Journal of Global Biosciences ISSN 2320-1355 Volume 5, Number 7, 2016, pp. 4341-4349 Website: www.mutagens.co.in E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Research Paper BIODIVERSITY OF DIPTEROUS FLIES (INSECTA) OF MYIASIS - CAUSING IMPORTANCE IN ANIMALS AND HUMAN OF JAMMU, KASHMIR AND LADAKH HIMALAYAS (INDIA) Bhagat, R. C. P. O. Box No. 1250, G.P.O., Residency Road, Srinagar, Kashmir-190001, J & K (India). Abstract About 40 species, belonging to 25 genera of dipterous flies of myiasis- causing importance in animals and human, belonging to nine families, viz. Acroceridae, Anisopododae, Calliphoridae, Drosophilidae, Fannidae, Muscidae, Oestridae, Sarcophagidae and Syrphidae, are known to occur in diverse areas and localities of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Himalayan regions. Family Calliphoridae is found to be as dominant family, with five sub-families, incorporated a total of 16 spp., under 9 genera. This is followed by family Oestridae, with four subfamilies, having a total of 7 spp. Sarcophagidae, Muscidae and Syrphidae included 6 spp., 5 spp. and 2 spp. respectively. Rest of the families having 1 sp. each. The economically important myiasis and their types, found to be produced by 21 spp., under 12 genera of 4 families of Diptera, in domestic animals and human, have been highlighted. An updated systematic checklist of myiasis- causing dipterous flies, has been presented. Key words: Myiasis- causing dipterous flies, biodiversity, Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh. INTRODUCTION According to a definition [42], the myiasis is the infestation of live vertebrates (human and / or animals) with dipterous larvae, which at least for a certain period feed host’s dead or living tissues, liquid body substances or ingested food and cause wide range of infestations, according to body location and the relationships of larvae with host. Different types of myiasis have been reported from different parts of the world in human and animals [ 8,9,11,18] .These are: cutaneous myiasis (dermal, subdermal, creeping, furuncular ); wound myiasis; nasopharyngeal myiasis ( nose, sinuses), ophtalmomyiasis ( ocular) ; oral ( mouth ); aural myiasis (ear ); tracheopulmonary myiasis ; enteric myiasis ( gastric, rectal , intestinal myiasis); urogenital myiasis (bladder, urinary passages, anal, vaginal ); cerebral myiasis ; nosocomial myiasis (myiasis in hospital setting ). Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 5(7), 2016 pp. 4341-4349 ISSN 2320-1355 The myiasis may be: i ) obligatory or specific, caused by flies dependent on host for larval development ( e.g., Chrysomya spp. ); ii) facultative of semi- specific, caused by flies , normally free living , usually lay eggs in decomposing animal or vegetable matters, but can initiate myiasis in host , if open wound or sore is available (e.g., Calliphora spp., Lucilia spp.,); iii) accidental or pseudomyiasis, the larvae are normally free living, and the fly eggs or larvae may accidently ingested by host or enter through host’s anatomical openings ( e.g., Musca domestica, Eristalis tenax , Muscina stabulans ). In Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh himalayan region, the dipterous families of myiasis – producing importance include Acroceridae, Anisopodidae, Calliphoridae, Drosophilidae, Fannidae, Muscidae, Oesteridae, Sarcophagidae and Syrphidae. Some myiasis– causing flies (Calliphora spp., Lucilia spp., Sarcophaga spp. ) are of potential forensic importance. Forensic entomology helps to determine the amount of time a victim has been exposed to environment, facilitating the estimation of the post mortem interval (PMI) and the medicolegal forensic entomology is useful in providing important data during criminal investigation on corpse [6,34]. Calliphorid, Lucilia sericata finds common use in maggot debridement therapy (MDT) or biosurgery, for healing of non- healing wounds [22, 32]. The maggots of L. sericata are placed on wounds and made it to feed on necrotic tissues and bacteria. The maggots also secrete some secretions, having anti-microbial activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS The database presented in this paper pertains to dipteran species, having myiasis-causing importance in animals and human, occurring in diverse regions and localities of Jammu and Kashmir State. This State is located in northern part of the Indian-subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakorum and the Western Himalayan regions. The State is divided into three geographically and climatically different regions, viz. Ladakh (cold desert), Kashmir (temperate) and Jammu (sub-tropical). The database of taxa of these regions of zoo-geographical significance, has been updated in the light of latest nomenclatural and taxonomical changes, after consulting the previous published as well as online data on the myiasis-causing dipterous flies of the world. The checklist of the valid species of flies of myiasis importance is given under Systematic Checklist. The synonyms of the taxa are listed under valid species, given in the parentheses. The references of the authors reporting and describing taxa are in the form of code numbers, given in parentheses in front of listed species of flies, belonging to different families. The details of references, in accordance with numbers, are cited in the reference section of the text. In addition to these, abbreviations in connection with distribution of each listed species in the Provinces of J & K State, are given in the square brackets in front of each listed species. The keys to the code numbers and abbreviations, are listed at the end of the systematic checklist. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION About 40 species, under 25 genera of Dipterous flies of myiasis –causing importance in animals and human, belonging to 9 families, pertaining to Section Aschiza (= Cyclorrhapa), Schizophora (Sub -section Calyptratae, Acalyptratae ) and Sub-order Nematocera, are found to be distributed over vast and diverse localities of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Himalayan regions of Indian sub-continent of great zoogeographical significance. The dipterous families include Acroceridae, Anisopodidae, Calliphoridae, Drosophilidae, Fannidae, Muscidae, Oestridae, Sarcophagidae and Syrphidae. The updated systematic checklist of flies of medical and veterinary http://mutagens.co.in 4342 Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 5(7), 2016 pp. 4341-4349 ISSN 2320-1355 importance ( myiasis-causing), belonging to these dipterous families, is presented as under: Systematic Checklist Order: Diptera Section: Aschiza Superfamily: Syrphoidea Family: Syrphidae 1. Eristalis (Eristalis) tenax (Linnaeus) (6) [ K] 2. Tubifera arbustorum (Linnaeus) (7) [ K] (= Eristalis arbustorum Linnaaeus) (5) [ K] Section: Schizophora Subsection: Calyptratae Superfamily Muscoidea Family: Fannidae 3. Fannia lepida (Wiedmann) (15) [ K] Family: Muscidae Linnaeus 4. *Musca domestica Linnaeus (3, 9) [ J, K, L] 5. Musca (Musca) domestica nebula (Fabricius) (29) [ K] 6. Musca (Musca) vicinia Macquart (29) [K] 7. Muscina stabulans (Fallen) (15, 29) [K] 8. Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) (9, 29) [ J, K] Superfamily Oesteroidea Family: Calliphoridae Subfamily: Calliphorinae Tribe: Calliphorini 9. Calliphora pattoni Aubertin (20, 27) [ G] 10. Calliphora vicina Robineau- Desvoidy (4) [ J, S] (= Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen) (9, 25) [J, K] Subfamily: Chrysominae Tribe: Chrysomini 11. * Achoetandrus rufifacies (Macquart) (4,27) [ K] 12. *Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (4) [ S] 13. Chrysomya bezziana Villeneure (2, 8) [ J, K] 14. * Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (4, 9) [ J, S] 15. Chrysomya pinguis (Walker) (4) [ S] 16. *Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (4) [ S] 17. Chrysomya villeneuvi Patton (4) [S] Tribe: Phormiini 18. *Phormia regina Meigen (9) [J] Subfamily: Helicoboscinae 19. Gulmargia angustisquama Rognes (18, 27) [G] Subfamily: Lucillinae Tribe: Luciliini 20. *Lucilia cuprina (Wiedmann) (4, 9) [ J, S] 21. * Lucilia porphyrina (Walker) (4, 20, 27) [G] 22. */ **Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (4) [ S] Subfamily: Polleniinae http://mutagens.co.in 4343 Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 5(7), 2016 pp. 4341-4349 ISSN 2320-1355 Tribe: Polleniini 23. Pollenia rudis (Fabricius) (20, 27) [ J, K] 24. Polleniopsis kashmirensis Kurahashi et Okadome (10) [ K] Family: Oestridae Subfamily: Cuterebrinae 25. Dermatobia sp. (21) [ K] Subfamily: Gasterophilinae 26. Gasterophilus intestinalis (De Geer) (26) [J, K] 27. Hypoderma lineatum (Villers) (13, 17, 32) [ J] 28. Hypoderma sinense (Pleske) (16) [ L] 29. Hypoderma sp. (9) [ J] 30. Przhevalskiana silenus (Brauer) (31, 33, 34) [ J, K] (= Hypodermma crossi Patton) (23) [ K] Family: Oesterinae Tribe: Oestrini 31. Oestrus ovis (Linnaeus) (1, 22, 24 [ K] Family: Sarcophagidae Subfamily: Sarcophaginae Tribe: Sarcophagini 32. Rosella khasiensis Senior-White (30) [ K] (= Sarcophaga khasiensis Senior- White) (20) [ K] 33. Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) dux Thomson ( (= Sarcophaga dux Thomson) (20) [ K] 34. Sarcophaga melanura Meigen (20) [ K] 35. Sarcophaga striata (Fabricius) (7) [ K] (= Sarcophaga haematodes Meigen) (20) [ K] 36. Thyroscnema kentejana Rohdendro (19) [ K] 37. Thyroscnema kashmirensis Lehrer (11) [ K] Section: Acalyptratae Infra-order: Muscomorpha Superfamily: Nemestrinoidea Family: Acroceridae 38. Pterodontia kashmirensis Lichtwardt (12, 5) [ K] Superfamily: Ephydroidea Family: Drosophilidae Subfamily: Drosophilinae Tribe: Drosophilini 39. Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (14) [ J, K] Sub-orde: Nematocera Infra-orde: Psychodomorpha Superfamily: Anisopodoidea Family: Anisoplodidae Sub-family: Anisopodinae 40. Sylvicola nigroclavatus (Edwards) (28) [G] * indicates forensically