Shaping Modernist Art Education in Ukraine in the First Third of the 20Th Century • • PREGLEDNI RAD REVIEW ARTICLE Predan: 10.9.2018

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Shaping Modernist Art Education in Ukraine in the First Third of the 20Th Century • • PREGLEDNI RAD REVIEW ARTICLE Predan: 10.9.2018 Razvoj modernističkog umjetničkog obrazovanja u Ukrajini tijekom prve trećine 20. stoljeća Shaping Modernist Art Education in Ukraine in the First Third of the 20th Century • • PREGLEDNI RAD REVIEW ARTICLE Predan: 10.9.2018. Received: September 10, 2018 Razvoj modernističkog Prihvaćen: 3.12.2018. Accepted: December 3, 2018 DOI: 10.31664/zu.2018.103.03 DOI: 10.31664/zu.2018.103.03 UDK: 7:378](477)"19" UDC: 7:378](477)"19" umjetničkog obrazovanja SAŽETAK ABSTRACT Prva viša obrazovna ustanova na području umjetnosti u Ukra- The first higher art institution in Ukraine—Ukrainska Aka- jini—Ukrainska Akademiia Mystetstva [Ukrajinska umjet- demiia Mystetstva [the Ukrainian Academy of Art], founded nička akademija], utemeljena 1917. godine u Kijevu—imala in 1917 in Kyiv—was meant to be modern. Educational u Ukrajini tijekom je biti moderna. Obrazovne reforme i rasprave koje su se reforms and discussions held there reflected the general ondje vodile odražavaju opće procese u ukrajinskoj kulturi processes of Ukrainian culture at the beginning of the početkom 20. stoljeća. U to vrijeme, pod utjecajem moderni- 20th century. At that time, marked by the modernist shift, stičkog obrata, kulturno okruženje Ukrajine prolazilo je kroz the cultural environment of Ukraine was experiencing prve trećine 20. stoljeća žestoku ideološku borbu, tražeći novi smjer koji bi odgova- a fierce ideological struggle, searching for a new direction rao modernosti. Na početku sovjetske ere, u Umjetničkom that would be relevant to modernity. At the beginning institutu koji je smijenio Akademiju, postojale su različite, of the Soviet era, different, and sometimes oppositional, ponekad i suprotstavljene umjetničke tendencije. U to su art tendencies co-existed in the Art Institute that replaced se vrijeme postavljala pitanja povezana s izgradnjom nove the Academy. At that time, issues were raised of building socijalističke stvarnosti, nacionalne i međunarodne, estet- a new socialist reality, national and international, aestheti- ske i društveno-političke, čiste forme i praktične upotre- cal and socio-political, of a pure form and practical use. be. Tijekom formativnih godina Kyivskyi Khudozhnii Instytut During its formative years, the Kyivskyi Khudozhnii Instytut [Kijevski umjetnički institut] nije bio samo laboratorij za ra- [the Kyiv Art Institute] was not only a laboratory for deve- zvoj modernističkih stilova nego i glavno organizacijsko loping modernist styles, but also the main organizing središte nove ukrajinsko-sovjetske kulture, čime je postao centre of a new Ukrainian-Soviet culture, thus becoming organ nadzora. an authority of control. KLJUČNE RIJEČI KEYWORDS modernizam, nacionalna umjetnost, ukrajinska umjetnost, modernism, national art, Ukrainian art, academy of arts, umjetnička akademija, umjetničko obrazovanje art education Lada Nakonečna Nacionalna akademija za lijepu umjetnost i arhitekturu, Kijev / National Academy of Fine Art and Architecture, Kyiv ŽIVOT UMJETNOSTI LADA NAKONEČNA UVOD INTRODUCTION Modernistička umjetnost u Ukrajini oblikovala se pod utje- Modernist art in Ukraine was shaped under the influence cajem zapadnoeuropskih tendencija početkom 20. stolje- of Western European tendencies in the early 20th century, ća, ali i različitih umjetničkih pokreta koji su se širili Ruskim also owing to the intersection of different art movements Carstvom, kao i zahvaljujući geografskoj mobilnosti umjet- spreading in the Russian Empire, as well as the artists’ nika, njihovim osobnim kontaktima i suradnji u polietničkim geographical mobility, personal contacts, and cooperation skupinama. Nakon revolucije modernistička je umjetnost in polyethnic groups. After the revolution, modern- prošla kroz desetljeće jedinstvenog razvoja, između osta- ist art went through a decade of unique development, loga uslijed osnivanja državno podupirane više umjetnič- not least due to the foundation of the government-sup- ke škole u Ukrajini, koja je od 1917. nosila naziv Ukrainska ported Ukrainian higher school of arts, which was called Akademiia Mystetstva [Ukrajinska umjetnička akademija], Ukrainska Akademiia Mystetstva [Ukrainian Academy of a od 1924. Kyivskyi Khudozhnii Instytut [Kijevski umjetnič- Art] in 1917 and Kyivskyi Khudozhnii Instytut [the Kyiv Art ki institut]. Modernističko obrazovanje prestalo je postojati Institute] in 1924. The modernist education ceased to exist s nastupanjem nove državne politike sovjetske unije, koja due to the new Soviet Union state policy, which involved je uključivala nametanje socrealizma za koji je osobno lo- the implementation of Socialist Realism that Stalin birao Staljin. himself lobbied for. Na samom početku 20. stoljeća umjetnici su se povodili za At the very beginning of the 20th century, the artists međunarodnom umjetnošću i uglavnom su prilagođavali naj- were guided by international art and mainly adapting the novije trendove koji su dolazili sa Zapada ili se upuštali u latest trends coming from the West or doing some formal formalne eksperimente. Avangardne prakse uglavnom su experiments. Avant-garde practices were mainly centred bile usredotočene na Kijev, Harkov, Odesu i Lavov. Myroslava in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odessa, and Lviv. Myroslava Mudrak, Mudrak, istraživačica modernističke umjetnosti u Ukrajini, a researcher of modernist art in Ukraine, has argued that smatra da su prije revolucionarne 1917. godine svi ekspe- before the revolutionary year of 1917, all experiments in rimenti u umjetnosti i književnosti uglavnom smatrani fu- arts and literature were generally described as futurist, in- turističkima, uključujući postimpresionizam i rani kubizam, cluding Post-impressionism and early Cubism, which were koji su se nazivali „novom umjetnošću”.1 Ističući inovativ- called “the new art.” 1 When extolling newness as a value, nost kao vrijednost, umjetnici su postali dijelom međuna- artists were becoming part of the international movement. rodnog pokreta. Formirali su novu viziju moderne umjetnosti, They formed a new vision of modern art, developing Cubo- razvijajući kubofuturizam, konstruktivizam i neoprimitivizam futurism, Constructivism, and Neoprimitivism in the new u novim političkim i ekonomskim formacijama te kroz pole- political and economic formations and through polemic miku sa svojim zapadnim i istočnim kolegama, a ponekad with their Western and Eastern colleagues, sometimes i kasne, hibridne oblike europskih stilova—poput secesije also developing late hybrid forms of the European styles— kakvu je prakticirao Vsevolod Maksimovič u drugom deset- such as Art Nouveau practiced by Vsevolod Maksymo- ljeću 20. stoljeća.2 vych in the 1910s.2 Početkom 20. stoljeća europske tendencije nove umjetno- sti predstavljane su javnosti kroz strane i domaće časopi- se (U svijetu umjetnosti, Umjetnost u južnoj Rusiji i Almanah Avangarda u Kijevu, Umjetnost u Lavovu, Nova generacija u Harkovu i druge), kao i kroz razne izložbe. Najvažniji je bio Izdebski salon u organizaciji Vladimira Izdebskog uz potpo- ru Vasilija Kandinskog (1909.–1911.). Održavao se u velikim gradovima Ruskog Carstva: Petrogradu, Kijevu, Rigi, Odesi i Hersonu, a izlagao je djela lokalnih umjetnika (uključujući Oleksandru Ekster, Vladimira Tatljina i braću Burljuk), fran- cusku umjetnost (postimpresioniste, Nabis, kubiste, foviste, futuriste) i njemački ekspresionizam. Ovi saloni izazivali su prosvjede pristalica realističke škole.3 1 Мудрак, „Нова генерація” і мистецький модернізм в Україні, 20. Modernističke tendencije prakticiralo je i definiralo nekoliko 2 skupina: zajednica umjetnika i pjesnika nastala 1914. godi- Болт, „Національний за формою, інтернаціональний за змістом”, 7–15. 3 ne, koja je uključivala braću Burljuk, Vladimira Majakovskog i Мудрак, „Нова генерація” і мистецький модернізм в Україні, 157–158 Velimira Hlebnikova, koji su se okupljali na obiteljskom ima- 4 nju Sinjakovih Krasna poljana u harkovskoj regiji i razvijali Isto, 106–107. 5 neoprimitivističke tendencije, primjenjujući arhaizme kako bi Ільницький, Український футуризм; Мудрак, „Нова генерація” postigli spontanost percepcije i djelovanja;4 Skupina sedam і мистецький модернізм в Україні. 103/2018 48 RAZVOJ MODERNISTIČKOG UMJETNIČKOG OBRAZOVANJA U UKRAJINI SHAPING MODERNIST ART EDUCATION IN UKRAINE IN THE FIRST TIJEKOM PRVE TREĆINE 20. STOLJEĆA THIRD OF THE 20TH CENTURY autora (1915.), koji su bili aktivni u okviru kubofuturizma, a At the beginning of the 20th century, the European ten- crpili su nadahnuće i iz folklora i drevnih kultura, surađuju- dencies of new art were introduced to the public by both ći s konstruktivistom Vasilijem Jermilovim; ruski i ukrajinski foreign periodicals and local magazines (In the World of Art, futuristi skupine Gileja (koja je uključivala Davida Burljuka) u Art in Southern Russia, and Almanah-Avanhard in Kyiv, Art Odesi i drugi. Još jedna futuristička književna skupina koja je in Lviv, New Generation in Kharkiv, and others), as well as djelovala na razmeđu disciplina pokrenuta je u Kijevu, a ka- various exhibitions. The most noted was the Izdebsky Salon snije je preselila u Harkov. Prakticirala je specifičan oblikqu - organized by Vladimir Izdebsky with the support of Wassily aero-futurizma, a njezin glavni predstavnik, Mihajl Semenko, Kandinsky in 1909–1911. It took place in large cities of the pokrenuo je nekoliko časopisa koji su postali platforme za Russian Empire: St Petersburg, Kyiv, Riga, Odessa, and izvorne modernističke prakse.5 Umjetnici i pisci s globalnim Kherson, and exhibited works of the local artists (including ambicijama tražili su
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