motivation are detrimental to long-term participation. The British Equestrian Federation Long-Term Athlete Development framework (LTAD) states that young athletes should go through stages of sampling, specialising and investment in sports. The aim of this investigation is to determine the motivational orientations and participation of young equestrians in the UK, as well as their perception of support from coaches, parents and peers. In order to do this, in contrast to existing research, consisting of small-scale investigations of elite and sub-elite equestrians, a large-scale questionnaire has been launched and made available to riders under the age of 18 in the UK. Sport and activity participation, competition level and perceptions of support have been explored. The survey categorises age, gender, motivational orientations which are determined through blinded lickert-scale questions, views of what makes a successful athlete, perceived support (from coaches, peers and parents), actual motivation (based on results/based on individual's views), equine activities, participation in other sports, and analysis of drop-outs. Sport and activity participation can be compared to the BEF LTAD to provide insight as to whether young riders are actually engaging in optimal models of development. Preliminary results indicate that perceived coach support is more important than parental and peer support to young athletes and that intrinsic motivation is most prevalent in those who do not participate in any other sports. The findings of this research will show current involvement of young riders and assess whether the equine industry in Britain is providing the opportunities that will develop riders who will continue their participation in to adulthood.

Lay Persons Message Sport participation and motivational climate in childhood can have implications on long term development and participation of riders. This investigation will determine if the ideals identified for long term athlete development reflect what is happening in the sport.

Keywords: young rider, development, sport psychology.

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55: The feeling for riding – can it be taught? Y. Larsson, C. Wikström Umeå University, Department of Education, Umeå, Sweden [email protected]

The aim of this study is to find out if it is possible to teach the feeling for riding, and, if so, how this can be done. The number of accidents in the sport of riding is increasing, and it is now the third most accident-prone sport in Sweden. Most accidents happen when falling off the horse. Many accidents could therefore be prevented if the riders could improve their riding in aspects that are important for staying on the horse. The ability to stay on the horse is often described as ‘the feel for riding’. An aim of this study is to define this construct and to find out if it is possible to teach it, or if this is something that is acquired by riders in other ways. The definition of the construct ‘feel for riding’ is based on contemporary literature on riding, but also on Ehrengranat’s historic riding manual where the feel for riding is described. The feel for riding is defined as the ability to place oneself over the horse's point of gravity, to be in the same tempo, in the same direction and to be able to understand and interpret the signals from both the horse and the rider. Five educated riding instructors with at least 25 years of professional experience were interviewed about aspects that had been identified as important for the construct. The instructors were asked to give their own personal statements, but the common interview items also made it possible to make comparisons. Iinstructors believe that it is possible to teach all aspects important for acquiring the feel for riding, but that the outcome depends on the instructor, the rider and the horse. The instructor has to have good knowledge of the functions of the horse and be able to communicate with the rider in a way that suits the individual rider. He or she should also be able to create good conditions through a safe environment and to identify the difficulties of the rider. The results of this study can be used to develop strategies and methods that can be used to improve riders reactions, to get a better feel for balance and communication and increase awareness of indications of tiredness or injury, which would be beneficial for the welfare of horses.

Lay Persons Message Most horse-related accidents occur by falling off a horse. A good ‘feel for riding’ can improve the chances of staying on the horse. If such instruction is done successfully, the number of accidents is likely to decrease, but it can also lead to other positive effects such as detecting early warnings of injury in the horse.

Keywords: accidents, riding, teaching, point of gravity, feeling, riding instructor.

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Science and Measurement

The stirrup entails a new man–horse symbiosis that at the same time entails new weapons and new instruments Deluze and Guattari

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57: A software measurement tool for analysis of asymmetry in the interaction between horse, rider and saddle E.A. Gandy, A. Bondi, R. Hogg, A. Cornell University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK [email protected]

The aim of this study was to develop a video analysis tool to measure horse/rider/saddle asymmetry with minimum user intervention. Although limited research has been done on interactions between horse/rider/saddle, asymmetry warrants further investigation. The traditional approach is via video analysis using motion capture software such as DartfishTM. This is a powerful package but its wide application domain necessitates complex, time- consuming processing of individual video frames and data must be transferred to graphics/statistical packages for analysis. Data from 6 pilot studies (25 horse/rider combinations in total) were used to identify an appropriate methodology for data capture. EMASTM (Equine Motion Analysis System) requires markers as follows: rider’s lumbosacral joint and centre of hat; horse’s tubera coxae and caudal vertebrae; midline of caudal aspect of saddle cantle; horizontal strip across saddle cantle. EMASTM processes data in the caudal plane so a high-definition, fixed-zoom video camera captures the horse/rider moving down a marked runway. EMASTM is written in C#.NET with Microsoft XNA plugin. EMASTM provides two templates for statistical analysis: vertical alignment of saddle/rider compared to horse showing asymmetry offset and range as a percentage of horse width; horizontal alignment of horse pelvis/saddle/rider hips. The software prototype has been tested on 14 horse/rider combinations (skill levels novice to advanced). Results of a small sample of observations (n=5) of differing riders on the same horse showed average rider/saddle vertical offset comparison between left/right reins (normalised to percentage of horse width) of 2.27 ± 0.73. When analysed with a single sample t-test this offset was found to be statistically significant (t4=6.97; p<0.01). An alternative sample (n=6) of the same rider on differing horses showed average offset of 0.7 ± 2.04 and the single sample t-test was found not to be statistically significant at the 5% level (t5=0.84; p>0.05), thus indicating rider/saddle offset relates to horse asymmetry rather than rider.

Lay Persons Message Understanding asymmetry in the interaction between horse/rider/saddle is important if equestrian performance and horse/rider health and welfare is to be improved. The development of the EMASTM software provides a simple asymmetry measurement tool to assist riders, trainers and equine professionals in measuring and analysing these complex interactions.

Keywords: asymmetry, interaction, performance, measurement, software, welfare.

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58: Alternatives to conventional evaluation of rideability: rein tension and behaviour from performance test dressage training C. Glißmann, U. König v. Borstel University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. [email protected]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role, degree and quality (consistency) of rein tension might play in judges’ evaluation of horses’ rideability. Mares (n=33) and stallions (n=13) from two different mare- and one stallion-testing station were observed twice during their performance test dressage training. During these rides, rein tension was measured continuously, and frequency of behaviour patterns such as head-tossing, tail swishing, and snorting was recorded. Regression analysis revealed that 17% and 16% of the variance in the scores for rideability (as assigned by the different judges of the respective testing station) could be explained by maximum and mean rein tension, respectively. Variability of rein tension, i.e. a measure for consistency of the contact, likewise explained a large proportion (15%) of variance in rideability scores. All rein tension parameters explained more variance in rideability scores than any observed behaviour pattern (e.g. shying: 9%; tail-swishing: 8%; involuntary change in gait: 7%; rider’s visible use of hand aids: 6%). According to mixed model analysis, rideability scores dropped significantly (all p<0.05) with increasing mean, maximum and variability in rein tension (e.g. -0.39±0.14 scores per additional 10 Newton in mean tension). In addition, rideability scores were influenced by the frequency of shying (-0.77±0.35 scores per additional occurrence of shying per ride; p<0.05). Also, none of the other personality or performance traits were explained to this extent by rein tension parameters, indicating that indeed rein tension is used directly or indirectly to judge horses’ rideability. However, mean rein tension differed highly significantly between testing stations (p<0.0001) ranging between a mean of 9.6±1.5N in one station and 22±1.4N in another station. Mean rein tension tended to be the lower (P=0.05) the more often riders used the whip as an aid, indicating that riders rightly released reins when giving cues to move forward.

Lay Persons Message Both intensity (mean and maximum tension) and quality (steadiness) of rein contact explained variation in horses’ rideability scores assessed by judges during performance tests. These results indicate that measurement of rein tension along with behaviour observations might be used to make the assessment of rideability more impartial.

Keywords: rideability, rein tension, behaviour, personality, performance test, dressage.

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59: Trainers and scientists differ when scoring stress-related behaviours in ridden horses K. Visser1, C. Munsters2, L. Roost3, P. McGreevy4, C. Heleski5 1Wageningen UR - Livestock Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands, 2Moxie - Sport Analysis & Coaching, Erp, The Netherlands, 3Helicon NHB Deurne, Deurne, The Netherlands, 4The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, 5Michigan State University, Michigan, USA [email protected]

Five scientists (horse welfare) and five experienced trainers participated in the development of a scoring method to quantify and qualify behavioural signals of ridden horses. They were asked to score responses of mouth, head, neck, ears, tail and overall movement. To test the inter-observer reliability rider- horse combinations were video-taped, and per body part (ears, tail) 60 video clips of 10 seconds were presented in random order to the observers. Kendall’s coefficient test was used to test for concordance. Both scoring methods included a 5 point scale for each behavioural parameter. For a scoring method to be reliable, the inter-observer reliabilities of both groups, using their own scoring method was tested. In the trainers group (TG), there was good concordance for ears pricked forward (K59=0.719; p<0.001) and pinned back (K59=0.539; p<0.001) while there was no concordance between scientists (SG). In TG, there was good concordance for flagged tail (K59=0.519; p<0.001), whereas in the SG the concordance was moderate (K59=0.148; p<0.001). In the TG, there was good concordance for bit acceptance (K59=0.590; p<0.001) and neck pushing forward was good (K59=0.757; p<0.001), whereas in the SG the concordance was moderate (K59=0.189; p<0.001 and K59=0.186; p<0.001, respectively). Furthermore, there was good to excellent agreement between the trainers for other parameters such as tension in the body (K59=0.551; p<0.001) and general level of activity (K59=0.663; p<0.001). In contrast, the scientists agreed most on different neck positions (0.1420.408; p<0.001) and less on responses of other parts of the body. The results of this study show that scientists who are familiar with observing general horse behaviour (e.g. at liberty) in a standardised manner did not perform as consistently as trainers who may see ridden horses more often, but are not specifically trained to observe them in a standardised manner.

Lay Persons Message For scientists it is more difficult to agree upon behavioural signals of ridden horses as compared to trainers. Welfare assessment of ridden horses need to be trained with clear definitions and subsequent agreement of interpretations of horses’ signals.

Keywords ridden behaviour, horse welfare, stress, bit contact.

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60: A multidisciplinary approach to the assessment of a novel equine saddle M. Wilson2, T. Ward1, R.D. Thomson2 1About Tack Ltd, Edinburgh, UK, 2Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK [email protected]

A well-functioning saddle is critical to the health and welfare of equids, however the interaction between rider, saddle and horse is difficult to study experimentally. Recognising logistical resource-based limitations, this multidisciplinary study utilizes theoretical and experimental data. Theoretical physics and mechanical engineering principles were used to clarify the mechanics of saddle function. A prototype based on an innovative ‘Dynamically-Rigged System’ (DRS) in a “V-W” configuration was subsequently produced and under saddle pressure compared with a treed saddle when in normal use. The DRS comprises pulleys and high strength cord configured to reduce the peak forces on the horse’s back. Basic mechanics for both the treed saddle and a simple “V” DRS were derived, demonstrating that when the saddle is on an upward incline of 30o, the “V” DRS redistributes the load along the support surface, reducing peak forces by 37%, compared with a traditional treed saddle with a fixed stirrup bar. An analytical approach to simulate the more complex “V-W” rigging was derived using a combination of Geogebra and Mathematica computational software programmes. The resulting data described the action of the DRS under various conditions and allowed mathematical extraction of the load distribution across the DRS. Further theoretical analysis of the “V-W” DRS showed distribution of load across four anchoring points bearing almost equal amounts. Preliminary pressure data support the proposition that the “V-W” system offers improvements in stirrup load distribution over a treed saddle, and is considered to have a potentially positive impact on the performance, health and welfare of the horse used in equitation.

Lay Persons Message Calculating mathematically how a saddle structure (e.g. the tree) should act under certain conditions (e.g. riding up hills) may provide a useful ’reality check’ when considering saddle designs. This study compared the function of a saddle design using a Dynamically-Rigged System (DRS) with a conventional treed saddle. It was found that when the saddle slopes upward by 30 degrees, the peak pressure on the horses back with the DRS saddle is 37% less than with the treed saddle. The use of mathematical modelling in saddle design could help to improve the health and welfare of ridden horses.

Keywords: saddle, saddle assessment, saddle design, horse’s back

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61: An investigation of nocturnal profiles of crib-biting and weaving behaviour (Equus caballus) B. Allen, L. Greening UWE Hartpury, Gloucester, UK [email protected]

Previous investigations into equine stereotypic behaviour (STB) have been conducted during the stimulus-rich daytime. This study aimed to establish a more detailed nocturnal profile of crib-biting and weaving behaviours, and identify similarities and differences. Native, Thoroughbred, Thoroughbred-type and Warmblood horses were separated into groups according to display of either crib-biting (n=4; 10.5 +5.92 years), weaving (n=4; 8.5 +3.11 years) or no STB (n=4; age 13 +5.48 years). Individual daily routines were uncontrolled but did not change from what horses experienced normally. An infra-red CCTV system was used to record two nights (19.00 to 08.00 hours) for each subject. Video footage was analysed retrospectively to establish frequency of STB using continuous focal sampling. Statistical tests were run using IBM SPSS version 19.0 (95% confidence interval). No significant difference (X²12=13.5; p>0.05) was found in behavioural frequency between any hours for the crib- biting. A significant difference (X²2=43.19; p<0.01) was established for frequency of weaving, specifically comparing 03.00-03.59 with all hours (Z<- 2.40; p<0.05) except 04.00-04.59 and 07.00-07.59, and when comparing 07.00-07.59 with all other hours (Z=-2.197; p<0.05). The prevalence of crib- biting was significantly higher than weaving for all hours (U=8.500; p<0.01) except 05.00-05.59 (U=13.500; p=0.05) and 07.00-07.59 (U=21.000; p>0.05). Control horses did not display any STB which when compared with weavers was not significantly different until compared with 0300-0359 (U=12; p<0.05) and 0700-0759 (U=0; p<0.001). Based on these findings, weaving behaviour appears to occur as a response-outcome behavioural pattern indicating an element of anticipation in response to management routines. Isolated polyphasic peaks of weaving from 03.00hrs onwards also suggests an element of redirected innate behaviours as these are similar to frequency of locomotor behaviour displayed nocturnally by free-living and stabled horses in previous research. Crib-biting appeared consistent across hours suggesting high motivation to display this behaviour; potentially due to lack of oral stimulation or due to the loss of functional coupling within the mesolimbic systems. The acrophase in crib-biting frequency between 07.00-07.59, although not significant, implies that an element of anticipation cannot be discounted.

Lay Persons Message The low prevalence of nocturnal weaving behaviour suggests less physical detrimental effect. Although crib-biting behaviour can become prioritised over other behaviours if displayed for a number of years, efforts to improve conditions within the stable environment are still important. Keywords: equine, nocturnal, stereotypic, behaviour, anticipation. 123

62: A preliminary investigation into limb preference amongst a herd of semi-feral Koniks (Equus ferus caballus) L. Greening1,2, H. Randle3 1Hartpury College, Gloucester, UK, 2Wildwood Trust, Herne Bay, Kent, UK, 3Duchy College, Callington, Cornwall, UK. [email protected]

Limb preference and motor bias are suggested to indicate brain hemisphere dominance, which can be linked to certain characteristics and traits. Understanding more about lateralization may contribute towards improved training for equine performance and husbandry practices. However no consistent conclusions have been drawn to date in relation to prevalence of limb/motor bias within the species Equus caballus. The current study therefore aimed to establish the extent to which this phenomenon appears within the Equus genus, through a preliminary investigation into the prevalence of lateralization amongst a population of semi-feral Koniks (Equus ferus caballus). A herd consisting of four Konik ponies (age 4-15 years) and three foals (<1 year) were observed over two consecutive days between 1100 and 1630. The frequency of the following behaviours were recorded every two minutes using focal sampling of each individual; relative position of the foreleg whilst standing (square, or left or right limb advanced), the hind leg used to initiate movement, the preferred side during sternal and lateral recumbency, flexion of the hind limbs during standing, and other (out of sight). Data were analysed using laterality index (LI) calculations indicated by McGreevy and Thomson (2006). Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests to establish whether any significant differences exist between frequency of left and right limb use, or side preference. All statistical tests were run through IBM SPSS19 and set at a 95% confidence interval. In total 1190 observations were recorded with only five observations of ‘other’ behaviour. Results indicate only one foal (LI=22) and one mare (LI=-21) which were non-related demonstrated strong lateralization. No significant differences were detected in limb use for any of the behaviours recorded. As lateralisation is not evident from the findings of this study it may be considered either a product of the domestic environment or a specific functional adaptation found within certain breeds of Equus caballus. However alternative laterality score calculations do exist and the current sample population is comparatively small therefore further larger scale research is required to verify the findings of this preliminary study.

Lay Persons Message Limb / side bias may not be a natural characteristic found in feral ponies, suggesting that the environment and individual experiences may aid development of this characteristic. However evidence to suggest that lateralization exists in the domestic horse is inconclusive. The lay horse owner should continue to exercise his or her horse to encourage the development of balance and strength on both reins where possible. Keywords: laterality, laterality score, equine behaviour, Konik, feral pony. 124

63: Evidence of grade inflation in personality trait scores from stallion performance tests S. Pasing1,2, U. König v. Borstel1 1University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, 2University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria [email protected]

Performance test results are recorded in many breeding associations using scores on a scale from 1 (very poor) to 10 (excellent). In Germany, evaluated traits related to personality include character, temperament, willingness to work, constitution (i.e. health/fitness), as well as rideability. In the present study, personality trait scores from 2178 stallions participating between the years 2007 and 2010 in performance tests in Germany were analysed. Scores were characterized by high means ranging between 7.8 (rideability) and 8.6 (constitution) and low standard deviations ranging between 0.70 (constitution) and 0.87 (rideability) for all personality traits. These distributions deviated significantly (Kolmogorov-Smirnov: p<0.001) from the expected distribution if scores were distributed normally across the entire scale (5.5±1.49 scores). In addition, there were significant differences (Mixed model; all F11.2150=16.77- 68.22; p<0.0001) in mean scores of up to 1.5 scores between test-stations, and for all personality scores except character a significant (all F1.2150=17.46- 24.96; p<0.05) increase of 0.04 – 0.09 scores per year could be observed. No such increase in scores over years could be observed for the more directly trained and more intensively selected performance traits, indicating that not improved training techniques or genetic gain but grade inflation may be at work with the personality scores. To overcome this problem, linear trait assessment might be useful: Judges are likely more inclined to note correctly e.g. an explosive reaction rather than declassifying the same horse as “poor” when assigning a low score. All personality traits were strongly, positively correlated with each other (r2178=0.34-0.70; p<0.0001) and also showed significant positive correlations to the basic gaits (r873=0.14-0.63; p<0.0001). These high correlations among different personality traits as well as with performance traits may indicate that personality scores are partially used tactically to achieve a stronger differentiation between stallions with slightly different performance in the basic gaits.

Lay Persons Message Although there is an increasing awareness of the deficiencies of conventional performance test personality evaluation, our results suggest that problems such as grade inflation, bias and an undesirably low variability in scores persist. Changes in the present evaluation strategies are required to advance genetic improvement of personality traits.

Keywords: personality, temperament, rideability, grade inflation, performance test, bias. 125

64: Are training strategies related to the age of the horse in elite show jumping yards in the UK? C.A. Tranquille1, A. Egenvall2, C. Lonnell2, L. Roepstorff2., R.C. Murray1 1Animal Health Trust, Suffolk, UK, 2Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. [email protected]

Although training strategies have been extensively described in the Thoroughbred racehorse, there is limited epidemiological information for other equestrian disciplines, which are limited to anecdotal reports. To the authors’ knowledge, no such studies have been carried out in show jumping (SJ) horses. The study aimed to quantify and compare training strategies in elite level SJ yards in the UK. Five elite UK SJ riders completed daily training diaries for all relevant horses in their yards (August 2009 - January 2010). Horse characteristics (age, gender and breed), competition level and information on time trained and activity undertaken was recorded. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation tests were used to test for association between age and mean duration and frequency of work sessions. Results indicate that there are on average 7 horses per yard, with a mean age of 8 years. All horses were European Warmbloods. On average each week horses underwent 6 intensive flatwork training sessions (32±10mins), 2 jump training sessions of moderate intensity (22±5mins), 2 low intensity hacks (37±24mins), 2 high intensity fitness training sessions (31±11mins) and 1 rest day. Horses on 1 yard only were lunged once a week (27±2mins). All horses used a horsewalker for 1 hour daily. All horses had daily turnout (90±30mins), except for in 1 yard. This pattern varied between yards. The mean duration of flatwork (r27=0.40; p<0.05) and fitness (r22=0.52; p<0.05) training sessions was significantly positively correlated with the age of the horse; however the frequency of sessions was not correlated with age of the horse. The duration and frequency of jump training and hacking sessions was not associated with horse age. Duration of hacking sessions was reported as determined by access; this was often combined with fitness work. Training strategies differed between yards. The duration, but not the frequency, of flatwork and fitness training sessions increases with the age of the horse.

Lay Persons Message Elite level SJ horses are of a similar age, breed and gender between riders. Training strategies differ between yards however the only similarity is that the duration of flatwork and fitness training session’s increases with the horses’ age.

Keywords: horse, show jumping, training strategies, fitness, flatwork.

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65: The effect of different head-neck-positions of horses on the crest and on muscle activities of neck and trunk H. Preuschoft, K. Kienapfel Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany [email protected]

The lengths of 5 segments of mane crest and withers were measured by a tape in 25 randomly selected horses induced to assume seven common head- neck positions (relaxed, feeding, stretched, moderately gathered with nose in front of vertical, neck absolutely elevated, head elevated, hyper flexed) to find which ligaments are stretched or shortened passively and which muscles are stretched or contracted. In addition, superficial EMG of selected neck and trunk muscles were obtained. As a result, we found the two cranial neck segments to depend on the posture of the atlanto-occipital joint: The wider the angle between the nose and the cranial neck segments, the shorter the crest, and the narrower the angle, the more stretched the crest. The two caudal segments of the neck depend on the elevation of the head: The higher the position of the head, the shorter are the soft-tissue structures along the crest, the lower the head, the longer are these parts. An exception from this general rule is the hyper flexed position, in which the atlanto-occipital joint is flexed actively against gravity and the two cranial segments of the crest are stretched, while the third segment is stretched and the most caudal fourth segment shortened, in spite of the low position of the head. T-tests yielded statistically significant differences between measurements in 63 pairs, 12 did not. Preliminary EMG-recordings constantly show contractions in those neck muscles which are shortened. In addition, EMG of trunk muscles fit well to the bow-and-string-theory. They show muscle activities depending upon gait, increasing from walk over trot to gallop. The m. splenius often shows reduced activity in hyper flexion.

Lay Persons Message The lengths of 5 segments of the mane crest were measured in most frequently used head-neck positions, and EMG activity was recorded. The hyper flexed neck position deviates in several respects from the ‘normal’ design. This gives reason to observe with caution the future performance of horses in this way.

Keywords: head and neck position, surface EMG, electromyography, hyperflexion

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66: Typical artefacts in equine heart rate A. Gorecka-Bruzda, M. Suwala, T. Jezierski Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding PAS, Magdalenka, Poland [email protected]

Both heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) are basic physiological indicators in assessment of animal stress response and, indirectly, its welfare. In order to analyse equine HRV with HR monitors, R-R recording format is used. Although many recent scientific papers include the information on handling of errors in equine HR recording, no transparent method of detection and correction of errors could be found in the available literature. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify and analyse different types of artefacts in the equine HR curve. Recordings of HR in 28 horses (6-9 months old) at rest and during routine husbandry procedures (hoof trimming, marking with transponders, blood collection) were carried out. Visual inspections by authors of 108 HR files in R-R format identified two major typical errors: 1/ recording of ventricular repolarisation (electrocardiographic T wave) as an extra systole, 2/ lack of the recording of a systole. Generally, in case of the first type of error, detection of two short (e.g. 300 and 800 ms) inter-beat- intervals (IBIs) within successive 1100, 1100, 1100 ms IBIs should be made. In case of the second type of error, double IBI (e.g. 2200 ms) within successive 1100, 1100, 1100 ms IBIs should be detected. It is proposed that totalling two short or dividing by 2 one double IBI can reduce the percentage of errors in HR files. Although the software producer provides opportunity for error correction, visual inspection and detection of artefacts in a heart rate file and subsequent manual error correction are essential to obtain reliable data. It would be beneficial for researchers to be trained to properly interpret the occurrence of such errors.

Lay Persons Message The analysis of HR and HRV provides information about possible stress response of the animal and is a useful tool in monitoring horses’ welfare. In the present report, the ways of correction of typical artefacts in equine HR recording based on manual correction of inter-beat- intervals are presented. Such correction often allows restoration of erratic recordings.

Keywords: heart rate, heart rate variability, artefacts correction, recording

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67: Willing to work? Suitability of different riding situations in evaluation of equine personality U. König v. Borstel, V. Peinemann, C. Glißmann, S. Euent University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany [email protected]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between behavioural and physiological responses measured during different riding situations and judges’ evaluation of horses’ personality. Currently evaluated personality traits include the traits character, temperament, willingness-to- work, constitution and rideability. A total of 16 stallions participating in a 70- day performance test were each observed four times during their cross- country training, including gallop training and jumping or passing of natural obstacles such as ponds, large logs, or ditches. The same stallions were observed by two additional observers twice during indoor dressage training and during a novel object test. Previously validated, behavioural parameters were recorded either in terms of frequency or on a 10 cm visual analogue scale. Repeatabilities calculated from variance components of a mixed-model analysis ranged from very low values (e.g. refusal-to-jump: r=0.05) and medium values (e.g. emotionality, i.e. behaviour indicative of arousal, during cross-country training: r=0.28) to fairly high values (e.g. heart rate variability during novel object test: r=0.75), indicating that not all parameters are equally suited for later use in breeding programmes. Regression analysis using a selection procedure including all linear variables revealed that the combination of the variables jumping manner, intensity of rider’s aids and number of refusals explained together the largest proportion of variance (51.5%) in official scores for the trait “willingness-to-work” from the performance test. However, for other personality traits, generally variables from the novel object test (e.g. temperament) or dressage training (e.g. rideability) explained larger proportions of variance compared to variables from cross-country training. Subsequent mixed model analysis proved a significant influence of several behavioural variables from cross-country training on scores for the trait willingness-to-work. Cross-country training may be particularly important in evaluating the personality trait ‘willingness-to-work’, but including more concrete, validated behaviour patterns in revised evaluation guidelines could make the assessment more impartial.

Lay Persons Message Cross-country training appears to be more useful than dressage training or a specifically designed temperament test for evaluating the equine personality trait ‘willingness-to-work’. Therefore, cross-country training should remain an integral part of stallion performance tests. However, repeatabilities of behavioural parameters need to be considered before including them in evaluation guidelines. Keywords: personality, willingness to work, behaviour, performance test, temperament, cross-country.

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68: Localisation of artefacts in two models of equine heart rate monitors – a pilot study M. Suwala, T. Jezierski, A. Gorecka-Bruzda Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding PAS, Magdalenka, Poland [email protected]

Measurement of heart rate (HR) is commonly applied in sport and science. As the activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system can be measured on the basis of heart rate variability (HRV), HRV was considered as a reliable indicator of stress. More recently, HRV analysis has gained wide popularity among equine ethologists. Telemetric HR monitors are widely used for training and scientific purposes in horses. However, different types of errors occur during HR recording due for instance to incidental loss of contact to electrodes. Visual inspections of 104 HR (R-R) files from model A (POLAR S810i, 52 files/ 26 horses) and model B (POLAR RS800cx, 52 files/ the same 26 horses) revealed differences in HR and HRV recordings between two monitors. This pilot study aimed to investigate the prevalence of artefacts related to contact loss and their localisation within the HR file produced by different types of HR / HRV monitors. Simultaneous 35- minutes recordings of HR with both monitors in an adult (10 years old) horse have been made in walk and trot. At minute 8 (model A) and minute 20 (model B), electrode-skin contact was purposely broken for 3 minutes. Although no visible problems occurred with the registration of R-R signal in both monitors when electrodes were fitted on the horse, the post-hoc analysis of inter-beats- intervals indicated that models differ as to the way of HR recording during the loss of the contact with electrodes (most possible in transformation of input data and auto-correction of errors in model B) which resulted in no or inappropriate location of artefacts and, consequently, prevented their manual correction. Therefore, caution should be applied when using model B for even a short loss of contact via electrodes can falsify the data without any visible errors. Further study including comparison of HR monitors and veterinary ECG monitors on higher number of horses is planned.

Lay person message On the basis of our preliminary study we suggest especially careful application of the model B monitor as false heart rate without visible errors can be displayed.

Keywords: heart rate, heart rate variability, artefacts, horses

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69: Limited-resource test as an alternative to field observations in determination of social hierarchy in horses L. Peerstrup Ahrendt, J. Winther Christensen Aarhus University - Dept. of Animal Science, Tjele, Denmark [email protected]

Position in the social hierarchy may influence several aspects of a horse’s life; determination of the social hierarchy may, therefore, be important in behavioural experiments with horses. Previous work has suggested that field observation gives a more accurate picture of group hierarchy than a paired feeding test. However, field observations are time-consuming and may be challenging in established groups where interactions with a clear initiator (i.e. performing a threat or aggressive encounter) and receiver (i.e. responding to the aggression from the initiator) may be rare. In this study we compared the hierarchical order in an established group of horses determined by two methods; field observations and a limited-resource test. Twenty-five warmblood geldings (2-3 years old) constituted the investigated group. The horses had been pastured together for 2 months prior to the first observations in an 8 ha grass-covered field. For the limited-resource test, three buckets (Ø: 50 cm) with attractive haylage were placed in the horses’ pasture, 20 m apart. Three experimenters (one for each bucket) registered initiator and receiver of all successful displacements (i.e. the receiver clearly moved away in response to aggression performed by the initiator). Similar recordings were made in the field observations. During 15 hours of field observation, divided across 5 days and 4 x 20 minutes observation for the limited-resource test, 180 and 163 interactions were recorded, respectively. Determination of the hierarchical order was based on calculating the ratio of the number of horses each individual had displaced: number of horses each individual had aggressive interactions with; a higher ratio equalled a higher position in the hierarchy. The results showed a significant correlation between the hierarchical order obtained by the two methods (Spearman’s r=0.93; p<0.0001) suggesting that the less time-consuming limited-resource test can provide the same information regarding hierarchy based on aggressive encounters as when determined by field observations.

Lay Persons Message A limited-resource test may be a time-saving alternative to field observations in determination of the social hierarchy in horse groups.

Keywords: hierarchy, limited-resource test, field observation

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70: The effect of different head-neck-positions on the behaviour of a horse K. Kienapfel Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany. [email protected]

Opinions in the riding world differ: The traditional way of riding is with the horse` nose in front of the vertical, while a ‘new method’ claims that the nose behind the vertical with an extreme hyper flexion of the poll implies “gymnastic movements”. The purpose of this study is to find convincing arguments, how the horses feel under the influence of the rider. The study was divided into three parts with different methods. First, the behaviour of 25 standing horses was observed in seven commonly assumed head-neck positions. In the hyper flexed position the horses indicated discomfort most frequently (with 49.7% of all signs of resentment, including open mouths, tail movements). 34.9% of the discomfort behaviour were observed in the high elevation of the neck with flexed poll. The moderately rounded neck position as in traditional dressage lessons was not without signs of discomfort either, but with 11.2% less than the above postures. A high head-neck position and the extended neck did not cause discomfort. Second, horses moving in all gaits under a rider were observed during competitions without the riders´ knowledge. The observations were split in two categories on the basis of the common rules of the FEI: ridden with the horse’s nose in front of the vertical (FV, 30 observations) and ridden with the horse’s nose behind the vertical (BV, 30 observations). The proportion of horses showing discomfort in BV was statistically significant higher (89.3%) compared to those in FV (10.7%). The horses in BV displayed signs of discomfort 8 times more often than those in FV. Third, scans made during preparations for competitions showed that 92.8 % of the horses were ridden with the nose behind the vertical. A supplementary series of 100 observations by an independent researcher done in the same way, confirms the reliability of the results.

Lay Persons Message Most signs of discomfort are shown by horses in a hyper flexed posture, compared with other postures– which is not justified by the formally accepted rules. Obviously, the reality of riding differs widely from the rules, because a majority of horses is ridden with the nose behind the vertical.

Keywords: behaviour, hyper flexion, discomfort, flexion of neck, scan.

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71: Comparison of behaviour exhibited by horses ridden in conventional bitted and bitless bridles R.M. Scofield, H. Randle Duchy College, Callington, Cornwall, UK [email protected]

The bitless bridle has been advocated as an alternative to traditional bitted bridles to avoid bit injury and resulting distress/discomfort or pain. Anecdotal observations and lay publications suggest the bitless bridle has become popular amongst a notable minority of leisure horse riders in the United Kingdom. Use of the bitless bridle has been compared favourably to the bit in foundation training with improved performance in bridling, long-reining and riding reported for some horses. Improved dressage test scores and commentary have also been related to the bitless bridle. However objective data do not exist on the use of bitless bridles by leisure riders who are responsible for substantial numbers of horses in the UK used primarily for hacking and local showing purposes. The aim of this study was to compare behaviours exhibited by horses ridden in a bitless bridle with those ridden in their usual bitted bridle. Twelve subjects randomly selected from a population of privately- and college- owned horses were ridden by a single rider in the Preliminary 4 British Dressage test in their usual bitted bridle and in the Dr Cook Beta Bitless Bridle. A 20 minute warm-up period in the bitless bridle occurred before each test. Frequency of each instance of behaviour was then recorded using continuous videography. Assessment of previous pilot data demonstrated that 6 conflict behaviours, described in a specifically developed ethogram, occur with both types of bridle. Whilst a similar amount of conflict behavioural activity was observed with both bridle types, there was significantly more tail swishing with the bitless bridle (median occurrence/test=3.00; range 0-37) than with the bitted bridle (median occurrence/test=2; range 0-23; Wilcoxen T12=1.00; p<0.05). The increased frequency of tail swishing during bitless tests suggests that the use of a bitless bridle may have a negative impact on the welfare of ridden horses.

Lay Persons Message: Observation of increased tail swishing which may indicate increased conflict by horses ridden in bitless bridles instead of their usual bitted bridle indicates that bitless bridles cannot be automatically assumed to improve welfare and riders should fully investigate the response of their horse when deciding on the type of bridle to use.

Keywords: equine, bitless, bridle, behaviour, welfare

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72: The effectiveness of thermography analysis in diagnosing orthopedic diseases of the lower part of the forelimbs of young racehorses M. Soroko, R. Hanklewski, H. Filipowski, E. Jodkowska Wroclaw University, Poland. [email protected]

Thermography is a diagnostic tool, which allows examination of the body surface temperature distribution, associated with physiological and pathological changes. The advantage of the method is detection of the subclinical inflammation. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the threshold value of temperature changes to determine subclinical inflammation for lower parts of limbs. The study was based on 20 racehorses for a period of 10 months. The measurements of body surface temperature of forelimbs were performed by thermography, every 3 weeks. The study assessed the left/right symmetry of the superficial body temperature distribution. The average temperature values of metacarpal bones were measured from the dorsal and palmar views in the same areas of the right and left forelimb, indicating their absolute temperature differences. Additionally ultrasonographic and radiographic examinations were undertaken. Ultrasonography determined differences ( ΔUSG) of field cross-sectional area of the superficial digital flexor tendon in the same areas of metacarpal bone in both forelimbs. Radiography gave the absolute value metacarpal bone cortex thickness differences (ΔRTG). To determine the threshold value of temperature changes based on thermographic measurements the ROC curve method was used. In this method having used ultrasonography and radiography results of each measured area of 20 horses, the threshold value of the temperature difference was determined at 1.25° C. Horses were considered with subclinical inflammation if temperature difference exceeded the threshold value and as healthy if temperature difference did not exceed 1.25°C. From the dorsal and palmar view of forelimb no statistically significant differences in ultrasonography and radiography changes appeared according to thermographic threshold value. There was a high correlation between ΔT and ΔUSG at a value of 0.42. No correlations between ΔT and ΔUSG were found. The determination of the threshold value of the temperature changes for diagnosis of subclinical inflammation will enable quick and practical thermographic diagnosis.

Lay Persons message. Defining a threshold value of temperature change will allow prevention of horses’ injuries and enable appropriate training programs to be selected. The determination of the method for subclinical stages of inflammation detection merits further dissemination and development of this diagnostic method in equestrian centres. Keywords: thermography, racehorses, subclinical inflammation, threshold value.

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73: The development and validation of a behaviour stress scale to assess the welfare of individually stabled and group-housed horses T.J. Young1, E. Creighton3, T. Smith2, L. Hosie2 1Glyndwr University, Wrexham, UK, 2University of Chester, Chester, UK, 3Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK [email protected]

Behaviour scores offer a non-invasive, objective and easy to use way of assessing animal welfare. Their development has largely focused on behavioural reactions to stressful events with little use of their physiological correlates. This study aimed to develop a scale of behavioural indicators of stress to assess welfare in stabled horses. The effectiveness of the scale was validated by measuring stress levels in individually stabled and group-housed horses. Behavioural and physiological data were collected from 32 horses undergoing routine husbandry procedures to develop the behaviour score scale (BS). A significant increase in salivary cortisol concentration (Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests: Z=13.29, p<0.05, n=18), and heart rate (Friedman test: =13.29, d.f.=6; p<0.05) suggested the husbandry procedures, that included exposure to the sound of electric clippers and grooming procedures, elevated the horses’ stress levels, and principal component analysis (PCA) of the behavioural measures taken from all horses during the husbandry procedures together with percentage changes in salivary cortisol revealed three meaningful components used as the basis to the BS. Subjective analysis of video clips of the horses’ responses to the husbandry procedures carried out by equestrian industry professionals (n=13) enabled the scale’s completion. BS and heart rate were then measured from ten individually stabled and nine group-housed horses. The mean BS of horses stabled individually were significantly higher than the mean BS measured in group housed horses generally (Independent samples t-test: t17=2.70; p<0.05), and an hour pre (Independent samples t-test: t13=2.39; p<0.05) and post-feeding (Independent samples t-test: t9=3.34; p<0.01). The BS appears to be a promising novel approach to measuring stress in domestic horses, being sensitive and easy to use. Further investigation of its effectiveness using larger sample sizes would enable comparisons of results with physiological measures of stress measured from the same horses.

Lay Persons Message Horse owners and trainers need to be aware of the potential stresses of management systems such as individual stabling. Validated non-invasive and easily implemented methods of assessing stress need to be available. This study reports the development of one such method.

Keywords: stress, behaviour, stabling, welfare assessment, cortisol, heart rate.

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74: Developing a protocol for welfare assessment in horses S.M. Viksten, S. Nyman, E.K. Visser, H.J. Blokhuis 1Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 2Wallby Säteri, Vetlanda, Sweden, 3Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands, 4Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden [email protected]

To cover all areas of welfare whilst creating a field assessment protocol for horse welfare is the challenging aim of the present study. We take the approach developed in the Welfare Quality® project, using a combination of valid, repeatable and feasible animal- and resource-based measures to assess actual horse welfare. Our protocol is a further development of existing measures and protocols by adding new measures and adapting others to cover all criteria of good welfare. An extensive literature survey resulted in a draft protocol with over 50 measures that was tested at two riding schools in Sweden during fall 2011. The assessment with the draft protocol was conducted twice with two weeks in between in order to test for repeatability of some measures. The draft turned out to be highly usable and enabled assessment of around 25 horses per day. Measures covered most Welfare Quality® criteria and included for example; simplified lameness assessment, mouth assessment, actual available box/stall size, state of paddocks/fields, skin condition, feeding regime and chafing from equipment. Some results included (mean for each stable respectively): 4 and 11% stereotypy, 3.04 and 3.91 on body condition score (scale 0-5), 4 and 33% of horses with marks from the bit, 4 and 18% moderately lame horses, relative air humidity average 70 and 80% and no horses coughing. The literature review and evaluation of existing measures clearly show the lack of reliable and feasible measures within the criteria “Good human-animal relationship”, “Positive emotional state” and “Absence of discomfort caused use”. We therefore aim to develop more measures within these areas and to develop the draft protocol and an effective feedback system to the horse owner that will encourage changes towards a better horse welfare.

Lay Persons Message Assessing horse welfare is challenging and requires resource- and animal-based measures. We will develop existing assessment protocols further and attempt to develop new measures to cover all aspects of horse welfare. Such a protocol may be used for official controls, self assessments, certifying riding schools and welfare scoring of farms.

Keywords: equine welfare, welfare assessment, riding schools.

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75: Risk factors associated with horse falls in British Class 1 (Grades 1- 3) Steeplechases from 1999 to 2011 J.M. Williams, K. Smith, F. DaMata UWE Hartpury, Gloucester, UK [email protected]

Previous studies have identified factors related to increased fall risk in racing, with results being applied to inform preventative strategies to enhance racehorse welfare. Whilst differences between the risk of higher and lower race classes have been identified, to date no research has studied races within a specific class and its associated grades to identify factors which could be employed to enhance equine safety and thus welfare within this category of steeplechases. This study aimed to investigate if risk factors associated with Class 1 steeplechase race horse-falls concur with those from prior research, and to relate these to current prophylactics strategies designed to enhance racehorse welfare. Horse, course and race factors (speed, number of runners and fences, going, time of day) associated with horse-falls were identified and collected via the Racingpost website for Class 1 steeplechase races (n=647; 6454 horses) between 1999 and 2011. Data were analysed using a multivariate logistic regression model, with a Poisson fit, to identify factors associated with increased horse falls in Class 1 races and within Grades 1-3. Forty three per cent of races included a faller; with an average number of horse-falls of 1.88±2.2falls/race for the Class and increased fallers recorded for Grade 3 races (2.83±3.3 falls/race). Speed (fast: b=-0.415; df=1; p<0.0001), number of runners (increased: b=0.065; df=1; p<0.0001), age (younger: b=0.271; df=1; p<0.001), distance (longer: b=-0.001; df=1; p<0.001) and soft going (b=0.471; df=1; p<0.05) all resulted in more falls within a Class 1 race. Across Grades 1-3, time (b1=0.007; b2=0.019; b3=0.008; df=1; p<0.0001) and age (b1=0.348; b2=0.347; b3=0.171; df=1; p<0.0001) were significantly associated with increased fallers but differences between grades did also exist in number of runners (b1=-0.002; b3=-0.001; df=1; p<0.0001), number of fences (b1=0.214; df=1; p< 0.01) and distance (b2=-0.002; b3=- 0.001; df=1; p<0.0001). This suggests that variation does occur within categories of steeplechase. Whilst some factors retain their high significance to fall risk to that identified in previous work, some have reduced. Therefore current prevention strategies have been partially effective to reduce horse- falls; however scope remains to maximize equine welfare. Whilst many significant factors identified here relate to the spectacle of racing, it is suggested that improved racecourse strategies could reduce further the frequency of horse-falls.

Lay Persons Message Horses in Class 1 steeplechases are more prone to falling in large fields, longer races, run faster and whilst they are still young and potentially inexperienced. Keywords: racing, falls, epidemiology, horse- falls. 137

76: A preliminary investigation of the asynchrony of horse, saddle and rider interaction A. Bondi, E. Gandy, R. Hogg University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK [email protected]

Movements of horse and rider influence each other but this complex coupling via the saddle and the implications for welfare and performance are not fully understood. This paper describes asynchrony as the temporal phase shift that exists between these three elements. 18 horse/rider combinations (novice- advanced) performed walk, trot and canter from left and right directions onto a marked runway. High definition video was captured for DartfishTM and EMASTM (Equine Motion Analysis System) analysis in the caudal plane by applying markers to the rider’s lumbosacral joint, the horse’s tubera coxae and caudal vertebrae and the midline of the caudal aspect of the saddle. The endpoint of the first phase of each stride cycle, with each hind limb weight bearing, was taken over three complete stride cycles. The degree of lateral excursion in the caudal plane of the saddle and rider from the horse was calculated as a proportion of the width of the pelvis of the horse. Relative positions of the three markers were analysed and their range of misalignment calculated. Observations revealed that the majority of horses demonstrated asymmetric pelvic movement and carried the saddle to one side or the other, affecting rider asymmetry. The degree of asynchrony was influenced by a number of factors of asymmetry for example the horses’ gaits and degree of soundness, the shape of the horses’ back, the saddle or the pelvic dysfunction of the rider. The range of saddle displacement across the stride cycle was greater than that of the rider, but the rider remained more closely aligned with the saddle than with the horse. A small sample of observations (n=5) of differing riders on the same horse showed an average offset, normalised to percentage of horse width, of 4.82 ± 0.67. A single sample t-test found this offset to be statistically significant at the 1% level (p<0.01). This study indicates that measurement of asynchrony in the interaction between horse, saddle and rider could be used in the early assessment of lameness and poor performance, with the potential to significantly improve the management and welfare of the ridden horse.

Lay Persons Message Awareness of asynchrony and its causes in the interaction of horse, saddle and rider needs to be raised. The community of practice should be aware of the welfare and performance implications when asynchrony is present and consideration should be given as to whether specialist advice should be sought.

Keywords: asymmetry, asynchrony, interaction, saddle, welfare, performance. 138

77: A comparison of learning behaviour between wild type horses (Equus przewalski) and domesticated horses (Equus caballus) L. McKenna 1Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Science, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2Equine Research and Information Centre, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK [email protected]

This study investigated if differences existed in the speed of learning a discrimination task between domesticated and wild type horse species, and explored whether inbreeding influenced cognitive ability. The possibility that the horses were also ‘learning to learn’ was assessed by comparing changes within achievement of the discrimination task for a sequence of 15 trials. A zoo population of 2 Przewalski horses was compared to a group of 3 Thoroughbreds. Both groups were known to have high inbreeding coefficients and low heterozygosity levels (0.474 and 0.38, respectively). To investigate the potential impact of inbreeding, the 2 inbred groups were compared to a group of 3 Paso Finos (low inbreeding coefficient; high level of heterozygosity: 0.551). All horses performed a two choice discrimination task where objects varied by shape. A Chi² test of association and linear regression were analyzed learning styles All breeds showed a significantly different learning profile from one another (p<0.01) with Paso Fino’s learning quickest (p<0.001).The Paso Finos’ lower inbreeding coefficient was identified as a significant factor in speed of learning (p<0.0001).

Level of domestication had no significant influence in the speed of learning of the discrimination task. The Przewalski group may not have been used to the man-made test environment and wariness may have limited their performance. Some support for this is provided by looking at the performance of the equally inbred Thoroughbreds. Whilst the Thoroughbreds showed a rapid decrease in the time required to solve the task across the fifteen trials, the Przewalskis speed of learning remained at the same low level throughout the experiment. The time required by the Paso Finos to solve the task also failed to decrease significantly over time, but in the context of this breed, the lack of any decrease in time resulted from the very high speed of learning demonstrated at the outset of the task.

Lay Persons Message According to these findings, inbreeding appears to have a limiting effect on the learning abilities of horses, whilst their degree of domestication does not.

Key words: learning theory, domestication, inbreeding, Przewalski, Thoroughbred, Paso Fino.

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78: Do horses recognize the difference between harsh tones and soothing tones when using voice as a reinforcer for learning a frightening task C.R. Heleski1, C. Wickens2, M. Minero3, E. DallaCosta3, E. Czeszak4, U. Koenig von Borstel4 1Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA, 2University of Delaware, Delaware, USA, 3University of Milan, Milan, Italy, 4University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany [email protected]

When working with horses, it is frequently asserted that horses have an inherent understanding of harsh voice cues that would be used as reprimands versus soothing voice cues that may be used as positive reinforcers/calming modifiers. If horses are unable to understand this difference, handlers often make poor assumptions that potentially lead to unfair training. A total of 95 horses from 4 different locations in US and Europe were randomly assigned to either soothing voice treatment (SV; n=52) or harsh voice treatment (HV; n=43). The learning task involved horses of various breeds and ages learning to cross a tarpaulin. Methodology was standardized across locations. SV involved handlers saying “good horse” in a soft, soothing manner whenever horses made forward progress toward the tarpaulin. HV involved saying “quit it” in a loud, harsh manner whenever horses made forward progress toward the tarpaulin. PRAAT software was used to assess similarities in vocal spectrograms of different handlers/treatments. Mean pitch for SV was 244.4±3.11 Hz and 275.1±2.01 Hz for HV; both well within the equine hearing range. Average intensity (loudness) for SV was 42.3±1.04 dB and 56.0±1.80 for HV. Contrary to our hypotheses, risk of failing the task (> 10 min to cross the tarpaulin for the 1st time) was not different between treatments (25% failures SV; 25.5% failures HV; p=0.55). Also, for those horses who did cross the tarpaulin, the total time to achieve calmness criterion (crossing with little/no obvious anxiety) did not differ between treatments (157.3±59.8 sec HV vs 245.8±43.5 SV, p=0.23. A breed difference was noted: Hot bloods=606.8±145.9 sec vs Warm bloods=120.7±18.3 sec, p<0.01. Polar heart rate monitors were used on 68 horses. There was no difference between average HR of horses who crossed (84.7±3.9 bpm) vs those who failed (82.1±5.1) p=0.69. There was also no difference between HV horses (85.4±4.8 bpm) and SV horses (81.3±4.2 bpm; p>0.05).

Lay Persons Message Based on this study, most horses did not appear to inherently distinguish between harsh vocal cues and soothing vocal cues; or if they did, it did not influence their performance of learning and performing a frightening task.

Keywords: learning theory, vocal cues, horse training.

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79: Effect of riding horses in a snaffle or double bridle on stride length and head / neck angles at working trot J. Henry, N. Blackie, I. Gowers Writtle College, Chelmsford, UK [email protected]

At introductory levels of dressage (Intro, Prelim and Novice) it is not permitted to use a double bridle, whereas it is compulsory at FEI Intermediare I and II, Prix St George and Grand Prix. Little data have been published relating to the effect of snaffle and double bridles on the kinematics of the horse. Twelve warmblood dressage horses aged between 6-15 years old and at varied levels of training (Elementary to Grand Prix) were used. They were ridden by one of two international dressage riders who were their regular riders. Adhesive markers were placed on bony landmarks of the horse (cheek bones, wing of atlas, spine of scapula and limb markers). Each horse was ridden past the camera at working trot five times in both types of bridle. Videos were analysed using SIMITM motion analysis software to calculate head and neck angles, stride length and over track. There was no significant difference in stride length in horses when ridden in a snaffle (2.45±0.037 m) and double bridle (2.41±0.048 m, t11=1.203; p>0.05). Overtrack was longer when ridden in a snaffle bridle but this was not significant (0.29 ± 0.122 m vs. 0.10 ± 0.024 m, t11=1.694; p>0.05). When ridden in the double bridle horses demonstrated a greater angle between head and neck. This was seen when looking at the minimum angle (52.7±2.75° vs. 55.4±3.12°, for snaffle and double bridle respectively, t11=-1.961; p>0.05) maximum angle (60.9±2.92° vs. 64.8±3.16°, t11=-2.74; p<0.05) and the range (8.2±0.98° vs. 9.4±1.33°; t11=-1.522; p>0.05) although only the maximum head and neck angles were significant. It is concluded that minimal differences in stride length and overtrack occurred when ridden in a snaffle compared to a double bridle but there was a change in head and neck angles. Further research is needed to determine if the smaller head and neck angle seen with the snaffle bridle was a result of greater pressure being applied to the reins.

Lay Persons Message Many aspiring riders choose to ride in a double bridle, as this is compulsory for international competition. It is important to know what effects progressing to riding in a double bridle will have on the horse. This research concluded that riding a horse in a double bridle does not significantly change how long a stride is compared to when ridden in a snaffle bridle at working trot but there was a change in the angle between head and neck.

Keywords: dressage, bridles, gait analysis.

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80: What makes an Olympic Eventing Medallist? J.M. Williams1, D. Marlin2, C.F. Marks1 1UWE Hartpury, Gloucester, UK, 2David Marlin Consulting Ltd, Suffolk, UK [email protected]

To date epidemiology has been widely utilised to identify risk factors associated with injury and in addition has been used to predict racehorse performance. This study aimed to establish if epidemiology could predict factors that increase the chance of winning eventing medals in the Olympic Games. Relevant horse, rider and competition factors were identified for horse and rider combinations within Olympic and World Equestrian Games from 1948 to 2011. Logistic regression models, with a binomial fit, were developed using winning individual or team Gold or any medal as the dependent variables. Initial analysis revealed no factors were related to winning (P > 0.05). However, changes to format have occurred in eventing: 1971 penalty- point system introduction, 1977 scoring changes, 1996 rider weight changes and 2004 short format introduced. Therefore a further four models were devised to account for these. The number of horse and rider 3* wins (1971:gold p<0.03; any medal (AM) p<0.0001; 1977: AM p<0.001; 1996: AM p<0.001); number of Olympic rides (1977: AM p<0.005); rider gender (male) (1971: AM p<0.002; 1996: AM p<0.02); rider age (1977: gold p<0.03; 2004: gold p<0.01; AM p<0.02); dressage score (1977: gold p<0.0001; AM p<0.0001; 1996: gold p<0.007; AM p<0.006; 2004: AM p<0.003) and cross- country score (1971: AM p<0.05; 1977: AM p<0.01; 1996:AM p<0.002; 2004: AM p<0.001) increased the chance of winning medals in the Olympic team competition. Whilst total 3* combination wins (1971: gold p<0.02; AM p<0.0001; 1977: AM p<0.001; 1996: AM p<0.0001; 2004: AM p<0.002); cross- country score (1971: AM p<0.01; 1977: AM p<0.0001; 1996: AM p<0.002); and dressage score (1977: AM p<0.0001; 1996: gold p<0.004; AM p<0.006; 2004: AM p<0.004) were significant factors related to winning individual medals. This suggests that older riders, who are male, and have a strong record of 3* wins with the horse they are competing are most likely to win an eventing medal in London 2012. It is interesting that the dressage phase appears to exert most influence on medal success in both individual and team competitions.

Lay Persons Message Experienced male riders who achieve a good dressage score are more likely to win an eventing medal in the Olympics. However there are numerous other factors within competition which could exert an influence on the result.

Keywords: Olympics; epidemiology; eventing; performance; multivariate analysis.

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81: A comparison of risk factors associated with horse falls in UK and French Hurdle racing J.M. Williams, S. Mann, F. DaMata UWE Hartpury, Gloucester, UK [email protected]

Positive public perception of equine welfare is an essential requirement to assure the continuing popularity of jump racing. Limited research has evaluated the factors associated with horse falls in hurdle racing. Two styles of hurdles are used within the sport; an upright brush (French) and an angled ascending fence (British) and are considered to produce different jump kinematics. The French style is considered to encourage the horse to jump more fluently and can be used as a precursor for steeplechase racing. This study investigated the frequency of, and factors contributing to, horse falls in British and French hurdle races and for the different hurdle formats. Data were collected from all British and French hurdle races in 2001 (n=1687). Horse, course and race related risk factors were analysed using a multivariable logistic regression model to establish risk factors for horse-falls in hurdle races. British hurdle races exhibited a marginally lower chance of a horse-fall (2.6%) than French hurdle races (2.8%). The average number of falls per race was higher in France than it was in Britain (0.5 to 0.3 falls). In Britain, significant associations between factors and horse-falls were only exposed in lower Class races: increased number of runners (p>0.001; Class E: b= 2.485; df= 1; F: b= 1.518; df=1 ; G: b= 3.083; df=1 ), English hurdle type (b=2.31 ; df=1; p<0.05; Class E) and faster speeds (b= 9.536; df=1 ; p<0.05; Class G). Increased field size (b= 3.083; df=1; p<0.05) for soft conditions (b= 2.588; df=1; p<0.05) and firm going (b=1.151; df=1; p<0.05), and speed (b= 3.548; df=1; p<0.01) resulted in more horse-falls. British and French hurdle races exhibit a low risk of horse-falls compared to steeplechases. This study suggests neither hurdle format influences falling risk. However, potential appears to exists to implement further measures to reduce horse-falls within lower Class hurdle races in Britain to enhance racehorse welfare by introducing measures such as watering to ensure going is low risk and controlling the size of race fields. Further research in a larger population and with increased detail for French hurdle races could confirm the conclusions of this work.

Lay Persons Message Hurdle races show a small risk of falling for horses within them. Racecourses could further reduce the risk of falling by implementing measures to address the risks highlighted.

Keywords: epidemiology, hurdling, thoroughbred, racing, horse-falls.

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82: An initial evaluation of whip use in affiliated novice level British Showjumping competitions J.M. Williams, S. Evans UWE Hartpury, Gloucester, UK [email protected]

Recent changes to the whip use regulations by the British Horse Racing Authority have stimulated extensive public debate on this topic. Yet limited research has evaluated whip use within other disciplines. This study investigated whip use during the working-in phase of affiliated novice level British Showjumping competitions in Gloucestershire, UK. Participants carrying whips were randomly selected and observed by one observer (riders n=30, all female; horses: geldings n=26; mares n=4). Duration of the working- in, rider sex, horse sex, number of whip strikes during the working-in, location of whip strike, time of whip strike during the working-in period, perceived rationale for each whip strike and total faults accrued were noted. A Pearson’s correlation was performed to identify if any relationship between whip use and faults existed. The mean working-in time for combinations was 18±3 minutes, during this time each horse was hit on average 4.8±1.2 times (1 whip strike every 2.9±0.4 minutes). The majority of horses (72%) received their first whip strike within 5 minutes of starting work and most whip strikes appeared to be performed to encourage forward movement or followed a mistake by the horse. The location of whip strike appeared to reflect this rationale with 59% occurring behind the rider’s leg to generate momentum, 20% were down the shoulder and 21% were applied to the rump. A positive correlation existed between the number of whip strikes and faults gained in competition (r=0.70; p<0.05). These results demonstrate that the whip is frequently utilised by riders within British Showjumping competitions and was associated with poor competition performance. The correlation observed between whip use and faults accrued may be explained by observations that the whip is encouraging forward momentum and it could be the subsequent lack of the latter which may relate to reduced performance. Alternatively whip use during working-in could generate excess momentum or could reflect poor training resulting in faults during competition. Further work should investigate the rider’s motivation for whip use and its subsequent impact on performance.

Lay Persons Message Whips are used frequently in novice affiliated showjumping with their use associated to poor competition performance. Riders appear to use whips to generate forward momentum but the need and effectiveness of whip strikes requires further investigation.

Keywords: showjumping, whip use, equine, welfare.

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83: The effects of lateralisation on detour based problem solving in horses (Equus caballus) H. Savin, H. Randle Duchy College, Stoke Climsland, Callington, Cornwall, UK [email protected]

Equid motor laterality is becoming widely investigated. Many studies demonstrate equids have a preference for one side over the other but there is little evidence for directional biases. In modern day practices, equines are frequently required to manoeuvre around objects and laterality preferences may hinder or aid in this movement. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lateralisation when horses are presented with a detour task of increasing difficulty. Twenty three horses (of various breeds, ages and sexes) were required to reach a goal, a piece of carrot placed in a food bucket located behind a barrier. Horses were started/positioned 3 metres from the goal. Each horse was released immediately after observing the carrot being placed in the bucket. The time (s) taken from release to reach the goal was recorded where the subject was considered to have attained the goal once it touched the carrot. A maximum time of 180s was allowed to achieve the goal. Successful trials were followed by expansion at the barrier-goal distance at 2m intervals until a maximum length of 8m was reached. If a horse failed to complete a trial within 180 seconds the trial was terminated. The 4m trial was completed by 15 horses, 6m trial was completed by 12 horses and the 8m trial was completed by 12 horses. At 4m there was a higher tendency to manoeuvre around the object to the left as opposed to the right (Chisq1= 8.07; p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the direction moved at 6m (Chisq1=0.6; p>0.05) and 8m (Chisq1=1.33; p>0.05).

Lay Persons Message During this study, laterality preference was challenged when presented with a task of increasing difficulty. A better understanding of equine movement and the relationship to cerebral dominance may allow us to be aware of the limitations and capabilities of equine cognition and the potential problems with laterality.

Keywords: equine, laterality, detour task, preference, goal.

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84: The role of pasture management in control of equine parasites E. Jagla, J. Spiewak, M. Soroko Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland [email protected]

Horses are highly social herd animals, naturally inhabiting steppes and plains before their domestication. Contemporary pastures play an extremely important role in the breeding of horses as a replacement for their natural environment. On the other hand, enclosed pastures are often the main source of parasitic infection. Among the disease affecting horses, infections with nematodes of the family Strongylidae are the most extended. Moreover, the treatment of this infection with popular and regulary used - anthelmintics leads to drug resistance, mostly among species belonging to Cyathostominae subfamily. For this reason, horses should be on a parasite prevention and control program. A general knowledge and understanding of the nature of these parasites and their development is essential before necessary prevention. Our interest has been focused on different strategies aims to reduce the invasion of these parasites. In addition to the proper management of horse grazing, it is generally necessary to remove faeces from pastures. Control the manure is also very important step toward ridding the horse of parasites (Krecek and Guthrie, 1999). Furthermore, dividing pastures into smaller quarters and rotational grazing of horses often results in reduced infectivity. It results in termination of parasites life cycle, which can take even 6 month in case of Anoplocephala spp and consequently leads to lower level of infection. Due to long life cycle of parasite eggs invaded pasture should be quarantine in addition to antyparasitic drug application, in order to prevent a reinvasion. Experiments conducted with cattle showed that dividing the groups based on animal age results in decreased gastrointestinal nematodosis infection level. Likewise, experiments conducted on shetland pony and sheep exhibited that rotating grazing of different animal species can significantly decrease parasite infection level. Our experimental data and observations suggest that appropriate sanitation and management practices should be used to control parasite infections in horses.

Keywords: parasites, pasture, cyathostominae.

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85: Reliable method to identify horses – microchip vs. hot iron branding M. Wulf1, C. Aurich1,2, M. Nees1, J. Aurich2 1Graf-Lehndorff-Institute for Equine Science, Neustadt (Dosse), Germany, 2University of Veterinary Sciences, Vienna, Austria [email protected]

Due to the changes in legal requirements concerning the identification of horses (European Commission Regulation 504/2008) all horses born after 1 July 2009 must be microchipped, although some exceptions are possible. In Germany, horses have been identified by hot iron branding using breed- specific symbols and additional two-digit numbers traditionally, but this is now controversially discussed. In this study, the readability of branding symbols and numbers was analyzed by three independent investigators in 269 horses participating in an equestrian competition. Microchip readings were made on both sides of the neck in 182 horses with three different commercially available ISO 11784/11875 certified scanners (A: Minimax II, B: I-Max Plus, C: Isomax V, all by Virbac, Germany). Time needed until detection of the microchip was compared. The breed-specific symbol was identified correctly by all three investigators in 84% of cases, but the double-digit number in 39% of cases only. Correct identification of the branding signs was neither affected by coat colour nor age of horses. Best results of microchip reading was achieved using scanner C, reading 100% of microchips on the implantation side and 95% on the contralateral side of the neck. Time needed for location of the microchip ranged from one to four seconds (1.1±0.4). Scanner A identified 92 and 25% of microchips on the implantation and contralateral side of the neck, respectively while corresponding values for scanner B were 86 and 20%. The readability of microchip transponders was influenced by size and calibre (diameter of the neck) of the horse, especially on the contralateral side. In conclusion, readability of microchip transponders is more reliable for the correct identification of horses when compared to hot iron branding but depends on the type of scanner used.

Lay Persons Message Results of the present study demonstrate that identification of horses by hot iron branding is less reliable than by microchip implantation. However, readability of microchips depends on the scanner used and not all scanners allow easy and quick identification.

Keywords: identification, hot iron branding, microchip transponders, readability.

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86: Distilling Equitation Science – objectivity versus subjectivity in equine behaviour modification A. McLean Australian Equine Behaviour Centre/University of Sydney, Clonbinane, Australia [email protected]

Throughout the millennia, tradition and folklore have furnished and fertilised subjective interpretations of human experiences and humanity’s understanding of equine behaviour and learning is no exception. Descriptors of human behaviour were simply transferred to horses (and other domestic species) and these terms frequently implied human rather than equine mental characteristics with concomitant welfare implications and training inefficiencies. Last century though, a more objective framework has emerged through discoveries in animal behaviour and learning and this understanding explicitly relies upon knowledge from both ethology and learning theory. These disciplines originated independently in Europe and America, however as a result of various cultural and political differences in these two worlds, they acquired radically dissimilar acceptance. While animal welfare is currently in its ascendancy, this chequered history of animal learning has inhibited the emergence of an objective and heuristic approach that would enable the distillation of precise techniques from well-established learning processes. Unfortunately, the peak of this divergence occurred at the critical time of the popularisation of New Age horse training methodologies and the subsequent effects on the horseman’s lexicon and mindset persist to this day. The outcome was that the list of inappropriate descriptors of horse behaviour was expanded to include alluring notions of social hierarchy such as dominance, submission, respect and later on, partnership and leadership.

In this plenary, subjective descriptors of horse behaviours are compared with those that arise from a scientific approach in the light of these historical events in psychology and animal behaviour. To illustrate the chasm between subjectivity and objectivity, the ethological relevance of fear is described and the learning process of habituation is analysed and further refined into a number of techniques that are of practical use in overcoming fear of specific stimuli. These techniques are: systematic desensitisation, approach conditioning, overshadowing, response prevention and stimulus blending. Such a pragmatic refinement illustrates the potential of Equitation Science to educate and enlighten horse people and consequently to dramatically increase safety in human-horse interactions and reduce equine wastage. The lack of knowledge of learning theory in the general equestrian population and the persistence of subjective and incorrect behaviour descriptors have been implicit in thwarting the development of fundamentally ethical, sustainable and evidence-based methodologies in horse training and are the major impediments to the beginning of a ‘Golden Age’ of horse training. 148

Lay Persons Message We have inherited subjective terminology describing horse behaviours and these have led to inaccurate approaches to training and fixing behaviour problems. The sciences of animal behaviour and learning theory provide clear tools for training and retraining. In this presentation, five methods of desensitising horses to fear inducing aspects of the horse’s environment are described. These methods have been developed from an analysis of the horse’s natural behaviours and learning abilities. Incorporating techniques from Equitation Science will result in rapid and sustained improvements in equine behaviour, safety and horse welfare.

Keywords: horse training, habituation, desensitisation methods, learning theory, ethology, welfare.

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87: Preliminary investigation of methodology to assess the impact of novice rider hand position on conflict behaviour in riding school horses P. Johnson1, J. Hockenhull2, T.J. Young1 1Glyndwr University, Wrexham, UK, 2University of Bristol, Bristol, UK [email protected]

Riding schools are challenging environments for horses to work in, especially with the constant flow of novice riders who lack the precision and feeling associated with correct application of the aids. Inexperienced riders have to learn what level of pressure is acceptable to use and how to balance themselves on the horse without relying on, or unintentionally using, the reins for support. With an increasing number of people taking up recreational riding, it is important to understand the effects that novice riders may have on the welfare of the horses involved in their riding education. The objective of this preliminary study was to pilot methodology to explore novice rider posture and the occurrence of conflict behaviour during riding lessons. Five novice riders were observed undertaking three activities outlined in the British Horse Society (BHS) Stage One syllabus that focused on improving rider balance and developing an independent seat. The position of the riders’ hands and occurrence of conflict behaviour in the horse were recorded during the three tasks in their weekly lesson over a six week period, using methodology developed by Heleski et al. (2009). The riders demonstrated a significant improvement in their hand positioning during the three activities over the six week period (Friedman test15=13.09; p<0.001), indicating that their balance and independent seat improved in this time. There was a reduction in the frequency that conflict behaviour was expressed by the horse over this period; however, this was not significant (Friedman test8=3.27; p>0.05). Our findings suggest that the activities outlined in the BHS syllabus were effective in teaching novice riders balance and an independent seat thereby reducing unstable or erratic hand carriage. Further development of this methodology would enable quantification of the potential association between novice rider posture and conflict behaviour in their horse.

Lay persons message: This study trialled methodology to evaluate rider hand position and the occurrence of equine conflict behaviour during a weekly lesson for novice riders. There was a significant improvement in rider hand position over the six week duration of the study. Equine conflict behaviour declined over this period, though not significantly.

Keywords: rein, hand position, novice rider, conflict behaviour, welfare.

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88: Can the horses with low motivation to cooperate during cognitive testing be detected? M. Pokorná1,2, J. Bartošová1 1Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, Prague, Czech Republic, 2Department of Zoology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic [email protected]

When investigating the impact of a human demonstrator on horse´s performance in a spatial task a common phenomenon often occurs that part of the horses do not cooperate during testing/training procedures. Fifty-three horses used for leisure riding or national basic levels in show-jumping or eventing (up to 120 cm) were trained to perform a spatial task (horses were trained to approach a bucket with small amount of preferred food; in the spatial task a horse should walk 25 m from the starting point to a partly fenced 4x4 m area, walk around it and reach a food bucket located inside). The factors/characteristics were studied predicting the horses with low probability to complete the task and thus lower the effort needed for data collection in this research field. Welfare is also often compromised in a horse when exposed to a procedure it perceives as unpleasant or frightening. A set of initial tested factors included horse’s age (4-18 years), sex as well as the owner´s description of personal characteristics of her/his horse: dominance status of the horse (dominant/middle/submissive), its social dependency on other horses and humans (high/middle/low), its learning ability (high/moderate; low learning ability was stated only in 2 horses which were excluded from the analysis due to low sample size). From 29 failing horses 15 horses did not complete the training procedure, 9 horses failed in the first test and 5 horses lost their motivation later during testing. None of the listed predictors could significantly predict the probability that a horse completed the task except its learning ability assessed by the owner (x21= 6.48; p<0.05, logistic regression, PROC GENMOD, SAS). Horses described as possessing high learning ability completed the task with significantly higher probability (55% of cases) than those having moderate learning ability (16% of cases).

Lay Persons Message Prediction of horses that cooperate in a task would be very useful both in scientific experiments and horse training. In our study, only assessment of horse’s good learning ability by a person having long- lasting relationship with a horse significantly predicted that it completed the task.

Keywords: cooperation, cognition, horse, human, learning, motivation.

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89: Object habituation in horses: negatively reinforced vs. voluntary approach to novel objects J.W. Christensen Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark. [email protected]

Under certain conditions, prevention of avoidance responses is believed to facilitate habituation in horses. Response prevention may, however, lead to a perception of loss of control, which is a known stressor in both animals and humans. This experiment investigated whether negatively reinforced approach to novel objects increased stress responses in horses, compared to voluntary object exploration. We further investigated whether negatively reinforced approach facilitates habituation to the objects. Twenty-two 2-3 years old Danish warmblood geldings were included. Half of the horses (NR group) were negatively reinforced (through halter and rope pressure) by a familiar human handler to approach novel objects in a familiar test arena. The other half of the horses were released in the arena and were free to avoid or explore the objects (VOL group). On the next day, all horses were exposed to the objects again without a human to investigate the rate of habituation. Behavioural and heart rate (HR) responses were recorded on both days. Data were analysed in a two-way RM ANOVA (post hoc analysis: Holm-Sidak). In the VOL group, all horses initially avoided the unknown objects, whereas the handler managed to get all NR horses to approach and stand next to the objects within the first 2-min session. As expected, NR horses had a longer duration of alertness (sec, mean±se: NR: 23±4.1 vs. VOL: 16±4.7, t=2.27, p<0.05) and a higher max HR in the first session (bpm, NR: 106±5.2 vs. VOL: 88±4.4, t=2.75, p<0.01). On the next day, however, NR horses spent significantly less time investigating the objects (sec, NR: 13±4.1 vs. VOL: 24±6.0, t=2.91, p<0.01) and had a shorter latency to approach a feed container, placed next to the objects (sec, NR: 25±3.9 vs. VOL: 47±16.2, t=2,20, p<0.05), indicating increased habituation. In conclusion, negatively reinforced approach to novel objects increases stress responses during the initial exposure, but facilitates habituation in young horses.

Lay Persons Message Encouraging horses to approach and stand next to novel objects facilitates habituation compared to a voluntary approach, but the procedure also leads to a temporary increase in stress responses and should be carefully managed.

Keywords: habituation, response prevention, stress, reinforcement.

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90: Influence of familiarity with the rider and type of work on horses’ fear reactions U. König v. Borstel, N. Krienert University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. [email protected]

Horse owners often state that they share a special bond with their horse, and that their horse trusts their owner more than a stranger. The aim of the present study was to assess differences in horses’ fear reactions when ridden by a familiar or an unfamiliar rider. Horses (n=47) were either used to just one rider from daily work during the past years because they were employed by a mounted police unit (MP; n=20) or privately owned (PH; n=19), or they were employed by a riding school (RS; n=8) and used to various different riders from regular work. Each horse was ridden three times past a display of four novel stimuli, once by the/a rider familiar to them and twice by two different, unfamiliar riders in random order. Time taken to approach (T1) the stimuli was measured along with heart rate (HR) and behaviour of both horse and rider. As expected, PH reacted stronger than MP or RS (both selected and trained for low reactivity; e.g. T1: 26±3.9a vs. 6.1±3.8b and 5.8±6.0bsec, respectively; a,b=p<0.05 according to mixed model analysis accounting for unbalanced data), although no differences were found between the groups of horses (MP/PH/RS) for HR. MP, but not RS or PH, took less T1 when ridden by a familiar rather than an unfamiliar rider (2.1±4.8 vs. 10.0±4.1sec; p<0.05). In contrast with RS, HR was lower (p<0.05) with the unfamiliar (65.9±4.1bpm) rather than familiar (75.1±2.6bpm) riders. PH took regardless of familiarity with the rider longer to approach the stimuli the higher the riders’ HR was (p<0.05). Moreover, the higher the riders’ HR was, the higher was the horses’ HR, and this relationship was for all groups of horses stronger with the familiar rather than unfamiliar riders (+0.16±0.6bpm vs. +0.13±0.4bpm per additional bpm in rider HR; p<0.05).

Lay Persons Message Some horses appear to be less cooperative, but not necessarily more fearful, during frightening situations when ridden by an unfamiliar rather than familiar rider. However, these differences seem to depend on the horses’ type of work, its overall reactivity and potentially also on the rider’s level of fearfulness.

Keywords: fear, heart rate, familiarity, rider, mounted police, riding school.

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154

The Road Ahead

Horse sense is the thing a horse has, which keeps it from betting on people W. C. Field

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91: The future of equestrian sports: evidence-based training systems W. Channon World Dressage Masters, Oisterwijk, The Netherlands [email protected]

The overarching objective of all equestrian sports must be for horses to be trained on sound, verifiable principles. However, many riders, of all levels and disciplines, still ride their horses using techniques that are neither evidence- based nor guarantee the long-term sustainability of the equine athlete. Furthermore, opposing factions within the equine world regularly assert to have found the key to effective training without being able to support their claims with relevant evidence. More worryingly still, the current trend towards valuing spectacular movement over correct, natural movement shows no signs of abating, leaving many equine enthusiasts wondering where it might end. What equestrianism really needs is a coherent, comprehensive training system that combines the best there is on offer and bases itself on principles that will stand the test of time. Equitation science clearly has to play a pivotal role in this process by providing independent, state of the art research and specifying clear boundaries on what horses can and cannot do; what might reasonably be asked of them and, more importantly, what riders should definitely not expect them to do. All riders, regardless of the level they ride at, should be able to understand why and how they should train their horses. Equitation scientists should see themselves as facilitators, translating theoretical knowledge into applicable training principles and helping riders understand the value of science to improve both equine welfare and sustain performance. There can be no doubt that the future of the sport lies with educating the next generation of riders according to a system that is supported by evidence based facts. Only then will all the national training bodies be able to come together in support of the horse and for the good of the sport.

Lay Persons Message Many riders still find it difficult to understand the true principles underlying horse training. Equitation scientists and experts in the field must work together to develop a training system that is based on scientific evidence, promotes equine welfare and sustainable sport.

Keywords: evidence-based training; training system; scientific principles.

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92: The radio-controlled car as herd leader? A preliminary study of escape and avoidance learning in the round-pen C. Henshall1, B. Padalino1,2, P. McGreevy1 1University of Sydney, Australia, 2Bari University, Italy [email protected]

Many trainers and some scientists advocate round-pen horse training (RPT), on the basis that it uses ethologically salient cues, despite the reliance on eliciting flight (escape) responses. This study investigated whether a non- human stimulus could elicit escape and avoidance responses in RPT. The method combined elements of aversive conditioning techniques developed by experimental psychologists with conditioning sequences commonly used in RPT. Cues from a human trainer were substituted with those from an electric radio-controlled car (40cm x 20cm) and an artificial audio source. Horses (n=11) naive to RPT were used. Phase One involved training the subjects to follow the car to mirror the typical response of horses as they are led into the round-pen. Positive reinforcement (PR) was utilised to elicit this response. Phase Two involved an escape and avoidance conditioning procedure (negative reinforcement, NR) in which the car (unconditioned stimulus, US) chased or did not chase the horse. At the commencement of each trial, an auditory warning signal (WS) was played for 10s after which the car chased the subjects to elicit an escape (flight) response. When the horse stopped and faced the car (avoidance response), car movement and WS were offset and a safety signal (SS) sounded until the horse either moved away from the car or that trial ended (90 seconds). Sessions were terminated once the horse had performed the avoidance response to three presentations of the WS/US. A cross-over design was employed with six subjects exposed to Tone A as the WS and five to Tone B as the WS. The tones were clearly audible throughout the round pen and shared similar characteristics but differed in pitch and rhythm. Cardiac and behaviour data during escape and avoidance responses were analysed using the Linear Mixed Model with phase, session and stimulus characteristics as variables. During PR training, the average and maximum heart rate were lower than during NR training (Av HR- p<0.05, Max HR p<0.001). Of the 11 horses, 73% reached avoidance criteria within 4 sessions and 38% approached the car during the SS period. The successful application of a non-human stimulus to elicit escape and avoidance responses in this modified form of RPT suggests that elements of RPT are aversive to horses and consequently their use should be undertaken with caution.

Lay Persons Message Responses of horses in the round pen are the result of pressure release (negative reinforcement) rather than because the trainer is mimicking horse behaviour.

Keywords: round-pen, negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, avoidance learning, escape learning 157

93: Advancing Equine Veterinary Practice by Application of Learning Theory G. Pearson Dick Vet Equine Practice, Midlothian, UK. [email protected]

Horses undergoing veterinary examination and treatments can be dangerous to vets, owners and themselves. Traditionally veterinary training concentrates on diagnosis and treatment of medical problems, with less time spent on equine behaviour and how this can be used in everyday veterinary practice. Veterinary interest in the development of animal behaviour problems and behaviour modification is increasing, especially in the small animal field, and specialist qualifications are now available. However for the equine veterinarian, there are no specific courses related to equine management and the use of learning theory and little information to show how effective a scientific approach can be for managing horses during routine procedures. The aim of the current work is to demonstrate through equine veterinary CPD and information sharing, that correct application of learning theory during a variety of situations can prevent fear responses in horses, creating a less stressful experience for all involved and reducing the likelihood of injury. This presentation will look at data from injuries caused by equines in the RDSVS equine hospital. It will look at common techniques used to manage challenging equines in the hospital and the implications for future interactions with that horse. It will then analyse common case scenarios from a busy equine hospital and practice, including needle shy horses and those that refuse to load into examination stocks. It will demonstrate how techniques such as overshadowing and negative reinforcement can be effectively used to manage the more challenging equine patient.

Lay Persons Message Horses undergoing veterinary examination and treatments can be dangerous to vets, owners and themselves. This presentation demonstrates how application of learning theory, including negative reinforcement and overshadowing techniques, prevents fear responses in horses. This reduces stress and risk of injury to people and horses

Keywords: needle shy, overshadowing, veterinary, equine, stress.

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94: The use of learning theory and equine behaviour understanding in the welfare setting, from round-ups to rehabilitation M N de Brauwere1,2 1Redwings Horse Sanctuary, Hapton, Norfolk, UK, 2National Equine Welfare Council, Warwickshire, UK. [email protected]

The equine welfare sector deals with a wide range of concerns every year including neglect, abuse and abandonment. The types of equines involved can vary from individual privately owned horses to groups of feral or semi-feral native ponies. Rescuing and rehabilitating such a wide variety of animals frequently falls to the welfare charities involved and presents not only veterinary, but also significant behavioural challenges. These challenges often start at the initial rescue when catching, containing and transporting cannot be performed safely using traditional techniques. It can then be difficult to provide the necessary veterinary and routine follow up care required to physically rehabilitate these animals. It is vital to ensure that the behavioural needs of these equines are not overlooked and that their mental wellbeing is addressed as well as their physical needs. These case studies illustrate a practical application of the use of learning theory and equine behaviour understanding in the equine welfare setting from the initial rescue to long term rehabilitation.

Lay Persons Message Equine welfare often focuses on the physical needs and condition of the horse but many of these animals have received inappropriate or insufficient handling. The welfare industry has an obligation to recognise and address that behaviour is an important component of providing optimal welfare.

Keywords: welfare, rehabilitation, behaviour, practical, learning theory.

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95: An application of ‘systems science’ to classical dressage D. West University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Renfrewshire, UK [email protected]

Whilst science may provide us with the thinking and tools to develop a greater understanding of the horse as a ‘natural system’, it is argued here that it may be of limited use in our investigation of ‘purposeful human activity systems’ of the sort we engage in with horses. Classical dressage is an example of what may be described as purposeful human activity which is particularly interesting because of its long history and cultural and political influences. The belief by many of its proponents that classical dressage takes the participant on a much deeper journey than the mere acquisition of riding technique makes the topic increasingly complex. An example is given of the application of the Appreciative Inquiry Method (AIM) into the work of two different, but complementary, classical dressage riders/trainers. AIM is a rigorous but interpretive ‘soft’ systems-based approach that involves exploring and modelling purposeful human activity and its associated ‘worldview’ through language natural to those involved in the study. Through the use of systems concepts, AIM facilitates a process whereby the investigator influences the process of inquiry as little as possible. The results from the studies allow insight into the thoughts, feelings, motivations and practices of the two ‘experts’. There is no attempt to generalise from the results of the two studies since each study is unique. The work is offered as an illustration of how such a systems approach may generate meaningful ‘data’ that is, by its very nature, personal, tacit, experiential, context-dependent and culturally-embedded. It is hoped that the examples presented here will help to illustrate how ‘Systems Science’ is a valuable and appropriate approach to help us develop an enriched appreciation of the complex relationships between humans and horses.

Lay Persons Message ‘Systems’ science is offered as a potentially useful and complementary approach to science when undertaking research into the complex, subjective relationship between humans and horses. An example of a systems-based study into the way that two classical dressage riders/trainers view their ‘expertise’ is presented. The results of the studies allow insight into the personal and rich understanding of classical dressage according to the two practitioners involved.

Keywords: systems science, classical dressage, appreciative inquiry method.

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096: Herd social status as a factor in the response of a horse to human presence P.A. Gashi Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK. [email protected]

The horse-human relationship has been the subject of several studies in recent years. The need to increase safety, comply with welfare legislation and improve performance impacts management and training techniques in all areas of the equine industry. Factors such as breed and handler have been identified as affecting horses’ responses towards humans. This study tested the hypothesis that herd social status affects the first response of horses to a human appearing at the stable door. Twenty horses (6 cobs, 7 Thoroughbreds and 7 Warmbloods) from one yard and equally handled by the same people were categorised over a 5 month period as High, Middle or Low status on the basis of repeated observations of herd displacement behaviour during turnout times. Behavioural and heart rate responses to an experimenter appearing at the stable door were recorded 10 times for each horse. Behaviour was ranked on a scale of 1-5 (friendly to aggressive). Consistency of behavioural response was high (10% of horses responding the same way for all tests; 25% responded over 2 categories, 55% over 3 and 10% over 4) and there was no apparent habituation to the test (Wilcoxon signed-rank: T=46, n=20, n=14, p>0.05). Heart rate responses (Baseline HR–Test HR) were significant (p>0.05) for all horses but no difference was found between breeds or different social statuses. There was no correlation between heart rate response and behaviour. Behavioural responses were significantly different 2 (p<0.01) for different breed types (Kruskal-Wallis: X 2= 9.111) confirming the findings of other studies. Behavioural responses were significantly different 2 (p<0.005) between social statuses (Kruskal-Wallis: X 2=18.094) with Middle status horses showing the most indifferent behaviour (category 3) towards humans and both High and Low status groups showing more friendly behaviour (categories 1 and 2). This study concludes that social status is a significant factor in the responses of horses towards humans and warrants further investigation. Implications for management, training and rider compatibility across the equine industry are high because all involve horse- human interactions that may be affected by this factor.

Lay Persons Message: Breed type, handler ability and training techniques are known to influence horse-human interactions and have implications for safety, welfare and management across the industry. The findings suggest herd social status is another factor that affects horses’ responses to humans and warrants further investigation.

Keywords: horse human relationship, herd social status, behaviour, heart rate. 161

097: The effect of weighted boots on the jump stride kinematics of ridden horses J. Lucas, L. Hopegood, C. White Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK. [email protected]

One method of enhancing show jumping performance is the use of weighted boots in competition. The Fédération Equestrian Internationale (FEI) rules stipulate that these must not weigh ≥500g. Current standard boots for protection weigh ~300g. The effect of the use of weighted boots on the jump stride kinematics (JSKs) on the hind limbs in ridden horses is unknown. Work and power generated by the hind limb is particularly important in take-off when jumping. Weights (350g) were affixed to neoprene brushing boots (120g). Appropriate visible markers were attached to the horses (n=5). A standardised warm up routine including a warm up fence (70cm), jumped three times was undertaken prior to data collection. Each experimental jumping effort (1m, jumped eight times) was videoed (Canon Legria FS306, 50Hz). Horses were compared both with boots (WB) and without boots (NB) for take-off distance, landing distance, croup, hock and fetlock heights. The video footage was analysed using DartFish Pro Suite Version 5.0TM. Croup (195±6.68cm vs193±6.23cm, t19=2.236; p<0.05) and hock heights (160.1± 3.83vs 156± 4.32cm, t19=2.679; p<0.05) were significantly greater when WBs than when with NBs. The fetlock was also carried significantly higher WBs (median WBs was 120±4.23cm vs 115±3.32cm NBs, Mann-Whitney U test; U=20, df=19; p<0.001). There was no significant difference in take-off distance between those WBs (98.5±16.34cm, t19=5.17; p>0.05) than when with NBs (98.5±16.34cm). There was also no significant difference in landing distance between those when WBs (101.3±14.8cm, t19=0.628; p>0.05) than when NBs (105.9± 20.78cm). Although the sample was small, these objective data indicated that ridden jumping performance may be enhanced by the addition of weighted boots to the distal hind limb of the horse. The persistent use of weighted boots should be restricted until the physiological effect is known in order to safeguard the welfare of the horse.

Lay Persons Message Hind limb weighted boots ≤500g may increase the ridden jumping performance of the horse. However, to guard the welfare of the horse, persistent use of weighted boots should be restricted until the physiological effect is known.

Keywords: equine, jump stride kinematics, weighted boots.

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098: Federico Caprilli and the empirical knowledge of Learning Theory P. Baragli1, A. Testa3, E. Finocchi Mahne2, C. Sighieri1 1University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, 2Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy, 3ASCOFARVE, Rome, Italy [email protected]

Captain Federico Caprilli (1868-1907) is considered the father of modern equitation. He revolutionized the jumping seat and introduced the concept of “natural equitation” as conveyed in the sentence “[the rider] studies how to render less disgusting its actions to the horse, and how not to bother it”. Reading the testimonials of his students, however, we realized how Caprilli’s approach reflected the principles of Learning Theory, even though he was not aware of their underlying scientific meaning. In our opinion, some of Caprilli’s statements reflect concepts that relate to the principles of horse training and learning theory. For example, Caprilli’s idea expressed in “When the horse is fearful of the rider’s actions it constantly looks for a chance to shun the rider’s restless pressure focusing primarily on evading constriction rather than performing as requested”, seems to reflect the 7th principle of training (it is known that fear responses do not fade as other responses do and that fearful animals tend not to trial new learned responses). Again, Caprilli’s statement “the first rule of good horsemanship is to reduce, simplify and, if possible, eliminate the rider’s intervention. Using your reins to make the horse turn and stop and your legs to make him move forwards is enough! If the rider makes these moves at the right moment, remaining passive afterwards, and doesn’t disturb the horse while it is responding, he will achieve wonderful results and will perform well”, could relate to principles n. 2 (train easy to discriminate signals, to avoid confusion) and 6 (once each response is elicited, the animal should maintain the behaviour and should not be subjected to continuing signals from leg or rein pressure). Furthermore his idea that “a rider who is able to release at all times will pull at the right moment and in the correct manner” seems to reflect the 1st principle of training (it is critical that any pressures are released so that horse’s responses are correctly reinforced and that the horse is free of continuous or relentless pressure). Therefore, Caprilli appears to have correctly applied current scientific knowledge.

Lay Persons Message Throughout the history of equitation, reading Masters teaching within the context of Learning Theory could help to apply their work to modern equitation.

Keywords: Federico Caprilli, learning theory, principles of training.

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99: The road ahead - education within equitation science H. Randle1, N. Waran2 1Duchy College, Stoke Climsland, Callington, Cornwall, PL17 8PB, UK. 2Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, EH25 9RG. [email protected]

Education is defined as a process of teaching, training and learning, especially in schools or colleges, to improve knowledge and develop skills. A priority for equitation science is to encourage and support research informed teaching of Equitation Science (ES) in academic institutions. The provision of practical programmes within vocational colleges as well as university validated degree level programmes within veterinary schools and science faculties is fundamental to the fulfilment of the ISES aims. For ES to advance beyond the pursuit of knowledge and understanding, it must be translated through teaching, training and learning accessible by both academics and practitioners. Application of evidence-based knowledge enables recently qualified Equitation Scientists and ES practitioners to be ideally placed to ensure that the equitation practices of people and organisations they are associated with prioritise the welfare of the horse. A clear focus on evidence –based practice and delivery, whether theoretical or practical, regardless of whether at local, regional, national or international level ensures that professionals use the best evidence possible when making decisions about the methods/treatments/actions employed to achieve their goals, and promotes the development of questions using research-based evidence, to assess the effectiveness of the approach. Equitation science is a relatively new area of scientific inquiry – bringing together a range of disciplines with the aim of improving the welfare of the working horse in their interactions with humans. It is imperative that knowledge gained is made transferable between disciplines, and above all, that the high proportion of horses who do not come under the auspices, or protection, of a competition based organisation are not excluded.

Lay persons message Education of those responsible for the welfare of horses and ponies used for equestrian purposes remains vitally important. Informed application of the science based principles of Equitation Science will play a crucial role in ensuring good welfare in horses regardless of their location and the purpose for which they are used.

Keywords: equitation, science, education, practitioner, transferable, application.

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100: Oral stereotypy slows reversal learning in horses R. Grindy, J. Cooper University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK. [email protected]

Equine stereotypies such as weaving and cribbing have been associated with concentrate feeding and social isolation in stabled horses. It is, however, not clear why certain individuals express these behaviours, and others do not, in apparently similar conditions. We applied a reversal learning paradigm to horses known to express stereotypies (n=10) and a control population of non- stereotypic horses on same yard (n=18). For reversal learning each horse was presented with two buckets. For the first 6 trials a small food item was available in one of the buckets (A), and for the second 6 trials the same food item was placed in the other bucket (B). Horses were studied in a familiar area, where they would not normally be fed in buckets (an indoor riding school). We predicted that horses’ latencies would decline over the first six trials, but that following the change in location of the reward, the stereotypic individuals (either because they less sensitive to environmental cues, or generally more persistent in their behaviour), would take longer to learn the new reward position. Latency to approach bucket A decreased in both groups from 24±4 seconds to 13±2 seconds in trials1 to 6. In trial7, non-stereotypic horses showed an increase in latency to 35±8 seconds, whilst stereotypic individuals took on average 129±10 seconds to locate food in new position. By trial12 both groups were quickly locating the food in the new position (latency of 14±2 seconds). There was a significant interaction between trial and group (F11.284=7.27; p<0.001), which Tukeys post-anova comparisons indicated was due to the longer latencies in horses with oral stereotypies after the position shift. These data suggest there are differences in how stereotypic and non- stereotypic horses learn new tasks, which may include inability to suppress original response or reduced response to new environmental cues. As a consequence these horses may perform poorly when required to learn new tasks during training. It is not possible in this study to determine if these differences are a cause of individual differences in tendency to express the behaviours or a consequence of development of stereotypic behaviour.

Lay Persons Message In a reversal learning task, stereotypic and non- stereotypic horses quickly learnt the initial food location task, but after reward position changed, stereotypic animals took longer to learn the new location of food. This suggests that horses showing stereotypic behaviour such as cribbing and weaving may be generally more persistent in their behaviour and/or less responsive to changing environmental cues. The failure to quickly learn an alternative response would have implications for their speed of learning new tasks during training.

Keywords: equine stereotypy, reversal learning, perseverance. 165

101: A comparison of the use of distal cues during preferential place learning between crib-biting and non-stereotypic horses D. McCarthy1, M. Parker2, L. Greening1 1UWE Hartpury, Gloucester, UK, 2Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK [email protected]

Research shows that crib-biting (CB) horses learn differently as a result of altered neurophysiology; they display faster place learning which uses memories associated with stimuli that are close (local cues) and at distance (distal cues) within the environment. The aim of this study was to further investigate differences in place learning between CB and non-stereotypic horses, to establish whether there were differences in the trade-off between local cues (7 black buckets and 1 coloured bucket) and distal cues (including farm machinery, an outbuilding, trees and a crop field) during place learning. Ten horses (age range 5-16 years) were used; five CB horses and five control horses, which were matched in pairs as closely as possible. Phase one taught horses to locate food in an open outdoor arena using only distal cues when the position of the food did not change but the colour of the bucket with food in was unpredictable. In phase two, the distal cues were made unreliable and horses were trained to learn the location of the food based on local cues (the bucket with the food in was always yellow but the location was unpredictable). Horses were given 120 seconds to successfully locate the food in 36 trials for each phase. The test was repeated if horses were unsuccessful and total latency per trial was recorded. Differences in latency to complete tasks between crib-biting and control groups were tested using Mann Whitney-U (p<0.05) run through IBM SPSS19. On average CBs were significantly (Z=- 3.063; p<0.05) faster to complete the task (35.1 +41.3 seconds) compared with control horses (44.5+49.7 seconds) in both phase one and in phase two (crib-biters= 51.1+49 seconds; control horses= 63.5+54.8 seconds; Z=-2.915; p<0.05). CBs completed fewer unsuccessful trials overall. In phase two, control horses were observed to investigate location of food from the previous trial rather than follow visual cues (coloured bucket). Findings suggest that CB horses display greater visual and spatial awareness, making them faster to learn using stimulus-response learning strategies. CBs may also be more motivated to engage in the performance of a learnt task.

Lay Persons Message Such findings appear to reflect positively on the learning ability of crib-biting horses where positive reinforcement is used during a task, however little is known about horses with locomotor stereotypies such as weaving. Such information may have implications for the way in which we train our horses or perceive horses with stereotypies at the very least.

Keywords: equine, crib-biting, stimulus-response, learning, behaviour. 166

102: Auditory stimulation of the stabled equine; the effect of different music genres on behaviour C. Carter, L. Greening UWE Hartpury, Gloucester, UK [email protected]

Anecdotal evidence suggests that some yards have a radio playing but little evidence exists to clarify whether different music genres are environmentally enriching to the horse. This study aimed to establish which style of music played to stabled horses resulted in the highest frequency of eating-relaxed and stand-resting behaviours (rest responses) compared to eating-restless and stand-alert behaviours (alert responses). Thoroughbred geldings (n=8; 8- 10 years) acted as their own control when exposed to four musical genres (Classical, Country, Jazz and Rock) and a control (no music). Horses were exposed to each treatment for thirty minutes, in their usual stable. Focal sampling techniques were used to observe alert or rest behaviours every thirty seconds according to a pre-determined ethogram, resulting in a total of 120 observations per horse for each genre. The study was conducted at a time when there was no human traffic or interference on the yard. All horses had been stabled three hours before the study began. The relationship between genre and behavioural response was analysed using the Fisher’s Exact test of association (95% confidence interval) run through IBM SPSS19. Country and Classical genres resulted in the same average frequency ratio of alert:rest behaviours as control (0:120). Country and Classical also increased the frequency of eating-relaxed behaviours compared with other treatments, however differences in behavioural frequencies were not significant (p>0.05). Jazz and Rock genres significantly increased the frequency of alert behaviours compared to control (Jazz p<0.001 and Rock p<0.001). Jazz produced the highest frequency of alert responses (p<0.001) and appeared the most aversive genre. This may be due to the fast tempo and minor key of the piece used. Country and Classical genres were slow tempo with a major key and appeared to result in positive environmental enrichment. Further research is needed to assess equine emotional capabilities and the emotional effects of music, to determine whether the apparent enriching effect of country and classical is due to interpretation by the horse. Future studies should also consider how music influences human handlers and whether this impacts equine behaviour.

Lay Persons Message The display of natural behaviours, such as eating, is often used in the assessment of welfare. Country and classical music appeared to encourage the display of relaxed behaviours, specifically eating, suggesting an enriching effect on the environment of the stabled horse.

Keywords: equine, music, environmental enrichment, behaviour.

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103: Relevance of the hot-iron brand as a brand mark for sport horses C. Dannheim, U. König v. Borstel, A. Spiller University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. [email protected]

Hot-iron branding is currently discussed controversially for animal welfare, as well as cultural and marketing reasons. An internet survey with open and closed questions was used to examine the importance of hot-iron brands of German Warmblood horses from a marketing perspective. Questions included a randomized single-blind test to assess potential differences in responses to the same picture of a Hanoverian horse with (B) or without (NB) visible brand. Not surprisingly, participants (n=226) assigned more often (83% vs. 12%; χ²=88.21; p<0.01) the correct breed to the horse, if they were shown the picture with the visible rather than obscured brand. When asked to state how much they like the horse on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much), participants ranked the B horse (mean±SD throughout: 3.5±0.7) significantly higher than the NB horse (3.2±0.9; Mann-Whitney-U: p<0.05). After some background information regarding the horses’ health and performance level was provided, willingness to pay for this horse was non significantly higher for participants who were provided with the picture with the visible brand (7986.5±734 Euro) compared to participants who saw the picture with the brand obscured (7148.7±3153 Euro; p>0.05). When provided with brands of various German Warmblood breeding associations and asked to name the corresponding breeding association, the majority of participants were able to assign the correct association to the brand of the most common breeds based on the number of registered mares (e.g. Hanoverians: 19000 mares; 95% correct responses). These brands were recognized significantly more often compared to brands of smaller associations such as Rheinländer (2400 mares/49%), which in turn were assigned correctly more often than yet smaller associations such as Zweibrücker (1100 mares/20%; T-Test: both p<0.01). Fifty-five percent of the respondents objected or strongly objected to the intention of the government to ban hot-iron brands for animal welfare reasons.

Lay Persons Message Hot iron brands appear to be important from a marketing perspective as riders value the same horse with rather than without brand slightly higher. However, considerable disagreement exists among people involved in the equine industry regarding the question whether or not hot-iron branding should be banned for animal welfare reasons.

Keywords: hot-iron brand, brand mark, marketing, breeds, equine welfare, survey.

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104: The effect of a novel object presented under different lighting conditions on the heart rate and behaviour of the horse L. Bonnin, E. Davies, C. Cooper, C. White, C. Hall Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, UK [email protected]

Fearful reactions of the horse can be sudden and unpredictable and cause problems in both ridden work and management. Reactivity tests are carried out with horses in potentially anxiety-provoking situations to identify factors that affect these responses. The visual system of the horse differs from that of the human in that it is adapted to function optimally in low light (scotopic) as opposed to bright light (photopic) conditions, which in turn affects the visibility of objects to each. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different light levels on the fear-related responses of horses (heart rate and behaviour) to a novel object. For the purpose of this study scotopic conditions were classed as darkness after sunset and photopic conditions were normal daylight conditions (varying from lightly clouded to sunlight). Horses (n=6) were exposed to a novel object (a black and silver umbrella or a stand covered with a blue sheet) in an enclosed arena (20m x 40m) for a period of 5 minutes. Each horse was tested twice, once in scotopic and once in photopic conditions, with a different novel object each time (cross-over design). Heart rate was measured using a Polar heart rate monitor (RS800), and behaviour was recorded (Panasonic SDR-S15). The novel object used was randomized in relation to condition. The mean heart rate in each lighting condition was compared (related t-test) and was found to be significantly higher during photopic conditions (85.5 ±21.4 bpm) than during scotopic conditions (52±11.1 bpm) (t5=3.88; p<0.05). There was no significant difference in baseline heart rate for the two conditions. No significant difference was found in the duration or frequency of behaviours (which included walk, trot and canter, investigating/circling the novel object and standing alert). Physiological responses to novel visual stimuli that may be fear-related seem to be lessened by encountering these in light conditions that the equine eye is better adapted to. Further investigation into the extent of this effect and the potential for training the horse under optimal lighting conditions is now required.

Lay person message: We found that horses were less frightened of novel objects in dark conditions than when they encountered them in daylight. This is likely to relate to their visual system and has implications for environmental lighting for training situations.

Keywords: reactivity, vision, horse, lighting.

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105: Inter-observer reliability of three human-horse relationship tests E. Dalla Costa, C. Bonaita, S. Pedretti, E. Govoni, A. Guzzeloni, E. Canali, M. Minero Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy. [email protected]

The perception of humans and of the interaction with them was shown to have a major impact on horse welfare and safety of people. The aim of the study was to evaluate if trained assessors agree in their evaluation of human-horse relationship tests. Four observers with no experience in assessing equine welfare were trained to perform and score 3 standardized human-horse behavioural tests derived from literature: a modified Avoidance Distance test (AD), a modified Voluntary Animal Approach test (VAA) and a modified Forced Human Approach test (FHA). Tests were performed in the home box. A scoring system for each test was developed. Training procedure of observers consisted of giving a detailed verbal explanation of each test and scoring system, using PPT presentations with photographs and a written training guide, practical trials (video and live).They then conducted live assessments, paired with the trainer (silver standard), until each assessor consolidated his/her experience through applying the tests and the scoring system to a minimum of 5 correct repetitions in a row. After a final exam, the assessors tested 184 horses of 6 different stables, aged between 3 and 35 years (mean=10,3yrs). Assessors worked in pairs: each horse was scored live by the assessor performing the test and the other assessor observing from a distance. Observers did not talk or discuss during assessments. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (W) for k related samples from a continuous field and Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were calculated to measure inter- observer reliability. Observers significantly agreed scoring Avoidance Distance test (W<0.05), Voluntary Animal Approach test (W<0.05; ICC=0.94) and Forced Human Approach test (ICC=0.93). Our results clearly show that inter- observer reliability in scoring human-horse behavioural tests can be achieved. Sufficient theoretical and practical training of assessors should be taken into consideration for developing standardized human-horse relationship tests.

Lay Persons Message Measuring the reaction of horses to humans gives information about how they perceive people, which is important information for assessing welfare and increasing safety of people. A good training of observers assessing horses’ reactions to humans during standardized tests could improve the assessment reliability.

Keywords: inter-observer reliability; human-animal relationship; horse welfare.

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106: Effective methods for assistance and dissemination of information on short and long term equine health and welfare following severe impacts of Tropical Storm Irene in Vermont E.A. Greene University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA. [email protected]

When Tropical Storm Irene caused devastation to farms, roads, and businesses throughout Vermont, many farmers lost all communication and physical access to and from their farms, some for several weeks. After ensuring immediate health and safety of humans and animals, it was critical to get information to farms about issues that needed to be addressed for the short and long term health and welfare of the animals. University of Vermont (UVM) Extension professionals worked with farmers and other agencies so that potential hazards were identified and shared through multiple avenues. Immediate health risks and dangers included potential toxins in silt that coated the pastures and hay fields, mycotoxins in animal feed crops, and the need for volunteers to protect their own health with N95 respirators. Recovery efforts included documenting losses for insurance and grant eligibility, storing potentially contaminated field crops separately from undamaged stockpiles, and testing post-flood hay harvests for heavy metal contamination. Grant funding was leveraged for matching feed donations, additional grant funds, and donated trucking to provide immediate help to hard hit areas. Approximately seven tons of hay replacer and grain were delivered to horse owners in a three town area. Almost 1/3 of that feed was hand walked across a footbridge that replaced the destroyed highway bridge cutting off Rochester from its town center. UVM faculty, staff, and students were very active in on- site debris removal from pastures, crop, and hay fields. UVM Extension was highly acclaimed for quick response and assistance during this crisis period. Traditional communication methods, on farm workshops, social media (Facebook, Twitter), YouTube video clips (e.g. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tr0WZ7jvafQ), and episodes of Across the Fence (agricultural television program) were used to disseminate information. Developed materials providing information to alleviate potential long-term harm from issues that are not readily apparent in crisis situations are available at http://www.uvm.edu/extension/?Page=emergency.html. These educational products created during this crisis can be used as templates in similar situations.

Lay Persons Message: When equine and other farms in Vermont were severely impacted by Tropical Storm Irene, UVM Extension utilized a multi- pronged effort to get help and information to affected farmers.

Keywords: equine health, Tropical Storm Irene, mycotoxins.

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107: Growth and development of thoroughbred yearlings during sales preparation in relation to reference growth curves M. Goff Sparsholt College, University of Portsmouth, Winchester, UK [email protected]

Sales preparation is implemented by many Thoroughbred studs in order to develop individuals for commercial sale with some studies suggesting early conditioning is beneficial for future health and performance. Sales preparation involves daily in hand walking along with the use of mechanical walkers and the provision of quality conditioning feed with research surrounding this area limited. This study investigated the influence of sales preparation on development of Thoroughbred yearlings based at different stud farms, comparing this to reference growth programme data taken from a cohort of 1,233 UK Thoroughbreds. Measurements of height (cm), weight (kg) and girth (cm) from Thoroughbred yearlings (n=25) were taken at 14-day intervals over the sales preparation period of 9 weeks duration (August – October 2011). Two different stud farms (A/B) were used for comparison of yearling growth and management (A;n=21, B;n=4) with a control group (A;n=4) at pasture for the preparation period. Two-sample T-tests found a significant difference (t=7.79; p<0.01) between the observed height increase of Group A and a commonly used reference growth tracking programme, Gro-TracTM. Horses which underwent preparation (n=21) had a higher mean height increase than the pasture group (t=-1.45; p>0.05), and pasture-kept yearlings had a significantly higher weight increase (t=3.35; p<0.05) which has possible future implications for developmental dysfunction. A significant difference between height increases was also found between the two different stud farms (t=6.46; p<0.05); differences in soil type and subsequent grass quality were identified. Differences exist between reference growth data and actual height and weight increases during sales preparation. This may influence the subsequent management of individuals where growth curves are commonly used to monitor and manage individuals however management of the reference population was unclear questioning results. Weight management appears more controllable with horses undergoing sales preparation than in those at pasture.

Lay Persons Message Quantifying height and weight increases during sales preparation can help to inform breeders of normal development and the effects of management on the condition of yearlings intended for sale. A more individual approach to the application of growth tracking programmes should be used as they may not always provide a suitable reference yearling.

Keywords: Thoroughbred, growth rate, sales preparation, yearling.

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AUTHORS INDEX Christensen, J W 2, 6, 69, 89 (numbers are abstract no.) Cipollini, M 20 Clayton, H 8

Collins, R 43 A Concannon, M 47 Aksnes, F 39 Cooper, C 104 Aldous, N 22 Cooper, J 100 Allen, B 61 Corken, R 5 Aurich, C 14, 30, 85 Cornell, A 57 Aurich, J 30, 85 Cozzi, A 26

Creighton, E 73 B Cunliffe, C 10, 13 Baragli, P 20, 26, 098 Czeszak, E 78 Bartošová, J 88

Becker-Birck, M 14, 30 D Beekmans, M 2, 6 Dalla Costa, E 78, 105 Beijerman, S 44 DaMata, F 22, 75, 81 Bergeron, R 24 Daniel, E 45, 46 Bertamini, E 17 Dannheim, C 103 Biau, S 30, 41 Davies, E 43, 104 Black, C 5 Davies, H M S 7, 9, 12 Blackie, N 19, 79 Davies, R 13 Blokhuis, H J 74 Davis, A 52 Boden, E 40 DeAraugo, J 27, 37 Bonaita, C 105 de Brauwere, M N 94 Bondi, A 57, 76 Dumbell, L 31, 45, 46, 51 Bonnin, L 104 Dyson, S J 1, 16 Brady, C 52

Brigden, C 54 E

Egenvall, A 64 C Ellis, J 13 Canali, E 105 Euent, S 38, 67 Capova, D 42 Evans, S 82 Carey, T 10 Ewing, M 35 Carson, J 24

Carter, C 102 F Caspar, G 27 Faugloire, E 41 Channon, W 91 Filipowski, H 72 173

Finocchi Mahne, E 98 I Ille, N 30 G Isableu, B 41 Gandy, E 57, 76 Isensee, A 24 Gashi, P A 96 Gauly, M 11 J Giacalone, A 26 Jagla, E 84 Giovagnoli, G 17 Jastrzebska, E 36 Glißmann, C 58, 67 Jaworski, Z 36 Goff, M 107 Jezierski, T 66, 68 Gorecka-Bruzda, A 36, 66, 68 Jodkowska, Ewa 72 Govoni, E 105 Johansson, C 4 Gowers, I 49, 79 Johnson, P 87 Greene, E A 106 Greening, L 61, 62, 101, 102 K Grindy, R 100 Kienapfel, Kathrin 65, 70 Guire, R 31 König v. Borstel, U 11, 24, 38 Gundry, P 3 58, 63, 67, 78, 90, 103 Guzzeloni, A 105 Kowalczyk, K 36 Krienert, N 90 H Kühn, J 44 Hall, C 15, 32, 33, 34, 104 Hanklewski, R 72 L Hawson, L 28 Lafont Lecuelle, C 26 Heleski, C R 8, 35, 59, 78 Larsson, Y 55 Hemmings, A 23 Launder, L 31 Henry, J 79 Lee, S 43 Henshall, C 25, 92 Lejeune, L 41 Herbert, L 31 Lonnell, C 64 Hockenhull, J 87 Lucas, J 97 Hogg, R 57, 76 Hoogveld, R 11 M Hopegood, L 97 MacGregor, H 24 Hosie, L 73 Malone, S R 7, 9 Huws, Nia 15 Mann, S 81 Marks, CF 80 Marlin, D 80 Martin, Jaime 54 174

Mazzi, M 17 Penrice, S 54 McCarthy, D 101 Pokorná, M 88 McGreevy, P 5, 25, 27, 59, 92 Preuschoft, H 65 McKenna, L 77 Protheroe, L 3 McKinley, S 52 McLaren, S 27 R McLean, A 27, 86 Racic, G 14 McLean, M 27 Randle, H 4, 21, 40, 62 Mejdell, CM 39 71, 83, 99 Mengoli, M 26 Redaelli, V 17 Merkies, K 24 Roberts, K 18 Meulenbroek, R 29 Roepstorff, L 64, 56 Mills, A A 19 Rombach, N 8 Minero, M 17, 78, 105 Roost, L 59 Monneret, P 26 Möstl, E 30 S Munsters, C 59 Savin, H 5, 83 Murray, R C 16, 64 Scofield, R M 71 Scott, E 51 N Sighieri, C 20, 98 Nankervis, K 31 Smith, A 33 Nees, M 85 Smith, K 75 Nyman, S 74 Smith, T 73 Soroko, M 72, 84 O Spiewak, J 84 Olivier, A 41 Spiller, A 103 Owen, H 15 Stodulka, R 14 Stubbs, N 8 P Sudhoff, J 49 Padalino, B 92 Suwala, M 66, 68 Pageat, P 26 Parker, M 101 T Parr, H 32 Tabor, G F 4 Pasing, S 63 Taylor, E 15 Pearson, G 93 Testa, A 98 Pedretti, S 105 Thomson, R D 60 Peerstrup Ahrendt, L 69 Tinsley, S 54 Peinemann, V 67 Tranquille, C A 64 175

Trott, S 10, 13 Tucker, A 24

V van Dalum, M 2, 6 Van Dierendonck, M 2, 6 Venables, B 21 Viksten, S M 74 Visser, E 59, 74 Vitale, V 20 Voigt, M 52

W Waite, K 35 Walker, V A 16 Wanless, M 50, 53 Ward, T 60 West, D 95 White, C 32, 97, 104 White, R F 19 Wickens, C 78 Wikström, C 55 Wilkinson, R 34 Williams, J M 3, 18, 22, 75 80, 81 Wilson, M 60 Winfield, J 31 Wolframm, I 29, 44, 48 Wolinska, K 36 Wulf, M 14, 85

Y Young, T J 73, 8

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GLOSSARY

Catenary: The slight loop in a perfectly flexible and inextensible rope or chain of uniform cross‐section and density as it hangs freely from two fixed points that are not in the same vertical line. The term is used in discussions of rein tension.

Classical conditioning: The process whereby the unconditioned or conditioned response becomes elicited from a conditioned stimulus (Pavlov, 1927). In equitation it is the process where learned responses are elicited from more subtle versions of the same signal or to entirely new signals.

Conflict behaviour: A set of responses of varying duration that are usually characterised by hyper‐reactivity and arise largely through confusion. In equitation, confusions that result in conflict behaviours may be caused by application of simultaneous opposing signals (such as go and stop/slow/step‐back) such that the horse is unable to offer any learned responses sufficiently and is forced to endure discomfort from relentless rein and leg pressures. Attempts to flee the aversive situation result in hyper‐reactivity. In addition, the desired response to one or both cues diminishes. Conflict behaviours may also result from one signal eliciting two or more responses independently, such as using the reins to achieve vertical flexion independently of the stop/slow/step‐back response, or using a single rein to bend the neck of the horse independently of its previously conditioned turn response. Similarly, conflict behaviour may result from incorrect negative reinforcement, such as the reinforcement of inconsistent responses, incorrect responses, no removal of pressure, or no shaping of responses. Often referred to as evasions and resistances.

Contact: The connection of the rider’s hands to the horse’s mouth, of the legs to the horse’s sides, and of the seat to the horse’s back via the saddle. The topic of contact with both hand and leg generates considerable confusion related to the pressure that the horse should endure if the contact is deemed to be correct. In classical equitation, contact to the rein and rider’s leg involves a light pressure (approximately 200g) to the horse’s lips/tongue and body, respectively. Although a light contact is the aim, there are brief moments (seconds or parts of a second) when contact may need to be stronger, particularly at the start of training, or in re‐training, to overcome resistances 177 from the horse. Many contemporary horse trainers insist that the contact should be much heavier than a light connection. This view may cause progressive habituation leading to learned helplessness to the rein and leg signals as a result of incorrect negative reinforcement and/or simultaneous application of the cues. Contact may therefore need to be the focus of discussion and debate.

Cue: An event that elicits a learned response. In equitation, cues are sometimes termed aids or signals. Rein, leg, whip and spur cues are initially learned through negative reinforcement and then transformed to light cues (light rein, light leg, voice, seat) via classical conditioning because of the temporal relation between the two. In traditional horsemanship, the cues are divided into two groups: the natural cues and the artificial cues. This distinction is misleading as it neither identifies nor correlates with the two different learning modalities through which the horse acquires its responses to the cues. These are learned through classical conditioning when a response comes increasingly under stimulus control.

Ethology: Ethology is primarily the scientific study of innate adaptive behaviour in animals, as it occurs in a natural environment; applied ethology being is the study of animal behaviour in the human domain.

Habituation: The waning of a response to a repeated stimulus as a result of frequent exposure (not fatigue).

Learned helplessness: A state in which an animal has learned not to respond to pressure or pain. This arises from inappropriate application of negative reinforcement, which results in the horse not being able to obtain release from aversive stimuli. If this continues over a period of time, the horse will no longer make responses that were once appropriate. Learned helplessness has the following characteristics: a disinclination to trial behavioural responses to pressure; lowered levels of aggression; dullness; loss of appetite; physiological and immunological changes.

Negative punishment: The removal of a reinforcing stimulus which makes a particular response less likely in the future.

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Negative reinforcement: The subtraction of something aversive (such as pressure) to reward the desired response and thus lower the motivational drive (Skinner, 1953).

Operant conditioning: Training the horse to respond consistently to signals through positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement (Skinner 1938; McLean 2003).

Positive punishment: The addition of an aversive stimulus which makes a particular response less likely in the future.

Positive reinforcement: The addition of a pleasant stimulus (a reinforcer) to reward the desired response and thus make this response more likely in the future (Skinner, 1953; McLean, 2003).

Punishment: The presentation of an aversive stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a response or, in the case of negative punishment, the removal of a reinforcing stimulus. Punishment is often used incorrectly in horse‐training i.e., when not immediately contingent with the offending response. Incorrect use of punishment can lower an animal’s motivation to trial new responses, desensitise the animal to the punishing stimulus and create fearful associations (Mills, 1998).

Reinforcement: The process in which a reinforcer follows a particular behaviour so that the frequency (or probability) of that behaviour increases (Wolpe, 1958; McGreevy, 2004).

Reinforcer: An environmental change that increases the likelihood that an animal will make a particular response, i.e., the addition of a reward (positive reinforcer), or removal of an aversive stimulus (negative reinforcer).

Response: A reaction to a stimulus.

Shaping: The successive approximation of a behaviour toward a targeted desirable behaviour through the consecutive training of one single quality of a response followed by the next. In horse‐training, a shaping program is known

179 as a Training Scale. Not paying due attention to shaping in horse‐training has been associated with conflict behaviours (Morgan, 1974; McLean, 2003).

Stereotypy: A repeated, relatively invariant sequence of movements that has no function obvious to the observer. A number of stereotypic behaviours are seen in horses and are erroneously referred to as stable vices. Crib‐biting is where the horse is holding onto a fixed object with the incisor teeth, arching the neck and leaning backwards, with or without engulfing air with a characteristic grunting noise; in the US it is referred to as cribbing. Wind‐sucking, in Australia, describes a stereotypic gripping of a fixed object with the teeth while pulling back and engulfing air into the cranial oesophagus whereas in the UK it refers to the gulping of air into the cranial oesophagus without holding onto any fixed object (McGreevy 2004).

Stimulus: Any of the cues or signals used to elicit responses in horses. Often referred to as aids.

Stress (acute and chronic): Stress, in its acute form, is a short‐term dysfunction of the signal‐response relationship presenting variously as raised tension levels, agonistic behaviours, redirected aggression and displacement activities. Chronic stress manifests as raised corticosteroid levels, physiological disturbances, gastric pathology, repetition and ritualisation of original conflict behaviours, redirected, ambivalent and displacement behaviours, development of stereotypies and injurious behaviours, such as self‐mutilation and increased aggression (Wiepkema, 1987; Moberg and Mench, 2000).

Training scale: A progressive order of training particular qualities of responses through the process of shaping. Shaping programs merit further research.

Original source of the glossary: McGreevy, P. D., McLean, A. N., Warren-Smith, A. K., Waran, N., Goodwin, D., 2005. Defining the terms and processes associated with equitation. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Equitation Science Symposium, Australian Equine Behaviour Centre, Melbourne, Australia, 10-43. 180

A QUICK GUIDE TO STATISTICS FOR NON SCIENTISTS

Dr Hayley Randle

Duchy College, Stoke Climsland, Callington, Cornwall, PL17 8PB, UK

The ‘scientific process’ comprises the six steps listed below. The application of statistics is a tool which enables reliable conclusions to be reached and the research objective to be answered. Statistical analysis is not that difficult and simply involves following a series of simple steps and rules. An example is used to demonstrate the steps needed for a simple scenario where the researcher needs to apply the two sample t test in order to statistically assess the difference between two sets of data. (All text relating to the example given is highlighted with grey shading.)

EXAMPLE. A study is planned to investigate the success of dressage horses trained using two different training methods (Method A and Method B). 1. Generating a research question A good project will have a simple title which clearly describes the objective of the study.

Is there a difference in the success of dressage horses trained using Method A and Method B?

2. Identifying variables and measures There are two types of variables – independent variables which are determined by the researcher and dependent variables which provide the measurements upon which statistical tests are conducted.

The Independent Variable is ‘Training method’ and has two levels:

3. Formulating hypotheses All research projects rely on the examination of hypotheses. Each statistical analysis relies on the simultaneous examination of a pair of hypotheses which are opposites of each other and always follow the standard format:

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The Null Hypothesis (Ho) states that ‘There is no significant difference between A and B’. The Alternative Hypothesis (Ha/H1) states that ‘There is a significant difference between A and B’.

Ho: There is no significant difference in the dressage scores achieved by horses trained using Method A and the dressage scores achieved by horses trained using Method B.

Ha: There is significant difference in the dressage scores achieved by horses trained using Method A and the dressage scores achieved by horses trained using Method B.

4. Designing the experiment ~ data collection When designing an experiment it is important to obtain a decent sample size (n, as a rough guide is that anything less than 30 is considered to be a ‘small’ sample) and to match everything about the individuals contributing to each sample as evenly as possible.

All of the horse and rider combinations in this study will be competing at a similar level, and performing the same dressage test, under the same

5. Data analysis Two types of data analysis are applied, first, exploratory, descriptive analysis which provides averages and an indication of the spread of the data, and second, confirmatory statistical analysis which yields ‘test statistics’ and probabilities and ultimately allows a statistical conclusion to be reached. The latter will then allow a conclusion to be reached in relation to the objective of the study.

Sample data (Dressage scores, %) Method A 60 60 60 50 64 56 55 56 48 44 53 53 59 54 57 52 52 59 56 61 55 50 58 56 52 62 53 67 58 51

Method B 60 73 69 67 72 67 65 64 64 72 64 72 61 68 70 74 61 63 66 68 66 72 70 68 55 87 60 66 68 69 182

Exploratory, descriptive analysis ~ of the sample data shows that horses trained using Method A achieve an average score of 55.7% with a variability of 4.93% typically presented as 55.7±4.93%. Horses trained using Method B achieved a higher score of 67.4±5.80%.

At this point the general impression is gained that there is a difference in the scores achieved by horses trained using the two different training methods.

Confirmatory, statistical analysis ~ is necessary in order reach a reliable conclusion. A standard process is now followed:

• Conduct a statistical test (here the two sample t test). This will produce a test statistic and a probability value, P.

For this example: t56=8.40; P<0.001.

6. Reach a conclusion In statistics there is a one important number: P=0.05.

A P value of 0.05 means that if a study was repeated 100 times then 95 times out of 100 the same result would be found, and 5 times out of 100 the opposite result would be gained. As far as interpretation of results goes the P value should be less than 0.05 in order for the results to be considered to be reliable.

A simple procedure is followed to relate the P value to the hypotheses in order to reach a statistically sound conclusion:

• If the P value obtained is less than 0.05, the Ha is accepted and the Ho is rejected. The conclusion is then reached that there is a significant difference between the two samples. The averages found in exploratory data analysis show that training Method B is more successful than Method A.

• If the P value obtained is equal to, or greater than, 0.05, the Ho is accepted and the Ha is rejected. The conclusion is then reached that there is not a significant difference between the two samples. (Here scientists state that there is a non significant difference.)

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International Society for Equitation Science

ISES USA 2013

“Embracing Science to Enhance Equine Welfare and Horse- Human Interactions”

We are delighted to see the ISES Conference returning to the US in 2013! We hosted the 2007 Conference at Michigan State University and that marked the year we officially became a society. Now six years later, our Society has grown in many dimensions, and we are very excited to see this conference return to the United States. This conference continues to offer an outstanding international platform for scientists and professional practitioners to present and discuss research related to the field of equitation science. The ISES mission is to promote and encourage the application of objective research and advanced practice, which will ultimately improve the welfare of horses in their associations with humans.

The hosting is a collaborative effort on the parts of Dr Carissa Wickens, University of Delaware; Dr Sue McDonnell, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center; and Dr Camie Heleski, Michigan State University, with other team members just starting to join in on the organizing fun 

This international conference will take place July 17-20, 2013, with the scientific presentation days being held at the University of Delaware’s campus, Clayton Conference Center, Newark, Delaware and the Practical Day (Saturday, July 20) taking place at the New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. Yes, these locations are in separate states, but they are only about 20 miles (32 km) apart. 184

We hope you will plan extra time into your visit to enjoy sightseeing along the East Coast of the USA…it is a beautiful and historical section of the country with a strong appreciation for the horse industry. Please visit the ISES website (www.equitationscience.com) soon to learn about updates as they become available.

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SATELLITE MEETINGS

ISES CONSENSUS WORKSHOP

The Road Ahead...in the lab

Tuesday 17th July 2012, 2-5pm

• For active researchers in Equitation Science • Aim: to reach some consensus on measurement tools in equitation. • Identification of ways to increase sample size through collaboration • Exploration of opportunities for pooling of data and meta- analysis

EQUINE BEHAVIOUR FORUM

Tenth Scientific Symposium

Saturday 21st July 2012, 11-4.30pm

• Science in the saddle – Prof P McGreevy • Horse relationship to familiar & unfamiliar people – Dr Jo Hockenhull • Evidence of Learned Helplessness in horses – Dr H Randle • Exploration of opportunities for pooling of data and meta- analysis • Brains Trust and Question and Answer session

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