Journal of Global Biosciences ISSN 2320-1355 Volume 5, Number 7, 2016, pp. 4341-4349 Website: www.mutagens.co.in E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Research Paper BIODIVERSITY OF DIPTEROUS (INSECTA) OF - CAUSING IMPORTANCE IN AND HUMAN OF JAMMU, KASHMIR AND LADAKH HIMALAYAS (INDIA) Bhagat, R. C. P. O. Box No. 1250, G.P.O., Residency Road, Srinagar, Kashmir-190001, J & K (India).

Abstract About 40 species, belonging to 25 genera of dipterous flies of myiasis- causing importance in animals and human, belonging to nine families, viz. , Anisopododae, , , Fannidae, , Oestridae, Sarcophagidae and Syrphidae, are known to occur in diverse areas and localities of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Himalayan regions. Family Calliphoridae is found to be as dominant family, with five sub-families, incorporated a total of 16 spp., under 9 genera. This is followed by family Oestridae, with four subfamilies, having a total of 7 spp. Sarcophagidae, Muscidae and Syrphidae included 6 spp., 5 spp. and 2 spp. respectively. Rest of the families having 1 sp. each. The economically important myiasis and their types, found to be produced by 21 spp., under 12 genera of 4 families of Diptera, in domestic animals and human, have been highlighted. An updated systematic checklist of myiasis- causing dipterous flies, has been presented. Key words: Myiasis- causing dipterous flies, biodiversity, Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh.

INTRODUCTION According to a definition [42], the myiasis is the infestation of live vertebrates (human and / or animals) with dipterous larvae, which at least for a certain period feed host’s dead or living tissues, liquid body substances or ingested food and cause wide range of infestations, according to body location and the relationships of larvae with host. Different types of myiasis have been reported from different parts of the world in human and animals [ 8,9,11,18] .These are: cutaneous myiasis (dermal, subdermal, creeping, furuncular ); wound myiasis; nasopharyngeal myiasis ( nose, sinuses), ophtalmomyiasis ( ocular) ; oral ( mouth ); aural myiasis (ear ); tracheopulmonary myiasis ; enteric myiasis ( gastric, rectal , intestinal myiasis); urogenital myiasis (bladder, urinary passages, anal, vaginal ); cerebral myiasis ; nosocomial myiasis (myiasis in hospital setting ). Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 5(7), 2016 pp. 4341-4349 ISSN 2320-1355

The myiasis may be: i ) obligatory or specific, caused by flies dependent on host for larval development ( e.g., spp. ); ii) facultative of semi- specific, caused by flies , normally free living , usually lay eggs in decomposing or vegetable matters, but can initiate myiasis in host , if open wound or sore is available (e.g., Calliphora spp., Lucilia spp.,); iii) accidental or pseudomyiasis, the larvae are normally free living, and the eggs or larvae may accidently ingested by host or enter through host’s anatomical openings ( e.g., domestica, Eristalis tenax , stabulans ). In Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh himalayan region, the dipterous families of myiasis – producing importance include Acroceridae, , Calliphoridae, Drosophilidae, Fannidae, Muscidae, Oesteridae, Sarcophagidae and Syrphidae. Some myiasis– causing flies (Calliphora spp., Lucilia spp., Sarcophaga spp. ) are of potential forensic importance. helps to determine the amount of time a victim has been exposed to environment, facilitating the estimation of the post mortem interval (PMI) and the medicolegal forensic entomology is useful in providing important data during criminal investigation on corpse [6,34]. Calliphorid, Lucilia sericata finds common use in debridement therapy (MDT) or biosurgery, for healing of non- healing wounds [22, 32]. The of L. sericata are placed on wounds and made it to feed on necrotic tissues and bacteria. The maggots also secrete some secretions, having anti-microbial activity.

MATERIAL AND METHODS The database presented in this paper pertains to dipteran species, having myiasis-causing importance in animals and human, occurring in diverse regions and localities of Jammu and Kashmir State. This State is located in northern part of the Indian-subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakorum and the Western Himalayan regions. The State is divided into three geographically and climatically different regions, viz. Ladakh (cold desert), Kashmir (temperate) and Jammu (sub-tropical). The database of taxa of these regions of zoo-geographical significance, has been updated in the light of latest nomenclatural and taxonomical changes, after consulting the previous published as well as online data on the myiasis-causing dipterous flies of the world. The checklist of the valid species of flies of myiasis importance is given under Systematic Checklist. The synonyms of the taxa are listed under valid species, given in the parentheses. The references of the authors reporting and describing taxa are in the form of code numbers, given in parentheses in front of listed species of flies, belonging to different families. The details of references, in accordance with numbers, are cited in the reference section of the text. In addition to these, abbreviations in connection with distribution of each listed species in the Provinces of J & K State, are given in the square brackets in front of each listed species. The keys to the code numbers and abbreviations, are listed at the end of the systematic checklist.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION About 40 species, under 25 genera of Dipterous flies of myiasis –causing importance in animals and human, belonging to 9 families, pertaining to Section (= Cyclorrhapa), (Sub -section , ) and Sub-order , are found to be distributed over vast and diverse localities of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Himalayan regions of Indian sub-continent of great zoogeographical significance. The dipterous families include Acroceridae, Anisopodidae, Calliphoridae, Drosophilidae, Fannidae, Muscidae, Oestridae, Sarcophagidae and Syrphidae. The updated systematic checklist of flies of medical and veterinary

http://mutagens.co.in 4342 Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 5(7), 2016 pp. 4341-4349 ISSN 2320-1355 importance ( myiasis-causing), belonging to these dipterous families, is presented as under:

Systematic Checklist Order: Diptera Section: Aschiza Superfamily: Family: Syrphidae 1. Eristalis (Eristalis) tenax (Linnaeus) (6) [ K] 2. Tubifera arbustorum (Linnaeus) (7) [ K] (= Eristalis arbustorum Linnaaeus) (5) [ K] Section: Schizophora Subsection: Calyptratae Superfamily Family: Fannidae 3. Fannia lepida (Wiedmann) (15) [ K] Family: Muscidae Linnaeus 4. *Musca domestica Linnaeus (3, 9) [ J, K, L] 5. Musca (Musca) domestica nebula (Fabricius) (29) [ K] 6. Musca (Musca) vicinia Macquart (29) [K] 7. (Fallen) (15, 29) [K] 8. calcitrans (Linnaeus) (9, 29) [ J, K] Superfamily Oesteroidea Family: Calliphoridae Subfamily: Calliphorinae Tribe: Calliphorini 9. Calliphora pattoni Aubertin (20, 27) [ G] 10. Calliphora vicina Robineau- Desvoidy (4) [ J, S] (= Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen) (9, 25) [J, K] Subfamily: Chrysominae Tribe: Chrysomini 11. * Achoetandrus rufifacies (Macquart) (4,27) [ K] 12. *Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (4) [ S] 13. Villeneure (2, 8) [ J, K] 14. * Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (4, 9) [ J, S] 15. Chrysomya pinguis (Walker) (4) [ S] 16. *Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (4) [ S] 17. Chrysomya villeneuvi Patton (4) [S] Tribe: Phormiini

18. *Phormia regina Meigen (9) [J] Subfamily: Helicoboscinae 19. Gulmargia angustisquama Rognes (18, 27) [G] Subfamily: Lucillinae Tribe: Luciliini 20. *Lucilia cuprina (Wiedmann) (4, 9) [ J, S] 21. * Lucilia porphyrina (Walker) (4, 20, 27) [G] 22. */ **Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (4) [ S] Subfamily: Polleniinae

http://mutagens.co.in 4343 Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 5(7), 2016 pp. 4341-4349 ISSN 2320-1355

Tribe: Polleniini 23. Pollenia rudis (Fabricius) (20, 27) [ J, K] 24. Polleniopsis kashmirensis Kurahashi et Okadome (10) [ K] Family: Oestridae Subfamily: Cuterebrinae 25. Dermatobia sp. (21) [ K] Subfamily: Gasterophilinae 26. Gasterophilus intestinalis (De Geer) (26) [J, K] 27. Hypoderma lineatum (Villers) (13, 17, 32) [ J] 28. Hypoderma sinense (Pleske) (16) [ L] 29. Hypoderma sp. (9) [ J] 30. Przhevalskiana silenus (Brauer) (31, 33, 34) [ J, K] (= Hypodermma crossi Patton) (23) [ K] Family: Oesterinae Tribe: Oestrini 31. Oestrus ovis (Linnaeus) (1, 22, 24 [ K] Family: Sarcophagidae Subfamily: Sarcophaginae Tribe: Sarcophagini 32. Rosella khasiensis Senior-White (30) [ K] (= Sarcophaga khasiensis Senior- White) (20) [ K] 33. Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) dux Thomson ( (= Sarcophaga dux Thomson) (20) [ K] 34. Sarcophaga melanura Meigen (20) [ K] 35. Sarcophaga striata (Fabricius) (7) [ K] (= Sarcophaga haematodes Meigen) (20) [ K] 36. Thyroscnema kentejana Rohdendro (19) [ K] 37. Thyroscnema kashmirensis Lehrer (11) [ K] Section: Acalyptratae Infra-order: Superfamily: Family: Acroceridae 38. kashmirensis Lichtwardt (12, 5) [ K] Superfamily: Family: Drosophilidae Subfamily: Drosophilinae Tribe: Drosophilini 39. Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (14) [ J, K] Sub-orde: Nematocera Infra-orde: Superfamily: Anisopodoidea Family: Anisoplodidae Sub-family: Anisopodinae 40. nigroclavatus (Edwards) (28) [G]

* indicates forensically important dipterous flies ** indicate fly find use in human wound treatment (maggot therapy) Key to abbreviations: G= Gulmarg (Kashmir); J = Jammu; K = Kashmir; L= Ladakh; S= Shopian (Kashmir).

http://mutagens.co.in 4344 Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 5(7), 2016 pp. 4341-4349 ISSN 2320-1355

Key to references of author /s (given in square bracket) recording and describing Taxa: 1= [1]; 2= [2]; 3= [3]; 4= [4]; 5= [5]; 6= [7]; 7= [9]; 8 = [10]; 9 = [12]; 10 = [13]; 11= [14]; 12 = [15]; 13= [16; 14 = [17]; 15 = [19]; 16= [20]; 17= [21]; 18 = [23]; 19 = [24]; 20 = [25]; 21= [26]; 22= [27]; 23 = [28]; 24= [29]; 25 = [30]; 26= [31]; 27 = [33]; 28 = [35]); 29= [36]; 30 = [37]; 31= [38]; 32 = [39]; 33 = [40]; 34= [41]

Biodiversity of flies of myiasis –causing importance From the above cited systematic checklist, it is evident that the dominant family of Diptera having myiasis- causing importance, is found to be Calliphoridae, with five subfamilies- Calliphorinae, Chrysominae, Helicoboscinae, Lucillinae, Polleniinae, having 2 spp. (2 genn.), 8 spp. (4 genn.), 1sp. (1 gen.), 3 spp. (1 gen.) and 2 spp. (2 genn.) respectively. This is followed by family Oestridae, with four sub-families, Cuterebrinae, Gasterophilinae, Hypodertmatinae and Oesterinae, incorporating 1 sp., 1 sp., 4 spp. and 1 sp. respectively. Family Oestridae in dominance is followed by the family Sarcophagidae, Muscidae and Syrphidae, including 6 spp., 5 spp. and 2 spp. respectively. Rest of the families, viz. Acroceridae, Anisopodidae, Drosophilidae and Fannidae, having 1 species each. The species-rich dipterous genera of myiasis importance are: Chrysomya, having 6 spp., followed by Hypoderma, Lucilia, Sarcophaga, having 3 spp. each. The genera, Calliphora and Thyrosocnema, include 2 spp. each. Rest of the genera (19), having 1 sp. each (See systematic checklist).

Economically important myiasis and their types in domestic animals and human Different types of myiasis, on the basis of anatomical position in or on the host animals and human, produced by 21 spp., under 12 genera, belonging to dipterous families, Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Oesteridae and Sarcophagidae, have been found in Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh region of J & K State. These flies of medical and veterinary importance include 11 spp. of Calliphoridae, 7 spp. of Oesteridae, 2 spp. of Muscidae and 1 sp. of Sarcophagidae. As many as 19 spp. of flies belonging to families, Calliphoridae, Muscidae and Oesteridae, have been reported to cause different types of myiasis in domestic animals- bovines, horse, yak, small ruminants (sheep and goat) and cattle carcasses (see Table 1). Cutaneous myiasis (dermal and subdermal) is seen in cow,buffalo, cow carcasses, yak, sheep and goat is caused by flies, viz. Calliphora vicina, Chrysomya megacephala, Dertmatobia , Hypoderma spp., Lucilia cuprina, Phormia regina, Przhevalskiana silensus and Stomyxys calicitrans. Gastro-intestinal myiasis is reported in horses, produced by Gasterophilus intestinalis. Nasopharyngeal and tracheopulmonay myiasis, found to be caused by Oestrus ovis in sheep and goat in Kashmir region. Oral myaisis due to Chrysomya bezziana is found in buffalo in Jammu region. Wound myiasis in livestock is mainly due to fly species such as: Calliphorids - Chrysomya spp., Lucilia; Muscids- Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans (see Table 1). In case of human Oesterids, viz. Hypoderma lineatum, H. sinense have been found to be causing cutaneous myiasis (dermal / sub-dermal) in Ladakh region. Calliphorid, Chrysomya bezziana was responsible for producing oral myiasis in Kashmir region. Apart from these, Sarcophagid, Sarcophaga striata, is reported to cause gastro-intestinal myiasis in Kashmir region (see Table 1).

http://mutagens.co.in 4345 Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 5(7), 2016 pp. 4341-4349 ISSN 2320-1355

Table 1: Different types of Myiasis, caused by Dipterous flies in Animals and Human of Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh Region. (J= Jammu; K= Kashmir, L= Ladakh; JK= Jammu & Kashmir; + = present; - = absent; A= animal, H = human) Dipterous Fly Host (s) Myiasis Types References Species. (Depending on Host Body’s Location) (Case Reports in J&K Regions) CU GI NA OR TR WO Calliphora vicina Cow carcass, sheep + - - - - - 3- A, K; 6- A, J; 14- A, J. Chyrysomya albiceps Cow carcass - - - - - + 3- A, K. Chyrysomya bezziana Buffalo, Humans - - - + - + 5- A, J; 2-H, K. Chyrysomya - Small ruminants, Cow - + - - - - + 6- A, J ;3- A, K. megacephala Carcass Chyrysomya pinguis Cow carcass - - - - - + 3- A, K. Chyrysomya rufifacies Cow carcass - - - - - + 3- A, K. Chyrysomya villeneuvi Cow Carcass - - - - - + 3- A, K. Dermatobia sp. Cattle + - - - - - 10- A, K Gasterophilus- Horses - + - - - - 15- A, JK. intestinalis Hypoderma lineatum Yak, Cattle, Human + - - - - - 7- H, L; 9- A, L; 18- A, J. Hypoderma sinense Human + - - - - - 8- H, L. Hypoderma sp. Goat + - - - - - 6- A, J. Lucilia cuprina Cow, Sheep, Goat + - - - - - 3- A, K; 6- A, J. Lucilia porphyrina Carcass of Birds, - - - - - + 16- A, K. animals Lucilia sericata Cow (carcass) - - - - - + 3- A, K. Musca domestica Small ruminants + - - - - + 6- A, J Oestrus ovis Sheep, Goat - - + - + - 1- A, K; 11- A, J ;13- A, J Phormia regina Small ruminants + - - - - - 6-A, J. Przhevalskiana Sheep, Goat + - - - - - 12- A, K; 17- A, J; 19- A, J; 20-A, J. silensus Sarcophaga striata Human - + - - - - 4- H, K. Stomoxys calcitrans Small ruminants + - - - - + 6- A, J. Keys to Abbreviations and code numbers (refer to author /s / references, given in the square brackets) CU= cutaneous myiasis (dermal, sub-dermal); GI= gastro intestinal / intestinal myiasis; OR= oral myiasis; NA=nasal / nasopharyngeal myiasis; WO = wound myiasis; TR= tracheopulmonary myiasis; 1= [1]; 2= [2]; 3= [4]; 4= [9]); 5= [10]; 6= [12]; 7= [16 ]; 8= [20]) ; 9 =[21]; 10= [26 ]; 11= [27] ; 12= [28]; 13= [29]; 14= [30]; 15= [31]; 16= [25]; 17= [38]; 18= [39]; 19= [40]; 20= [41] .

http://mutagens.co.in 4346 Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 5(7), 2016 pp. 4341-4349 ISSN 2320-1355

REFERENCES [1] Allaie, I.M., Wani, Z.A., Malik,A.M, Shahardar, R.A & Zulhuma, M. (2015), Oestrus ovis larvae in nasal cavity of sheep: a case report. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 2015, pp. 1-2, online [2] Baba, I.A., Shah, A.F, Yousuf A & Nabi, S. 2015, Mental deprivation and oral myiasis: A special case Report. Annals of Dental Specialty, 3 (2): 69- [3] Bharti,M. 2008, Current status of family Muscidae ( Diptera ) from India. Journal Entomology Research, 32 (2): 171-176 [4] Bharti,M. 2012, Altitudinal Diversity of forensically important blow flies collected from decaying carcasses in Himalaya. The Open Forensic Science Journal, 5 :1-3 [5] Brunetti, E. 1920, The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma- Diptera: Vol. I. and Vol. II. Taylor and Francis, London, England [6] Byrd, J.H. and Castner, J.L. 2009, of forensic importance, In: Byrd, J.H & Castner, J. L. (Editors), Forensic Entomology: The utility of in legal Investigations (2nd Edition), pp. 43-45. CRC Press Boca Raton, FL, 688 pp. [7] Datta, M and Chakraborti, M. 1983, On a collection of flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae), with new records from Jammu & Kashmir. Record of Zoological. Survey of India, 81 :237- 253 [8] Francesconi, F and Omar, L. 2012, Myiasis, Clinical Microbiology Review, 25 (1): 179- 105 [9] James, M.T. 1947, The Flies that cause Myiasis in Man. U. S. Deptt. of Agriculture Misc. Publ. No. 631 (Diptera), pp. 175 [10] Katoch, R., Godara, R. Yadav, A. Sharma, S. and Ahmad, I. 2014, Occurrence of Chrysomya bezziana in a buffalo in Jamm. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 38 (4): 420- 422 [11] Kettle, D.S. 1984, Medical and Veterinary Entomology, London & Sydney, Cross Helm, 658 pp. [12] Kour, R., Katoch, R., Godara, R., and Yadav, A. 2015, Incidence of myiasis and bionomics of Cyclorrhaphan flies in small ruminants of Jammu. Indian Journal of Small Ruminants, 21 (1): 69-70 [13] Kurahashi, H. and Okadome, T. (1976). A new species of Polleniopsis from Kashmir,India (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Bulletin of the Japan Entomology Academy, 9 (2): 42-44 [14] Lehrer, A.Z. 2008, Thyrsocnema kashmirensis n.sp. – a new Indian species of the genus Thyrsocnema Enderlein (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Fragmenta Dipterologica, 15: 24-25 [15] Lichtwardt, R.W. 1909, Deut.Ent. Zeits, p. 124 [16] Logar, J., Marimic, Fiser and Natasa (2008). Cutaneous myiasis caused by Hypoderma lineatum. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 120: (19-20) [17] Parshad, R and Duggal, K.K. 1966, Drosophilid survey of India III. The Drosophulidae of Kashmir Valley. Research Bulletin. (N.S.) of Panjab Univ., 17 (Part III- IV): 277-290 [18] Patton, W.S. 1922, Notes on the myiasis-producing Diptera of man and animals. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 12: 239-261 [19] Pont, A.C. 1986, Family Fannidae pp. 41-54. In; A Sors & L. Papp (Eds.). Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. 11 - Hypodermatidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 346 pp.

http://mutagens.co.in 4347 Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 5(7), 2016 pp. 4341-4349 ISSN 2320-1355

[20] Puent, S., Otranto. D., Pandero, R. et al. 2010, First diagnosis of an imported human myiasis, caused by Hypoderma sinense (Diptera: Oestridae) detected in European Traveler returning from India. Journal of Travel Medicine, 17 (6) :419- 423 [21] Ranga-Rao, G.S., Sharma, R.L. and Hemaprasantha 1994, Parasitic infection of Indian Yak, Bos (Poephagus) grunniens – an overview. Veterinary Parasitology, 50: 79-82 [22] Reames, M.K., Christensen, C. and Luci, E.A. 1988, The use of maggots in wound debridement. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 21 (4): 388-91 [23] Rognes, K. 1993, A new genus of Helicoboscinae from the Himalayas (Diptera: (Calliphoridae), with emended genus and subfamily concept. Entomology. Scand., 23: 391-404 [24] Rohdendorf, T.R. 1937, Fauna USSR, Diptera, 19 (1): 174 [25] Senior-White, R., Aubertin, D. and Smart, J. 1940, Fauna of British India, including the reminder of the Oriental Region, Diptera- IV. Calliphoridae, Indian Reprint Edition, Today and Tomorrow Printers and Publishers, New Delhi. Originally published by Tylor and Francis, London, England [26] Shah, K.A and Andrabi, S.A. 2009, A note on Ivermectin and Clorsulon treatment of cattle infested with subcutaneous parasites. Vetscan, 4 (1), article 37, pp. 34-35 [27] Shahardar, R.A., Darzi, M.M. and Pandit BA (2001), Recovering of larvae of Oestrus ovis from trachea and bronchi of sheep. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 15 (1): 85 [28] Shahardar, R.A, Mir, A.S., Pandi,t B.A. and Banday, M.A. 1993, Successful treatment of goat warbles with Ivermectin. Indian Veterinary Journal, 70 (7): 666-667 [29] Shahardar, R.A and Ahmad, R. 1998, Occurrence of larvae of Oestrus ovis in a goat in Kashmir – a note. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 12: 147 [30] Sharma, B.D.1993, Medical and Veterinary Disease Ecology. APH Publishing House, New Delhi [31] Sharma, S.K., Yadav, A., Sooden, J.S.and Gupta, A. 2005, Bot infestation in equine- a case Report. Intas Polivet.,6 (2): 264-265 [32] Sherman, R.A. 2014, Mechanism of maggot –induced healing. What do we know, where do we go from here? Evidence- based Complementary and Alternative medicine, 2014: 592419 [33] Singh, D. and Sidhu, I.S. 2004, A Checklist of blowflies (: Calliphoridae) from north- west of India. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology., 24 (1): 63 -71 [34] Smith, K.G.V. 1986, A Manual of Forensic Entomology. The Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) and Cornell University Press. [35] Stone, A. 1973, Superfamily Anisopodoidea, family Anisopodidae, pp. 8. In: Catalogue of the Diptera of the Oriental Region Vol. I Sub-order Nematocera, Delfinado MD and Hardy DE (eds.). The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA. [36] Van-Emden, F.I. 1965, The Fauna of India and adjacent countries, Diptera Vol. VII, Muscidae, Part I Issued by Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, Published by Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. 647 pp. [37] Wan-Qixue, Vettchrves, Y.G. and Du, J. 2011, A Review of subtribe Boettcheriscina Verves, 1990 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), with description of 7 new species and genus from China. Annals of Society of Entomology, 47 (3-4): 303-329 [38] Yadav, A. Katoch, R. and Godara, R. 2014, Occurrence and histopathology of Przhevalskiana silensus larvae infestation in sheep of Jammu region. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 38

http://mutagens.co.in 4348 Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 5(7), 2016 pp. 4341-4349 ISSN 2320-1355

[39] Yadav, A., Katoch, R., Khajuria, J.K., Godara, R. Agarwal. (2013). Prevalence of Hypoderma lineatum in cattle of Jammu Region. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 37 (2) : 196-198 [40] Yadav, A., Katoch, R., Khajuria, J.K. and Agarwal, R. 2011, Prevalence and biology of warble fly infestation by Przhevalskiana silensus (Brauer in Jammu Province, India. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 43 (8) :1487-92 [41] Yadav, A. Khajuria, J.K. and Soodan, J.S. 2006, Warble fly infestation in goat in Jammu. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 20: 149-152 [42] Zumpt, F. 1965, Myiasis in man and animals in the old world. Butterworth, London, England, 267 pp.

http://mutagens.co.in 4349