10 Easy Wildflowers Your guide to native wildflowers for landscapes

Contents Tips and terms...... Page 2 Spotted Beebalm...... Page 13 Blanketflower...... Page 3 Silver-leaved Aster....Page 15 ...... Page 5 Salvias...... Page 17 Blazing Stars...... Page 7 Silphiums...... Page 19 ...... Page 9 Sunflowers...... Page 21 Seaside Goldenrod.....Page 11 Seed planting guide...Page 23

Photo by Steve Cannon/FDACS Tips and Terms

Selection Glossary of helpful terms It may take a while to understand your landscape’s soil and drainage Appressed: pressed closely, but not conditions. If your wildflowers don’t succeed, try again, maybe with different fused (e.g. against a stem) . Remember, success depends on using the right in the right Basal: forming or attached at the base place. Calyx: the sepals of a flower, typically forming a whorl that encloses the Water petals and protects the flower bud Water thoroughly when planting, then water as needed until they : a horticultural variety of are established and putting out new foliage. Once plants are established, a naturally-occurring “wild” plant irrigation should be needed only during extended dry periods. Learn to species that was produced in recognize when plants look wilted and water them then. Over-irrigation can cultivation by selection cause fungus and rot, which can kill your wildflowers. It can also cause them Disk floret: in composite flowers of to grow too quickly, becoming more susceptible to pests and diseases, or the family, the tubular- shaped florets that form the “eye” or too tall, requiring staking. center of the bloom; compare to ray floret Fertilizer Dissected: deeply divided or cut into Native wildflowers should not need fertilizer. Applying fertilizer can produce many segments plants that grow too quickly, which can lead them to become pest and Ecotype: a distinct form of a plant disease prone, and too tall, requiring staking. species that occupies a particular Fertilizing also encourages weeds, which can easily out-compete habitat wildflowers. Form: a taxonomic rank below variety that identifies differences within a Sustaining wildflowers species If you want wildflowers to persist on their own in your landscape, you’ll need Nutlet: one of the one-seeded to allow for self-seeding, especially for annual or short-lived species. Keep segments of the ovary of some members of the Lamiaceae family open, lightly mulched areas available for seed to germinate. You also can collect seed and plant it where you want it. When seeds germinate, you’ll Panicle: a loose, branching cluster of flowers need to recognize wildflower sprouts so that you don’t pull them out when Ray floret: in composite flowers of the weeding. To download a PDF document showing some common wildflower Asteraceae family, the strap-shaped, seedlings, visit www.FlaWildflowers.org/planting.php. petal-like florets that form the ray of Many wildflowers are deciduous, dying back in the winter, particularly in the bloom; compare to disk floret colder areas of the state. Don’t plant over them before they re-sprout in Scape: a long, leafless flower stalk coming directly from a root the spring, and don’t weed them out when they sprout. Mark areas with deciduous plants so you can be on the lookout for their seasonal comeback. Variety: a taxonomic rank below species and above form that Mulch identifies differences within a species We recommend Florida pine straw. To help prevent weed germination in the first month or two after planting, you can apply a 2- to 4-inch layer of mulch, Need more information? but keep it away from the base of the plants. Once plants are established Consult these resources: and before they fully flower, carefully reduce the mulch to a thin layer. Too • Florida Wildflower Foundation much mulch can contribute to fungal and rot problems. To promote self- www.FlaWildflowers.org seeding, spread mulch thinly enough so that you can see the soil below. • Florida Association of Native Nurseries www.PlantRealFlorida.org • Florida Native Plant Society, www.FNPS.org • Florida Wildflower Seed & Plant Growers Association, www.FloridaWildflowers.com

This publication was produced by the Florida Wildflower Foundation (FWF) with support from the Stanley Smith Horticultural Trust. Funding also was provided by the State Wildflower license plate. FWF is grateful to the Florida Association of Native Nurseries and Florida Wildflower Seed and Plant Growers Association for their participation. © 2014 Florida Wildflower Foundation W2 planting and care of Blanketflower in landscapes Photo by Greg Krolczyk

About this species Description In Florida, Blanketflower is an be entirely red or yellow, have annual or short-lived perennial. an inner red band surrounded Its linear- to lance-shaped leaves by a white band, or, on rare are quite hairy, which makes occasions, be entirely white. the plant appear grayish-green. Sometimes the petals even are Under natural conditions, it’s from tubular — narrow at the base and 12 to 18 inches tall and about as flaring out like trumpets. wide. In gardens, it can easily Peak flowering is from mid-spring spread twice that. to late summer, with diminished Its brightly colored flowers, long flowering until frost; in Central blooming season and drought and South Florida, Blanketflower Photo by Jeff Norcini Photo by Jeff tolerance make this a popular can bloom at any time of the garden plant. Flower petals year. Blanketflower ( typically are bi-colored with an Use Blanketflower in landscape pulchella), also known as inner red band surrounded by an sites where it can be allowed Firewheel and Indian Blanket, outer yellow band. The relative to spread, as it can be a very is one of two Gaillardia amounts of red and yellow can aggressive re-seeder, especially species native to Florida, the vary considerably. Petals can in loamy soils. other species being Lanceleaf Blanketflower (G. aestivalis). Blanketflower occurs Blanketflower is an excellent nectar plant for butterflies and throughout Florida in coastal pollinators. Its “tough as nails” reputation is well deserved. areas and disturbed sites. If you have an open, sandy, sunny spot where nothing grows, try Blanketflower. Photos by Jeff Norcini Photos by Jeff

The State Wildflower license plate supports Florida native wildflower planting, education and research. Get the plate and help fill our state with wildflowers! W3 Planting Site Conditions Blanketflower easily sustains itself through re-seeding. To Blanketflower is salt tolerant ensure seed set, several to and grows best in full sun in many plants should be in close dry to slightly dry, well-drained proximity so bees and other soil. In shadier sites, it gets insect pollinators can cross- very leggy and can even creep pollinate flowers. Plantings can into adjacent shrubs. Once be established by seed or plants. established, Blanketflower is very tolerant of hot, dry Seeds conditions, especially in very Photo by Florida Wildflower Seed Co-op sandy soils. Drought tolerance Blanketflower seeds are commer- Gaillardia seedlings at 22 days may be diminished in heavier cially available. Sow in early to soils. mid-fall on an untilled seed bed.

Plants Containerized plants often are sold in 4-inch, quart and gallon containers. For a a dense planting, space plants about 12 to 18 inches apart, on center.

Care Photo by Florida Wildflower Seed Co-op

Established plants are drought Gaillardia seedlings at 2-3 months tolerant, so supplemental watering might be needed only during extended dry periods. When

1 1 Photo by John Moran irrigating, apply ⁄3- to ⁄2- inch of water. In late fall, plants that have not died can be cut back to 6 to 8 inches of stubble. No cold protection is needed during winter; even the tiniest seedlings tolerate frost and freezes into the low 20s. Varieties sold Blanketflower is relatively pest- and disease-free. When viewing leaves at many large closely, you may notice tiny white speckles, which horticulturists often retail outlets and refer to as stippling. Whatever the cause, stippling does not appear to garden centers, and be detrimental to the Blanketflower’s overall health. by national wildflower seed companies, often are non-native or one of the many varieties of Gaillardia pulchella or Gaillardia x grandiflora (a hybrid of G. pulchella and G. aristata). Avoid planting these in the vicinity of Gaillardia pulchella, as they may hybridize. Photo by Kari Ruder

W4 planting and care of Rudbeckias in landscapes Photo by Peg Urban

About this genus Description Black-eyed Susan, especially These plants are excellent the variety found in Central and nectar sources and are South Florida, appears to be also larval hosts to some perennial. However, varieties moths. may be annual, biennial or perennial. Plants are generally Cut flowers can last up to 1 to 2 feet tall with most of 10 days in bouquets. the foliage on the bottom half. Black-eyed Susan roots Leaves are very rough to the also have been used in touch (which can help identify various medicines. young plants). The 3- to 4-inch deep-yellow aster-like flowers have dark brown disk flowers in a central dome. flattened and brown or purplish. blooms spring through fall, and Softhair Coneflower is a robust has scattered blooms through the plant that can have 30 flowers winter in South Florida. open at a time from late spring Softhair Coneflower is annual or through summer. It naturally Photo by John Moran biennial, with soft, almost velvety occurs in sandhills and open hairs on plants that reach 3 feet hammocks, so plant it in sandy, or more when flowering. The well-drained soils, and mix it with Rudbeckia species are commonly 2½-inch flower heads are similar other species where its height known as Black-eyed Susans or to Black-eyed Susan. They have is a welcome addition to the Coneflowers. The most widely showy ray florets, but the disk is landscape. available native is Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta), found throughout Florida in sandhills, flatwoods and disturbed areas, including the variety Rudbeckia hirta var. floridana, endemic to Central and South Florida.

Softhair Coneflower (Rudbeckia mollis) and Cutleaf Coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata) can be used successfully throughout

the Panhandle and in North and Photo by Eleanor Dietrich Photo by Lisa Roberts Central Florida. Rudbeckia lacianata Rudbeckia mollis

The State Wildflower license plate supports Florida native wildflower planting, education and research. Get the plate and help fill our state with wildflowers! Cutleaf Coneflower is a large perennial reaching 4 to 6 feet tall Site Conditions and up to 4 feet across when in This plant does well in many full bloom in late summer and fall. soil types as long as the Found in moist, open hammocks site is well-drained and not and floodplains of North Florida, extremely dry. Give Rudbeckia it prefers moist settings and full sun or partial shade for the may need a little more shade best blooming. or protection from the west sun when used in Central Florida. The lower leaves are toothed and deeply dissected. The large Photo by Florida Wildflower Seed Co-op flowers stand 2 to 4 feet above Rudbeckia hirta seedlings at 22 days the last leaves and have long yellow ray florets spreading from the mounding disk with greenish yellow florets. Cutleaf Coneflower’s very beautiful rosette of large, rich green leaves can be seen through much of the year, making a fine mass planting. Planting Use Black-eyed Susans in mixed wildflower beds. This and most other Rudbeckia species easily self-seed if open or lightly mulched areas are available. Space Black-eyed Susans and Softhair Coneflower 14 to 18 inches apart. Space Cutleaf Coneflower about 3 feet apart. Seeds Seeds can be collected after the ray and disk flowers finish blooming. Pick a head and tear it apart to find the mature cone-shaped seeds, which should have a solid white centers. Seeds can be purchased commercially.

Care Photo by Lisa Roberts Monitor plants during extra-long dry periods, especially in spring, and Rudbeckia mollis in landscape water deeply only as needed. Black-eyed Susan flowers can be cut after they bloom to encourage more flowering stems and lengthen the bloom period. There are many named of Rudbeckia species, and some are quite popular and widely available. None of the cultivars currently available were derived from Florida ecotypes, and they are not considered native wildflowers. They may not perform as well or live as long as those from your local region. Photo by Kari Ruder Photo by John Moran

Rudbeckia mollis Rudbeckia hirta

W6 planting and care of Blazing Stars in landscapes Photo by Troy Springer Troy Photo by

About this genus Description Blazing Stars are among our taller species, has bright lavender- perennial wildflowers, generally colored blooms from October standing 2 to 4 feet. One or into early November. Evergreen more flowering stems rise from Blazing Star has lavender-colored basal rosettes in the summer, flowers anywhere from September with blooms appearing anywhere through October. Graceful Blazing from late summer through fall, Star has light- to bright-lavender depending on the species. This flowers in October and November. is a deciduous wildflower — it overwinters underground and sends up stalks from thickened, Native Americans used

Photo by Peg Urban cormlike rootstock, which these plants to treat a Liatris chapmanii resembles underground bulbs. variety of illnesses, and Foliage tends to be thin or not researchers have discovered Florida gardeners will find four particularly noticeable. However, anti-cancer substances in native Liatris species on the Evergreen Blazing Star does various species. Modern market: Chapman’s Blazing maintain a visible basal rosette in herbalists use the plants Star (Liatris chapmanii), Dense the winter. for homeopathic remedies Blazing Star (L. spicata), Chapman’s Blazing Star blooms and in potpourris and insect Evergreen Blazing Star (L. as early as August and into repellants. tenuifolia var. quadriflora) September, with light-lavender- and Graceful Blazing Star colored blooms. Dense Blazing (L. gracilis). These species Star, the most commonly available are found throughout Florida. and typically tallest of the Evergreen Blazing Star can also be used in the Keys. Blazing Stars are excellent nectar plants and will reliably attract numerous butterflies, moths, bees and other insect pollinators. Hummingbirds may also nectar on the flowers, which have long been a favorite in floral bouquets. Flowers start opening at the top of the stem and continue to bloom after cutting. Photo by John Moran Photo by John Moran

Liatris gracilis Liatris spicata

The State Wildflower license plate supports Florida native wildflower planting, education and research. Get the plate and help fill our state with wildflowers! W7 Planting Site Conditions Blazing Stars require little ground space, and can be used even All the plants listed here in small gardens. While you can need full sun for best plant at anytime of the year, you flowering and well-drained may be most successful planting soils. Some Blazing Stars in spring after plants emerge are especially sensitive to from dormancy. To provide persistent moisture in the seasonal color and vertical soil. Chapman’s and Graceful interest, plant Blazing Stars Blazing Star are found in in clusters, in beds of mixed habitats where soil is very wildflowers and ornamental Photo by Florida Wildflower Seed Co-op well-drained, deep sand. Do grasses. To lengthen your Liatris spicata seedlings at 40 days not plant these species where Blazing Star blooming season, the ground remains moist plant more than one species. Their thin, stiff, upright silhouette can or wet. Dense Blazing Star be complemented by plants with rounder or spreading forms, wide prefers a moist-wet situation, strappy leaves, and different flower shapes and sizes. but is fairly adaptable and surprisingly drought tolerant. Seeds Seeds are commercially available. To collect your own, wait until the flowers are light tan in color and fluffy, then shake or lightly brush the flowers into a container. The brown achenes are the seeds. Plants Blazing Stars are available in 4-inch and gallon containers. Space plants 12 to 15 inches apart. Keep them watered until you see new growth or seasonal rains begin.

Care Staking of Blazing Stars is usually needed only because the plants have been over irrigated or fertilized, and thus are weak from having grown too quickly. Cut stems only if necessary, and carefully, because the plants pull up easily. For this same reason, be very careful when weeding in and Zinn Terry Photo by around Blazing Star plants. You may want to mark your plantings so Liatris spicata that you will remember where they are in the spring. After flowering, the dead stems shelter insects — an important food source for birds, which use the stems as a place to hang out while Non-native hunting insects. Birds will also feed on the seeds. Blazing Star plants are often Other species sold in large retail stores and garden You may also find Elegant Blazing Star (Liatris elegans) suitable for centers. Blazing Star seed exceptionally deep, well-drained sand in North and North Central sold by out-of-state vendors Florida. In October, it presents light lavender flowers. is typically not Florida native ecotype.

W8 planting and care of Coreopsis in landscapes Photo by Stacey Matrazzo

About this genus Description Coreopsis is a great nectar Coreopsis is an annual but can plant for butterflies and be a short-lived perennial in the pollinators. southern half of Florida. It blooms with bouquets of yellow daisy- It also has been used to like flowers throughout the year make tea and for treating — especially in spring — when various medical ailments. the weather is warm. The 1- to 2-inch flowers have dark centers surrounded by scalloped yellow ray florets, which look like petals,

Photo by Vince Lamb Photo by Vince but technically are not. Coreopsis Coreopsis leavenworthii grows 1½ to 3 feet tall on slender stems with many branches. Its Florida’s state wildflower is bright green leaves are narrow Coreopsis, also known as and range from simple to lobed or deeply divided, thus giving the Tickseed, and refers to all plant a more open appearance. 11 species native to Florida. Many of these occur only Planting in North Florida and the As an annual or short-lived Panhandle. The most perennial, Coreopsis needs a site common species, Coreopsis that offers space for it to reseed. leavenworthii, is almost It can reseed between other entirely endemic to Florida, plants, such as other wildflowers, if they are not too competitive. Alan Shapiro Photo by which means it occurs Coreopsis lanceolata naturally nowhere else in the world. Commonly known as Leavenworth’s Coreopsis, or Common Tickseed, this plant can be found throughout Florida, especially on roadsides and in disturbed areas, flatwoods and prairies. Photo by Jeff Norcini Photo by Jeff

Coreopsis lanceolata “meadow”

The State Wildflower license plate supports Florida native wildflower planting, education and research. Get the plate and help fill our state with wildflowers! W9 Seeds Site Conditions Seeds are commercially available, or you can harvest Coreopsis likes any open, your own. They mature very moist site, preferably sandy quickly after flower petals have and drained, but is not very withered. Look for mature seeds particular about soil acidity. with “wings” on their sides in the Full sun produces the most little cup at the tip of the stem. flowers. Though it can tolerate Germination usually occurs in some drought and drier soils, less than seven days. The first it will not perform as well. leaves of a seedling are not Moist soils also allow for lobed and have rounded tips. Photo by Florida Wildflower Seed Co-op reseeding — important in Coreopsis leavenworthii seedlings at 24 days maintaining this species. Plants Coreopsis is available in quarts and gallons. They may be planted anytime of the year; plant in the spring for the full benefit of flowering. Space 1 to 2 feet apart. Coreopsis establishes quickly in moist soils.

Care Because this plant is an annual, especially in colder areas, Photo by Florida Wildflower Seed Co-op

cold protection is not needed. Photo by Nancy Bissett Coreopsis lanceolata seedlings at 22 days Coreopsis is relatively disease and pest free, though some critters may feed on it. If the plants are cut back near the end of their bloom, they will produce For Coreopsis another flush of flowers. Plants can be string-trimmed or mowed at a leavenworthii, 6- to 8-inch height. which occurs throughout Other species Florida, the origin of Lanceleaf Coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata) grows naturally in North the plants or seed does Florida and the Panhandle in sandhills and disturbed areas and not seem to be a factor in is widely used farther south with good success. It is a short-lived successful growth, according to recent research. If other perennial that readily reseeds. Its yellow ray flowers are complemented species of Coreopsis are by a golden disk atop fairly thick stems. This spring bloomer can being considered, look for flower into summer with dead-heading and is drought tolerant. local sources, as most other Florida Coreopsis (Coreopsis floridana) is endemic to Florida and species occur far outside grows in wet prairies and wet pine flatwoods throughout the state. of Florida. Some, such as This perennial has thick fleshy leaves and larger flowers than Lanceleaf Coreopsis, also Leavenworth’s Coreopsis. It blooms in the fall on stems up to 3 feet have popular horticultural tall. Yellow ray flowers surround a deep brown disk. varieties developed from progeny outside Florida.

W10 planting and care of Seaside Goldenrod in landscapes Photo byPeg Urban

About this species Description Seaside Goldenrod has golden- basal leaves year-round. Leaves yellow tubular blooms that gradually become smaller as they densely cover the long wand- ascend the stems. Plants are 4- like on the tips to 6-feet tall in flower and spread of the stem in summer and fall by rhizomes to make large in most of the state, and also colonies over time. Plant it where in the spring in South Florida. it can make a big show in the This perennial retains long, garden, or allow it a large space strap-shaped, somewhat-fleshy in the landscape.

Goldenrod is often mistakenly blamed for triggering allergies, but it is ragweed, which blooms heavily around the same time, that is to blame.

Butterflies and other pollinators are attracted to Goldenrod as a nectar plant. The plants also attract birds searching for insects.

Goldenrods have been used medicinally since Roman times or earlier. Seaside Goldenrod was used by the Seminoles to treat wounds. Photo by Walter Taylor Photo by Walter

Solidago sempervirens Seaside Goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens) is generally the most available of the four native Goldenrods that are grown commercially. This plant blooms in very showy masses on dunes, in swales and brackish marshes, on sandy soils in coastal areas, and occasionally inland throughout the state, except for the Keys. Photo by Walter Taylor Photo by Walter Photo by Nelson DeBarros, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database PLANTS USDA-NRCS the by hosted DeBarros, Nelson by Photo Solidago sempervirens Solidago fistulosa

The State Wildflower license plate supports Florida native wildflower planting, education and research. Get the plate and help fill our state with wildflowers! W11 Planting Site Conditions Since Seaside Goldenrod spreads by rhizomes to make dense stands with stout stems, it is easy to retain in the landscape. It can be This plant needs lots of sun propagated using division or seeds. to bloom prolifically, but it will tolerate some shade. Seeds Although it can occur in moist Collect seeds after flowers are spent and fluffy tufts of hairs occur. to wet areas naturally, it is These are called “pappus” and are attached to the end of seeds. important to plant it in sandy, Seeds also are available commercially. well-drained soils for best performance in landscapes. Plants This keeps its height in check, keeps plants from falling Plants are available in quart, gallon and 3-gallon containers. Because over or needing staking, and of their large size, they can be spaced 3 feet or more apart and produces more showy blooms. allowed to fill in over time. Seaside goldenrod is salt tolerant. Care This plant performs best in harsh conditions with no watering after establishment. To reduce height, cut back plants in mid-summer before blooms start to form, and cut back to basal rosettes after blooming. There is no need for cold protection. Seaside Goldenrod is also fairly disease-free.

Other Species Wand Goldenrod (Solidago stricta) blooms in the fall with lavender Blazing Stars in wetter flatwoods and prairie communities throughout Florida. It has the same slender wand appearance of the Blazing Star, but its flowers are golden yellow. This 2- to 4-foot perennial has small basal leaves and very small appressed leaves on its flowering stems, which die back after seeds mature. Photo by John Moran Pinebarren Goldenrod (Solidago fistulosa) is Florida’s most common goldenrod, found on disturbed sites and in pine flatwoods, wetter soils, and dry upland habitats throughout Florida. The panicles of its golden flowering heads are found on the ends of stems reaching 3 to 5 feet. It spreads through rhizomes to cover large areas, so it should be carefully placed in the landscape. Chapman’s Goldenrod (Solidago odora var. chapmanii) likes the dry sandy soils of sandhills and open hammocks in the peninsula and a few areas in the Central Panhandle. It does not spread by rhizomes, and is a relatively slender branching plant that reaches 3 to 4 feet tall — shorter than most other species. Its typical golden flowers bloom in late summer to early fall and are found on the tips of downward- bending branches. Photo by Ryan Brown

Solidago fistulosa

W12 planting and care of Spotted Beebalm in landscapes Photo by Tom Drake Tom Photo by

About this species Description Monarda punctata is a perennial that dies back to the ground in winter in North Florida, but can retain some foliage farther south. It is multi-stemmed, almost bushy in form, with a 2- to 4-foot spread and height of about 3 feet. It can grow taller with irrigation and fertilizer. Its bright green, lance-

shaped leaves make attractive Photo by Peg Urban foliage that is scented like oregano or thyme.

The whorls of flowers are creamy white to yellow with purple spots, and are underlain with even showier bracts of lavender to cream. The whorls are repeated

Photo by Stacey Matrazzo several times on a single stem. Because of its height and ability Spotted Beebalm (Monarda to spread easily by seed, it should be used toward the back of the punctacta), also known as Photo by Peg Urban landscape or in a place of its own. Dotted Horsemint, occurs south to Lee and Palm Beach counties in dry sandy soils Beebalm is known as perhaps the best Florida wildflower for that are often disturbed sites, attracting vast numbers of pollinators. From summer through such as roadsides, but also fall, the showy blooms and bracts attract many butterflies and in open pine flatwoods. It is a great variety of other insects not generally seen in any other moderately tolerant of salt season, including many native bee species. Hummingbirds also spray and can be found near use it. the Gulf of and along It is a good cut flower for arrangements, and the flowering the Indian River Lagoon. stems can also be dried and used in arrangements.

Native American tribes used the plant to treat a wide variety of ailments. A weak tea can be made from the leaves, but stronger concoctions may have unwanted effects.

The State Wildflower license plate supports Florida native wildflower planting, education and research. Get the plate and help fill our state with wildflowers! W13 Planting As a perennial, Spotted Beebalm Site Conditions will comes back each year, and Full sun will bring out the can be divided to produce more best flowering, but partial plants in the spring when there shade also works. Spotted is new growth (they may be too Beebalm does best in sandy, woody for division in summer or well-drained soils. More mesic fall). It readily reseeds itself in the conditions are tolerated, garden. but when more nutrients or water are available, the

Seeds Thompson Photo by Jane plant is likely to grow taller and even fall over, requiring Seeds are commercially Monarda punctata seedlings extra trimming or staking. available, or collect your own after flowering is complete and stems In wet conditions, it can be are drying The seeds, or nutlets, are found in the calyx at the base of susceptible to fungal attacks. the flower. Look for almost-black seeds the size of poppy seeds as a sign of maturity. To collect, cut and shake stems into a container.

Plants Four-inch to 1-gallon pots are available; plants should be 2 to 4 feet apart. Don’t crowd plants; allow for good air circulation. Mulching may help to reduce the number of unwanted seedlings.

Care Spotted Beebalm is quite drought resistant, but during prolonged spring droughts, it may need a little extra water. In early summer, plants can be cut back to reduce the height and still produce blooms. Cutting back the bloom stalks near the end of flowering may also help lengthen the bloom period. Spent stems are beneficial to insects and birds, but can be cut back to the emergent growth if desired for tidiness. Spotted Beebalm contains a chemical called thymol that helps to prevent fungal and bacterial diseases, so it is relatively trouble-free. Photo by Peg Urban

This species grows throughout the Eastern U.S. and into Canada. For best landscape performance, be cautious and purchase plants that are Florida native ecotypes. Photo by Mary Keim Photo by Spence Guerin

W14 planting and care of Silver-leaved Aster in landscapes Photo by Nancy Bissett

About this species Description Silver-leaved Aster (Pityopsis Silver-leaved Aster is a fitting Tracy’s Silver-leaved Aster graminifolia) also known as name, as the leaves are covered spreads from rhizomes to make with silky hairs that give it a a dense groundcover and has Grass-leaved Goldenaster silvery look. At first glance, the flowers over 1 inch across on or Narrowleaf Silkgrass, is plant may appear to be a grass. the tips of branched stems with found throughout Florida in It is a perennial with short or short, appressed leaves. This scrub, sandhills and flatwoods long rhizomes, depending on the variety, with its ability to spread, ecosystems. variety, and is less than a foot can make a very pleasing silvery tall until the fall, when it sends grass-like groundcover over The species has five varieties, up bloom stalks on stems up to time. Sandhill Silver-leaved Aster two or more of which may 3 feet tall. Its yellow aster-like grows as a single clump with be found in native nurseries. flowers can bloom into November smaller flowers on the tips of Pityopsis graminifolia var. and December, and even later stems that have longer spreading tracyi, or Tracy’s Silver-leaved farther south. leaves all the way to the top. Aster, can be found in all of It can be mixed with other the habitats, though mostly wildflowers that offer a variety of in flatwoods. P. graminifolia color and bloom times. var. aequifolia, or Sandhill Silver-leaved Aster, is usually only found on drier soils of sandhills and scrub. It blooms later than most other fall wildflowers, providing color into late fall and early winter. Tracy’s Silver-leaved Aster Photo by MAry Keim also makes a short silvery groundcover and can often be seen mown on upper slopes of many roadsides.

Silver-leaved aster attracts butterflies and various pollinators as a nectar plant. Photo by Nancy Bissett Photo by Stacey Matrazzo

Pityopsis graminofolia Pityopsis graminofolia var. tracyi

The State Wildflower license plate supports Florida native wildflower planting, education and research. Get the plate and help fill our state with wildflowers! W15 Planting Site Conditions Silver-leaved Aster is relatively easy to establish and maintain over time, especially if it is one of the spreading varieties. The more The plant prefers full sun to rhizomatous varieties can also be divided and planted in new areas. light shade and well-drained soils to droughty sandy soils. Seeds Avoid heavily shaded or Though some varieties will spread, Pityopsis do not reseed as readily crowded plantings. Different as do wildflowers such as Coreopsis and Blanketflower. Collect the varieties may require different seed heads once the head has completed flowering and the seed growing conditions; ask about has fluffed out. Seeds may need to be sown rather soon in the winter the plant’s origins. months, because they aren’t viable for long.

Plants Plants are generally available in quarts or gallons from native nurseries. Space them 2 feet apart — closer if using Tracy’s Silver- leaved Aster to create a groundcover quickly by spreading. Plants can be established at any time of the year from containers by watering in well after planting and following with water as needed until established or well into the rainy season. Care After the plants have bloomed, cut back the flowering stems to ground level. You can even mow in areas where Tracy’s Silver-leaved Aster has been used to make a spreading groundcover. Use well-sharpened blades, as the stems and leaves are quite tough. Photo by Eleanor Dietrich

Pityopsis graminofolia Photo by Peg Urban Pityopsis graminofolia The different varieties of Silver-leaved Aster are not well known, even by native growers, so ask about the growth characteristics when you purchase plants or obtain plant material from a friend. Photo by Christina Evans Photo by John Moran

Pityopsis aspera Pityopsis graminofolia W16 planting and care of Salvias in landscapes Photo by Troy Springer Troy Photo by

About this genus Description Salvia is the largest genus Scarlet Sage is a short-lived in the mint family and has perennial that persists in the a long history of medicinal landscape by self-seeding. It uses. Crush the foliage, and generally reaches 18 to 36 inches you’ll detect a faint herbal in height and is taller than it is fragrance. wide. Blooming occurs throughout the year in South Florida, and summer through fall in Central or burgundy-colored stems in and North Florida. The abundant late winter or early spring. Stems blooms are 1-inch long and reach 12 to 24 inches high or usually deep coral or fire-engine taller, depending on available

Photo by Martha Steuart red, although pink and white moisture, nutrients and light. Salvia coccinea forms occur as well. The plant Creeping Sage is a low-growing has square stems, which range in evergreen groundcover 6 to 8 Florida gardeners will generally color from green to dark brown. inches high. Blooming occurs off find three native Salvia species Lyreleaf Sage is a perennial that, and on throughout the year, with available. Scarlet or Tropical for much of the year, consists of tiny but abundant blue flowers. Sage (Salvia coccinea) is relatively flat, variegated leaves The blooms are not noticeable the most commonly available that display a range of green, from a distance, but the light- and occurs throughout the dark-violet and chocolate-brown green foliage is very attractive. state (with the exception of colors. Light violet-colored Plants creep out from a main the Keys) in areas with moist, flowers appear on deep-green central stem. well-drained soils. Lyreleaf Sage (Salvia lyrata) occurs throughout Florida south to Broward and Lee counties in moist soils at woodland edges or in open areas. Creeping or Southern River Sage (Salvia misella) occurs in moist semi- shaded woodlands from Alachua County south through Miami-Dade and Monroe counties. All of these Salvias are reliable nectar sources for Photo by Jeff Norcini Photo by Jeff butterflies. Turley Photo by Bruce Salvia lyrata Salvia misella

The State Wildflower license plate supports Florida native wildflower planting, education and research. Get the plate and help fill our state with wildflowers! W17 Planting Site Conditions Some growers have successfully established Lyreleaf sage as Scarlet Sage does best in a spreading groundcover after moist (but not wet), well- two or three years of cultivation drained sandy soils with full in a landscape. Creeping Sage sun to afternoon shade. It can is a good choice for tight areas tolerate some salt spray. and under trees, where it can be Lyreleaf Sage prefers moist planted in pockets between roots. ground and partial shade, but It tolerates light foot traffic. will tolerate full sun. Photo by Christina Chappell Seeds Salvia lyrata seedlings Creeping Sage does well in Scarlet and Lyreleaf sage seeds bright shade and prefers moist are commercially available. To collect your own, allow flowers to dry soils, although it will adapt to on stems and gently shake them into a container to or remove flowers dry shade. It will tolerate full and obtain seed. sun but be stressed in hot weather. Plants Plants are available in 4-inch to 1-gallon containers. Use Scarlet Sage in the mid-portion of a mixed wildflower bed or as an accent by itself.

Space Scarlet Sage plants 1 to 2 feet apart and resist the urge to plant in masses — they self-seed readily and will spread throughout the garden. Plant Lyreleaf Sage in small clusters, with individual plants about a foot apart. Space Creeping Sage plants 6 to 8 inches apart. Care For continuous blooming, cut Scarlet Sage plants back after flowers are spent for continuous blooming. Lyreleaf Sage can be mowed in late spring or early summer, after it has gone to seed. Creeping Sage can be clipped down once or twice in the summer, if desired. Lyreleaf and Creeping Sage may need water if planted in full sun or during extended drought. Other Species A wonderful but uncommon find

for Central and North Florida Photo by Mary Keim gardens is perennial Sky Blue Salvia lyrata Salvia (Salvia azurea), with light-blue flowers the color of a cloudless sky, appearing in late summer and early fall. Plant Many non-native several in a cluster, a few inches Salvias are sold apart, in a mixed bed in full sun in garden centers in very well-drained, sandy soils. and other large Stems reach 2-3 feet high or retail outlets, with more. Foliage is sparse and plants minimal identification. die to the ground in the winter. Photo by Eleanor Dietrich Salvia azurea

W18 planting and care of Silphiums in landscapes Photo byNancy Bissett

About this genus Description Starry Silphium is a perennial reach 6 feet and have a few tiny that may die back in the winter, leaves scattered up the stem, particularly if cold. It sports new which branches near the top. foliage in the spring and can Flowers are slightly smaller than produce flowers from mid-spring Starry Silphium, with yellow ray through early fall, and even petals surrounding reddish disks, through winter if temperatures and bloom toward the end of are mild. The flowering stems summer. Because the stems are can reach 3 to 5 feet, with not leafy and have flowers only at plants about 2 feet across. The the top, place plants where the lance-shaped, toothed leaves beautiful basal foliage can also

Photo by Sarah Kiefer occur throughout the stem to be appreciated. Silphium astericus the flowering scapes, where the stems branch to support many Florida has two native Silphium flowering heads. The 2-inch species, both with robust flowerheads have yellow ray foliage and flowers. The petals and disks. This species traditional common name for is especially loved, because it these plants is Rosinweed, but blooms over a long period of time. to eliminate any misconception that these beautiful plants Bigleaf Silphium is also a are weeds, we’re adopting perennial, but does die back new common names. Starry in the winter. It emerges in Silphium (Silphium astericus) spring with very unique basal occurs in flatwoods, sandhills leaves — they are almost round, and disturbed areas in the deeply dissected, dark green, red-veined and 4 to 12 inches Panhandle and the western across. The flowering stems can Taylor Photo by Walter central peninsula south to Silphium compositum Lee County. Bigleaf Silphium (Silphium compositum) occurs in sandhills in the Panhandle Both Silphiums are good attractors of butterflies, native bees and northern counties south to and other pollinators, and birds will eat the seeds. Pasco County. The stems contain a gummy or resinous substance, and Native Americans chewed stems to clean their teeth. Cherokees also used the plants medicinally.

The State Wildflower license plate supports Florida native wildflower planting, education and research. Get the plate and help fill our state with wildflowers! W19 Planting Site Conditions Both species can be found Although the natural range in nurseries in one gallon of Starry Silphium is the containers, but Bigleaf Silphium west side of the peninsula, it is not widely available. performs well through much of the state. It is fairly drought- Seeds resistant, and also does well Seeds are commercially in moist soils. Full sun to available; you also can collect partial shade is needed for your own when flowering heads good flowering. are dry. Break them apart Photo by Nancy Bissett to separate the seeds. As a Silphium compositum basal leaves Bigleaf Silphium naturally perennial, both species persist in the landscape and are known occurs in sandhills, so it is to reseed on their own. For best results, plant seeds shortly after even more drought tolerant collection and keep the soil surface moist until germination occurs in than Starry Silphium and about 3 weeks. To get more even and faster germination, first cold- does well in dry, sandy soils. stratify the seed by keeping it moist in planting media and refrigerated It also tolerates moist, well- for 30 days. Seed will begin to germinate in 4 days and complete drained soils, but may grow germination in 2 weeks. taller under those conditions. Full sun is needed for best Plants flowering. Space plants about 2 feet apart. Because both species are able to Neither species is salt tolerate some drought, water deeply and thoroughly to wet the soil at tolerant. least 7 inches down around the plant until well-established, but only as often as needed.

Care Once established in the right soil, plants should not need extra water, but watch for extra-long droughts, especially in the spring, and water deeply as needed. Plants can be cut back after flowering if desired. On Starry Silphium, cut the flowering portion only, leaving the leafy stems. Bigleaf Silphium can be cut back to the basal leaves. Photo by Christina Evans

Since both species of Silphium occur north to the Mid- Atlantic States, it is important to purchase plants that were originally propagated from Florida

Photo by Nancy Bissett Photo by Nancy Bissett progeny for best performance. Silphium astericus Silphium astericus

W20 planting and care of Sunflowers in landscapes Photo by Anita West Photo by

About this genus Description Dune Sunflower is a perennial of the state. It’s a great choice for providing bright yellow blooms a large moist meadow, around a throughout the year. It will die lake edge or retention pond, in back in North Florida in the a ditch or at the back of a bog winter. Depending on the variety garden. (see Caution), this plant may be spreading or upright. As a spreading groundcover, it may sprawl several feet, but generally does not exceed 1 or 2 feet in height. The upright variety can be taller.

Photo by Bob Peterson Narrow- Sunflower has debilis showy golden flowers 3 inches across with reddish-brown Of Florida’s 17 native centers. It can reach 4 to 6 feet sunflower species, gardeners in height. It has long, narrow, will most often find two: rough leaves, hence its name. Dune or Beach Sunflower This plant blooms in the fall and (Helianthus debilis) and is perennial, but may die back to the ground in the winter, Narrow-leaf Sunflower Anita West Photo by (Helianthus angustifolius). particularly in the northern third Helianthus angustifolius Dune Sunflower naturally occurs along the coast, but adapts well for inland use. Narrow-leaf Sunflower grows throughout the Panhandle, North and Central Florida south to about Lake Okeechobee.

All of Florida’s native sunflowers are excellent nectar plants for butterflies

and pollinators. Photo by Nancy Bissett Photo by Lisa Roberts Helianthus carnosus Helianthus debilis used in the landscape

The State Wildflower license plate supports Florida native wildflower planting, education and research. Get the plate and help fill our state with wildflowers! W21 Planting Site Conditions Give Dune Sunflower room to roam, as it spreads readily. For Both species need full sun mass plantings, space plants 3 to for best flowering and to 4 feet apart. Do not irrigate after avoid leggy growth. They will establishment. Plant Narrow-leaf tolerate light shade for part of Sunflower where you won’t mind the day. it spreading by underground Dune Sunflower is salt- 1 rhizomes. Space plants 2 ⁄2 to and wind-tolerant. It likes 3 feet apart. Consider placing exceedingly well-drained

it where you won’t mind seeing Photo by Florida Wildflower Seed Co-op sandy soils. Avoid persistently spent stems and flowers after Helianthus debilis seedlings at 22 days moist or heavily irrigated the plants finish blooming. These situations. plant parts have their own subtle beauty, particularly in contrast with Narrow-leaf Sunflower likes their surroundings, and are essential sources of food and shelter for moist to wet, acidic soils. insects and birds. Seeds Seeds are available commercially. To collect your own, allow flower There are three heads to dry on the plants, then break them open to to collect seeds. distinct subspecies of Plants Dune Sunflower: Both species are available in containers from native nurseries. Dune East Coast Dune Sunflower and Narrow-leaf Sunflower also are often available at Sunflower, West Coast Dune Sunflower commercial garden centers (see Caution). (Helianthus debilis subsp. Care vestitus) and Cucumberleaf Dune Sunflower. Most native Dune Sunflower will, over time, get leggy and messy-looking. Remove nurseries should know the old stems and let new plants sprout from seeds. Light trims every three difference; other nurseries months will help keep foliage looking fresh. may not. Environmentally Narrow-leaf Sunflower stems can be pinched back in late spring or conscientious gardeners early summer to encourage shorter, bushier growth and more blooms. living along the coast should When the plant spreads, it can be divided for planting elsewhere. ask their nursery supplier for the subspecies native to Other Species their locale. This can help Gardeners may encounter two other species: Rayless Sunflower preserve the distinct identities (Helianthus radula) and Lakeside Sunflower (Helianthus carnosus). and ecological roles of these Rayless Sunflower has no sunny yellow petals. Instead, this perennial plants. presents dark, purplish flower heads on erect stems 2 to 3 feet high Narrow-leaf Sunflower in the fall. The leaves are also unusual — large, round, thick and naturally ranges as far west as relatively flat on the ground. You can use this plant in well-drained and as far north as New moist soils from Lake Okeechobee northward. Mix a few in with York. Large retail outlets and ornamental grasses and other wildflowers for a great visual contrast. national seed suppliers sell varieties originating from out Lakeside Sunflower blooms from late spring to fall with very showy of state. Their performance 3-inch yellow flowers with greenish yellow centers. The 1- to 3-foot-tall in your landscape can be stems rise from an evergreen basal rosette. Central and North Florida different. gardeners can use it in most irrigated or otherwise moist-to-wet soils.

W22 Establishing a small planting of native wildflowers from seed Photo by Jan Allyn Photo by Jan

Follow these 12 steps to establish a small landscape planting of native wildflowers:

1. Location, Location, Location Choose a site that is sunny most of the day, has well-drained soil, and is free of weeds. 2. Determine Suitable Wildflower Species Pictures and descriptions of wildflowers that are adapted to your area of Florida are listed at the Florida Wildflower Seed and Plant Growers Cooperative website, www.FloridaWildflowers.com. Common wildflowers are generally adaptable to a range of gardening conditions and are Photo by Jeff Norcini Photo by Jeff generally listed as suitable for North, Central or South Florida where they will thrive naturally in nature. Seeds can be purchased in small individual packets or as garden mixtures. 3. Determine When to Sow Seeds Sow seed from • mid-September to mid-October in North Florida • mid-October to end of December in Central Florida • November through January in South Florida Planting can be extended to mid-April by using irrigation. Planting during hot months should be avoided, because the soil’s surface dries out too quickly. 4. For Areas with Turfgrass While some gardeners prefer to chemically eradicate weeds with

Photo by Melissa Ferguson glyphosate, the Foundation recommends soil solarization as the best means of obtaining a weed-free planting site. This process takes time and patience, and must be done from June to mid-August. First, remove existing turf and weeds with a shovel. Then till the soil 12 to 18 inches deep, breaking up soil clods (the finer the soil texture, the better). Remove sticks, roots and other debris brought up by tilling. Rake the surface of the area until smooth, then water until slightly moist but not soggy. Cover with clear plastic that is 3–6 mil thick. (1mil is equal to .001 1 or ⁄1000 inch.) To prevent wind from lifting the sheet, bury its edges in up to 12 inches of soil. Solarization takes about six weeks. Leave the plastic in place until the seed is sown. 5. For Areas with Bare Soil Scratch or firm up soil. For sites with bare soil, soil-to-seed contact is critical, so one day before seeding, or just prior to seeding, lightly scratch firmer soils with a rake. Sandy soils might have to be made more firm by Photo by Peg Urban rolling to ensure that seeds do not sink too deep.

The State Wildflower license plate supports Florida native wildflower planting, education and research. Get the plate and help fill our state with wildflowers! W23 6. Sow Seeds This method distributes seeds evenly over the garden: Florida’s wildflowers • Fill a large bucket about halfway with sand or vermiculite; slightly • Provide habitat for bees moisten the sand or vermiculite. 1 responsible for every third bite • Add ⁄2 of the total seeds and mix thoroughly. of food we eat • Starting at one end of the garden, spread the mixture evenly over the site. 1 • Repeat the above steps with the other ⁄2 of the seeds but start • Curb water use in landscapes spreading them from the opposite end of the plot. • Reduce water and air pollution 7. Place Seeds in Contact with Soil • Beautify communities and Walk over the site to ensure good seed to soil contact. If the area is roadsides larger, consider renting a sod roller. Seeds should remain on top of the • Contribute to a sense of place 1 1 soil or be covered ⁄8 inch deep to ⁄4 inch at most. Generally, the smaller that is uniquely La Florida the seed, the more shallowly it needs to be planted. Most seeds need light to germinate! What you can do

Water seeds gently after planting to help settle them in the soil, then wait • Landscape with Florida native until spring for further irrigation if rain is not sufficient for growth. wildflowers and plants • Stop using pesticides, 8. Be Patient! Though some species will germinate quickly, others may need to rest in which harm bees and other the soil for 3 to 4 months. In that time they will naturally receive water and beneficial insects fluctuating temperatures that will stimulate their emergence at the right • Stop using fertilizer, which time in early spring. harms waterways and lakes 9. Irrigate • Ask your county to preserve Keep the planting site moist, but not wet. For loamy soils, that might mean roadside wildflowers 1 1 watering 2 to 4 times per week with about ⁄4 to ⁄2 inches of water; sandy • Work with lawmakers to soils might need daily watering. Monitor the soil for moisture and adjust 1 preserve and conserve natural watering accordingly. After wildflowers germinate, irrigate with about ⁄2- resources and lands inch of water only if they show signs of drought stress. Resources 10. Keep Out the Weeds To minimize weed interference, remove by hand seedlings of grass or www.FlaWildflowers.org non-wildflowers after wildflowers have emerged and been identified. To www.PlantRealFlorida.org help identify your young wildflowers, photos of young plants showing www.FloridaWildflowers.com leaf shape and arrangement can be found on the Florida Wildflower Foundation website at http://goo.gl/IXEXYX. www.FNPS.org 11. Do Not Fertilize Many of Florida’s native wildflower species are adapted to and perform well in soils with low fertility. Excess fertilization will promote vegetative growth over flowering, might make wildflowers more susceptible to insect and disease pests, and will promote weed growth. If plants appear nutritionally deficient in the growing season, a light layer of compost or several applications of a half-strength liquid fertilizer can be applied to correct the problem. 12. Wait Until Seeds Have Matured Your wildflowers will reseed themselves if given the opportunity, so wait until seeds have matured before deadheading or mowing. For many species, seeds need 2 to 4 weeks to mature after plants bloom. Seeds can be dried, stored in plastic bags at 40F, and replanted in the fall in Urban your garden. Peg

by Purchase Florida native wildflower seeds and seed mixes through our

store at www.flawildflowers.org/shop.php. Photo

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