the Newssheet of the Balmain Association PO Box 57•Balmain•NSW•2041 www.balmainassociation.org.au

Vol 54 No 3 Issue 352 Founded November 1965 September 2019 Pondering the Balmain Association

he BA was formed some 54 years readers what you wish the Tago during a time that Balmain BA to be. was fghting for its identity against Currently we: road builders and developers. It was • Manage the exhibitions successful then and many of the at the Watch House features that we hold important in the • Provide access to our peninsula result from what was quite a archives for family and large and active group of residents. house history The peninsula since then has • Maintain and care for the undergone quite a signifcant change Watch House . in its demographics and also its level of activism. Many of the activists of • Attend on Saturdays to the past are aging and participation is host visitors in our History reducing. At most of the local events Room it is clear that the attendees are of a • Arrange two heritage/ ‘certain age’. history exhibitions a year The BA itself still has a signifcant • Publish a quarterly membership but the active members newsletter (which you are are a small dedicated group. reading) I’ve been pondering the BA’s future • Publish occasional books and would like to hear from our on history • Have a Christmas Party. In the past there were Recent protest against the council amalgamations poster from National Trust campaigns, cruises, and Heritage Festival 2017 “Balmain Speaks Out” other functions; most recently the demolition of All of these need active input and I’m the telephone exchange (see calling for ideas from our readers and page 3) and recently we ran members about the future direction of a successful open gardens the BA. I’d hate to see it disappear! day in October 2018 (see Please email me at report in December 2018 Peninsula Observer) [email protected] or phone me on 0414 667 940 if you have an idea, There’s a suggestion we good or bad. could publish more books such as an update of Called I look forward to hearing from you. To The Bar, and books about Duncan MacAuslan, President. the peninsula’s industrial history and people. IN THIS ISSUE P. 1 Pondering the Balmain Association P. 2 This and That Issy Wyner, Councillor and Update on recent issues Mayor of Leichhardt Council, P. 3 The naming of a park spent eighty years of defying P. 4 & 5 Quiet Achievers in Our Callan Park authority to improve living p. 6. Memory and Landscapes HW conditions for residents of P. 7 Glebe 50th Balmain. P.8 What’s on at the Watch House From Balmain Speaks Out Back to Balmain Day exhibition. This and That ...... The inaugural Living Heritage Festival of the Historic Houses Association (HHA) was held at Tempe House on Sunday 4 August 2019 Tempe House was the home of was sold for development. A Permanent Alexander Brodie Spark, who had Conservation Order was established arrived in Sydney from Scotland in for Tempe House and the surrounding 1823. He quickly established himself grounds to the riverbank. The southern as a successful trader and by 1826 had part of the estate has been developed Tempe House, note the high in the right started a shipping agency. He developed with 3500 units in high rise blocks and a hand corner. a passion for land ownership and beside new railway station, Wolli Creek. by experts about such topics as wooden the very large parcel on the Hunter The festival was a celebration of some of boat building, life on the banks of the River and nine acres at Woolloomooloo, the forgotten crafts and heritage skills of Cooks River, the early history of the area where he built Tusculum, he acquired the past as well as looking to the future. and Mt Olympus, and the story of Tempe the land on the southern side of the The heritage stonemasons were at work House and A B Spark. Cooks River and developed Tempe and some of their restoration work on our Willie The Boatman craft beer added to House, designed by John Verge in the signifcant buildings was on display. There the ambience of the day as well as some 1830s. The house was an Arcadian Villa were examples of decorative plasterwork gourmet pies and tacos on sale, so many with an extensive garden, vineyards, and some wonderful examples of wood people enjoyed the afternoon in the sun, orchards and Mt Olympus, a natural graining and stenciling. while the Shetland ponies carried small feature beside the house. In the Chapel, with its beautiful lead children across the lawns. Willie the Caroline Chisholm leased the property light windows, there were many stalls Boatman was the man who had rowed after A B Spark’s death and ran an – quilting, wood work, candles, fower A B Spark across the Cooks River when educational establishment for young arrangements and more, while workshops he visited Sydney Town. ladies at Tempe. The Good Samaritan took place in Tempe House. You could It was a very enjoyable day and Order bought the building in 1884 and make a basket out of scraps, learn how to hopefully will be followed by another in built the Chapel in 1888. This Retreat research your house history or learn about the future. for unmarried mothers and women at colonial fashion. Di Garder risk operated until 1989 when the estate Around the grounds there were short talks

Sue Balmain Griffn Celebrating two life members’ birthdays Descendant of William Balmain Val Hamey 96 in February and Bob Irving 93 in July. Sue from Texas USA will arrive in Both Val and Bob worked tirelessly for the Balmain Association over many years. Australia 20th August. Her previous Val arrived in Balmain in 1985 joined the association and became editor of visit was in 1991 when she gave the BA Newsletter from 1988 to 2005. He became the Treasurer in 1994 and the BA a copy of her family tree. remained so until 2008. He was involved in many of the Balmain Association’s She and partner Doug are looking publications. forward to meeting up with BA Bob came to Balmain from Melbourne with his family in the 1960s. He members. became the second President of the BA in 1968. He and his family remained We have had no defnite in Balmain for over 40 years before moving to Dulwich Hill in about 2012 confrmation of their arrangements where he is now sharing his wide knowledge with the Ashfeld community. but Sue has asked for advice for He has written and contributed to many publications and heritage studies. accommodation locally and tours See some of their publication on the Balmain Association website or visit around Australia. If you have any the Watch House. suggestions please phone June Our best wishes and many thanks to both. June Lunsmann. Lunsmann, 9810 6885. Updates ...... • Clontarf Cottage Update include the former Precinct committees. • Woolworths signage approved IWC has attended to some outstanding With the municipality so large it is very IWC has approved Woolworths maintenance problems in particular the diffcult for residents to keep abreast of application to remove their insignia from outdoor lighting and are to arrange a issues affecting them. June Lunsmann. above the entrance to the Balmain store, to meeting with former committee members • Western Harbour Tunnel repaint the facade and to use decal images to look at ongoing lighting needs. No news on Western Harbour Tunnel and of historic photos on the Darling Street • Community Facilities Committees impact on Birchgrove peninsula. facade windows. This follows a meeting There still has been no meeting with the FYI the submissions by IWC to the issues David Liddle and I had on Saturday mayor, Darcy Byrne, as promised some are available on their website 23 February with Michael Mackenzie time ago to discuss the re-instatement of innerwest.nsw.gov.au go to Develop then (Woolworths NSW, ACT State General former community facilities committees Major projects then to State and select Manager, Supermarkets) at Loyalty which took responsibility for care of the West Harbour Tunnel. Square. Ferg Fricke local amenity, discussion should also Hope you can fnd it! 2 The Naming of a Pocket Park - Fergus Fricke

he demolition of the front of the More seriously a reasonable TBalmain Telephone Exchange has case can be made for a suitable begun and in its place the Inner West First Nation name, for example, Council will construct a public open “Anembo”, meaning “a peaceful, space. It is perhaps time to consider a quiet, contemplative place” could be name for the space/park/plaza/square/ considered despite the traffc noise piazza etc. It is also time to consider at Balmain’s main intersection as, a plaque giving some history and since the closing of the Town Hall photos of the site and recognition of Hotel, the noise level has markedly the Balmain Association’s work to get decreased. Just as important as the Telstra, Leichhardt Council and the name of the space is the way it is Inner West Council to turn a dream chosen. Who should decide on a name into a reality. and how should a name be chosen? The IWC Mayor, Darcy Byrne, has There is an opportunity to introduce already suggested that it would be a democratic decision here. I would appropriate to name the new “public suggest that any Balmain resident be open space” in Balmain after Neville allowed to suggest names and that the Wran. “Nifty” was born in Paddington. Balmain Association, as the instigator He moved to Balmain with his parents of the campaign to get Telstra and and seven older siblings before he The Post Offce 1920 Leichhardt/Inner West Council to was a year old. He left Balmain when agree to create the “square”, be given he was 10 years old. While he was the right to choose two or three of Premier of NSW for ten years and these suggestions which would then was famous for saying “Balmain boys go to Telstra and the IWC for a fnal never cry” he was never the Member decision. Alternatively, there could be a for Balmain. However, “Nifty Place” plebiscite. has quite a nice ring to it but there are Any other suggestions? other names worth considering. A more appropriate name could be based on the previous use of the space. The New Owner Inside the Telephone Exchange most The BA has had contact with the of the space was taken up by cables, new owner of the Post Offce. He mechanical switches and mechanical Circa 1955 as tram comes around corner has been very responsive. There counters of calls made from every was a very quick response from him telephone in Balmain. These functions to a request to improve the lighting are now carried out digitally and take of the clock faces. He has also said place in a space the size of a kitchen that he was willing to consider cupboard. Outside the Telephone restoring the lower part of the PO Exchange there were six public tower which was “damaged” when telephone booths facing Darling the 1957 Telephone Exchange was Street, the last of which was removed built. in June this year. To name the new open space “Phony Place” would not be entirely inappropriate. Balmain Association Likewise, “Post Offce Place”, or “POP” for short, is also appropriate as AGM before the 1957 Telephone Exchange Wednesday 6th November was built the space was a garden 2019 with public access and later a rather 6pm at the Watch House bare public open space with a few Join us for drinks and bench seats. Perhaps James Barnet, nibbles the architect of the Post Offce and Notice and Nomination Court House building, could be form enclosed. acknowledged in the naming of the Start of demolition early August 2019 reinstated open space that he planned. 3 Quiet Achievers in our Callan Park

Callan Park Bushcare - Bronwen Campbell I have been involved with Callan from local Aboriginal Land Council, Park Bushcare since I brought a National Parks and Rozelle Hospital class of kids from Balmain High to commissioned the ‘Conservation an ‘Olympic ’planting in 2000.That Management Plan for Callan Point, area now looks like natural bush. For Rozelle’ which was produced and all the hundreds of volunteers who supported by all stakeholders including have worked on the site there is a real Leichhardt Council. pride and sense of achievement. We In 1995 Callan Park Bushcare Group truly have built homes for birds, bees formed to study area and subsequently Black Cockatoo in the park butterfies and blue tongues. implement the Management Plan. The In 1991, a Heritage Study of Rozelle volunteer group, meeting once a month, Over the past 23 years many hundreds Hospital by NSW Public Works Dept has been in operation ever since of people have been involved in the identifed items of signifcance at ‘The 2007/2008. Leichhardt Council care and restoration of native bushland Point’. Including Aboriginal middens Biodiversity Offcer, Doug Anderson, in Callan Park. These have included and some intriguing rock carvings. added another volunteer Callan Park community members participating Peter Jensen of Greening Australia Bushcare group meeting twice a in National Tree Day and Mothers identifed remnant vegetation on week. He also obtained money for the Day plantings, local school groups, Callan Point and on the slopes around building of the ‘Bush Track’ which Australian Conservation Volunteers as King George Oval, an area covering would have joined up with the Board well as the volunteers who turn up every about 2 hectares of Callan Park. Walk next to the Rock Engravings week, every month. We would love to In 1992, Peter Jensen together with had the ‘Callan Park Management add more to that list. Participants in the David Eckstein of Callan Point Resource Plan 2011’ been accepted by State ‘We Help Ourselves Program’ may be Management Group and representatives Government. joining soon and hopefully those visiting the Centre for Refugees can become involved in a welcoming community group. You too can join. Wednesday and Friday: 9:00am to 1:00pm. Meet on North Crescent near corner of North Crescent and Waterfront Drive, Callan Park, Lilyfeld. First Sunday of the month: 9:00am to noon. Meet next to the Bay Run up the hill from King George Oval. Contact: [email protected]

Tree planting group at Callan Park 4 Community Refugee Welcome Centre - Tim Jackson

here is a quiet achiever in Callan The original idea came from Tasman TPark that I think more people Munro, a man of many talents among should know about. In 2017 the Inner them being a wood worker, who West Council, Justice and Peace offce approached Sayd and Jane Theau, a of Catholic Archdioses of Sydney textile artist, to join forces and form and Settlement Services International the Tapestry Collective in 2016 in became partners to welcome refugees Auburn at the Friendship Garden and and people seeking asylum to Inner Community Kitchen where people West Local Government Area. Since came together every fortnight to create then, some other organisations and a stunning 3 seater sofa made up of the agencies such as TAFE, NSW have design themes from the garden. This Sayd Mahmod Reza who has 30 years become involved in the activities idea has bloomed, pardon the pun, experience of tapestry as an artform holding and programs that take place in into a continuation of friendship and a postcard of his workshop at the Maritime Community Refugee Welcome Centre shared stories from both locals and Museum. (CRWC), at Wharf Road. refugee and asylum seeker friends. volunteer programme or taking part My frst involvement in the Centre in the tapestry project. Now I have was a volunteer induction programme been so happy to be part of this and of 4 weeks. It was a TAFE Human have made new friends and slowly Rights course, which was a very good heard the stories of hopefully, our background and information tool for future Australian citizens. Most of the those of us not accustomed to working refugees I have met have come from in this area. Iran originally and have had a rough Since then, CRWC runs weekly journey and want to make the best of activities and programs for both their new life. locals and refugees. The Centre aims Weaving the different themes So this centre continues to grow in to foster social cohesion and social importance for not only the refugees inclusion, eliminate borders, build but the local community as well and capacity and friendship, and also to make this journey easier and less have a positive impact on the health stressful for all concerned. and welbeing of all participants. Both For more information locals and refugees enjoy being a part Ingrid de Meyer, Community Projects of CRWC community. Coordinator In addition to weekly programs, Inner West Council CRWC celebrates a number of P: +61 2 9335 2146 | community events. Take refugee week E: [email protected]. event as an example with more than From a personal point of view, I gov.au 300 participants. It has been a basis for wasn’t really sure what the outcome M: 0447 796 498 would be from both attending the exhibitions, workshops, cross-cultural Below the group with some of their work music and celebration, and also community opportunities. From this The Tapestry Friendship project started as a way to break down barriers and social isolation as well as providing insight into the lives of local residents and people from refugee and asylum seeker background. The artist and facilitator of this project is Sayd Mahmod Reza and his 30 year experience of tapestry as an artform is the basis for the design of a cover for a two seater sofa that will live at the centre. The design of the Lilyfeld sofa came from a collaboration of all of us putting in our ideas and an artist pulling them together into a possible outcome. 5 Memory and Landscapes History Week September 2019

Saturdays 7 and 12, 11.30-3pm and Tuesdays 3 and 10, 11am-1pm September The Balmain Association’s History Week exhibition 2019 features artwork by Jan Wood from her autobiographical series “A Patch Work of Memories” which she has been evolving since 1990. The paintings juxtapose the “personal” against the backdrop of the “political” spanning Post War Australia until today.

The works, designed as Memory 60s and 70s” which are part of her Spring Boards for her generation, aim autobiographical paintings. to invoke and inspire the viewer’s Below: memories and invite the viewer to “story tell” too. Some of the paintings featured in this year’s exhibition include an image of the Nullabor Plain when she travelled in 1970 with her boyfriend and his elderly aunt from Sydney to Manjimup in rural WA. Your memories may be: Who has never been on a Manly ferry The road across the Nullabor and not been awed by the landscape? to contribute their memories, stories, Have you been to Cable Beach in poems, photographs, artwork and other Broome and witnessed the sunset and memorabilia to make the major BA the camels? “Posh Party Platter 1972 Presented exhibition over December/January a on Green Tupperware Tray” Who has gazed in awe at the Northern highly interactive, memorable and fun one. Beaches’ Landscapes or the Central In this lead-up exhibition Jan has For more information and to tell Coast Lakes? included a whimsical look at the your story contact So BA members and visitors are invited “Gastronomic Landscape of the [email protected] or phone June 9810 6885

History Week 2019 – Talk and Tour Saturday 7 September 2019 2 – 4pm including talk + tours Follow signs from Main Gate at intersection of Cecily & Darling Sts, Rozelle and meet at Sydney College of the Arts, Kirkbride building $20 p/person (children under 12 free) includes seminar + tours Above: The memorial built by Douglas Grant Bookings Essential www.trybooking.com/bdugc in the 1930s Courtesy Mitchell Library. Below: The bridge decorated Remembrance Or send a cheque to PO Box 238, Rozelle 2039 made out to Friends of Callan Park. Day 2018.

Talk by Dr Tom Murray life-events led to Douglas Grant Dr Tom Murray, Senior Lecturer having a mental health breakdown in at Macquarie University, discusses 1931. Through archival sources learn Douglas Grant – the Aboriginal about re-membered and re-enacted draughtsman, raconteur, journalist, accounts of a decade of Douglas WW1 veteran who lived at Callan Grant’s life at Callan Park. Park in Repat Ward B in the 1930s. Following Tom’s talk, join a walking After distinguished service in the tour to Sydney Harbour Bridge War AIF, including Head of Red Cross in Memorial, designed by Grant, and Wunsdorf POW camp near Berlin, Kirkbride, including foundations. 6 THE GLEBE SOCIETY 50th ANNIVERSARY - Fergus Fricke

his year the Glebe Society participated in such as Tcelebrated its 50th anniversary walks and talks during with a party and a superb exhibition the days and nights over in a wonderful venue, the Harold Park the next week. It was an Community Hall at the Glebe Tram Sheds amazing event as was (in Forest Lodge!) and a Community the historical and current Festival that lasted all week. information and photos It was a remarkable anniversary for a of Glebe in the exhibition number of reasons which I will go into which lasted a week. below but perhaps it would help to frst The effort, expertise make a comparison with the Glebe and expense (much of Society’s older relation, the Balmain which was covered by a Association which was “born” in 1965. grant from the Sydney City Council) Not only are the two organisations of undertaken to research and mount the a similar age but the members are too, exhibition and organise other functions I suspect. The average age of Glebe was mind-boggling. The exhibition Society members can be estimated can perhaps be summarized as photos, by observation of the baldness of the paintings and plans of places and people majority men and the white hair of the past and present. women attending the celebration on What can be learned from the Glebe Sunday 23 June. Society exhibition that might be considered by the Balmain Association? The standouts for me were: The photographs. These were not just of historic photos of houses such as Lyndhurst (designed by A very small John Verge) and Bidura sample of the (designed by Edmund exhibition Blacket) but also photos photos, of those houses now. sketches, There were also photos of paintings and accounts of the houses in the Glebe Estate, history of Glebe businesses, parks, streets people and th At the formal celebration of the 50 and residents taken in the 19th and early places. anniversary (by invitation only) and 20th centuries but also contemporary the opening of the exhibition there was photos of gardens, parks, people and a choir at the entrance to the hall and activities in the community. What just inside the door Verity Firth, the there were not photos of, as far as I can that dunnies got a look in too. current President of the Glebe Society, remember, is anything on “sporting” During the following week there a former Member for Balmain in the activities other than the ‘dogs” and were talks, walks, discussions and NSW Legislative Assembly and a past the “trots”. Photos of businesses such entertainment. Max Solling led Sydney City Councilor, greeted guests. as pubs, the George Hudson Timber history walks, while there was an Inside there were many familiar faces Company in Blackwattle Bay and the “Aboriginal Cultural Tour” and a look including Tanya Plibersek the Federal Burley Griffn Incinerator were also at the “Marine Life of Blackwattle Member for Sydney, former Senator, included. And of course I must mention and Rozelle Bays”. There were talks John Faulkner, current Member for on “Radical Glebe” and “Future Balmain in the State Parliament, Jamie Glebe”, “The Founding Women of Parker and Clover Moore, the Lord the Glebe Society”, “Glebe Trams”, Mayor of Sydney. “Biodiversity” and “Glebe’s Colourful The formal part of the evening was a Characters”. All of which means it will Welcome to Country, a brief history be a hard act to follow. of Glebe and the Glebe Society, a Is anyone interested in performance by another choir, an introduction to material that could be preparing for the Balmain th watched and viewed, talks that could Association’s 60 anniversary? be listen to and events which could be 7 What’s on at the Watch House www.balmainassociation.org.au

love of art, design and a desire for creative SEPTEMBER NOVEMBER expression and exploration. Saturday 7 and Saturday 14, 11.30-3 Saturday 2, Sunday 3 10am-6pm Opening Friday 15, 6-9pm Please join us Tuesday 3 and 10, 11.00 to 1.00 Floral Inspirations Saturday 23, 9-5, Sunday, 24 10-4 A Patchwork of Landscapes and Memories Over to You - 2019 (part 2) What’s not to L.O.V.E. Jan Wood continues on her journey and New exhibition and pre Christmas Clearance Artist, Christeene Britton, returns with her invites you to join her for the BA’s exhibition sale of ex-exhibition works. classic colourful ink works and textural in December January. Opening Friday 1 7:30pm All welcome acrylic on canvas pieces. The exhibition Saturday 21, Sunday 22 and Friday 27, Join us for a drink anytime over the weekend will also feature hand crocheted wire Saturday 28, Sunday 29 10am-4pm Saturday 9, Sunday 10 10am-4pm earrings which are unbelievably light weight Around Us III Impressions of Balmain and Beyond 2019 individual pieces. Instagram christeeneb This is our third exhibition at Watch House The Biennial Exhibition and sale of Friday 29 and Saturday 30 and will showcase culturally diverse artists artworks by Barbara Hamilton, Carlie Sunday 1 December, Friday 6, Saturday 7, and the scenes from the world that is Lopez, Jenny Saunders Thompson, Corinne Sunday 8 December 10am-4pm around us. Artists Korean Australian artists: Gaston and Allan Coker. Artworks include Botanica Figilina Absurdus! Cecilia Hwang, Mee Lee, Mosura Park, interpretations in watercolour, acrylic, Sumit Ameria, Susan Landau Williams Samuel J. Keem, Eun Hee Kim. Gloucester photography, ceramic and sculpture. and Martial Cosyn. A joyful Exhibition artists: Rachel Saunders, Lyn Monro, Adele Opening Friday 8 6 -8pm. All Welcome from three artists who are so different Compton www.balmainartists.com but just Love making their art! Glorious Opening Saturday 21 2.00pm All welcome Saturday 16 and Sunday 17, 10am-4pm pottery, scenes you know so well given an OCTOBER FOUR heARTs+minds effervescent twist, and simply beautiful Saturday 5 No exhibition Jan Barnett, Michelle Roberts, Elke Klein, Botanical work. Gaudium! History Room open Saturday 5 11.30 to 3pm Rose Schafer A diverse, vibrant, colourful To be opened by Artist and Writer Amelia Saturday 12, Sunday 13 10am-4pm and eclectic exhibition of original works Campbell Friday 29 6-8pm All welcome Friends Celebrate the Essence of Nature in watercolour, ceramics, paint, fabric, pen Meet the artists Saturday 30th from 11am. The MoDeMa group of mosaicists, and collage by four women from different Mollie Pegler, Deb Kane and Margaret generations and backgrounds, bound by a Tessarolo,have combined with mosaic artist Gretel Peristone and photographer Carol Back to Balmain Day Sunday 27 October 2019 D’Amici to present an exciting exhibition of This will be the 26th reunion picnic at Elkington Park. Make sure you attend their latest works. Light and colour, using a this time! Increased fees and policy change at Inner West Council mean that variety of media, refects the inspiration they new sponsorship will be needed for 2020. Alternatively, the event could derive from the Natural World. Opening Friday 12 6-8pm All Welcome be integrated into Classics at Callan Park or Jazz at Gladstone Park. Your Saturday 19, Sunday 20 10-4pm comments and ideas are welcomed at [email protected] From the Studio to you 6 ARTISTS - 1 WEEKEND Original prints and sculptures by Karen Steele, Brenda Livermore, Kate Lovejoy- Furnell, Tracy McCarthy, Bernadette Facer and Susan McLeod. With inspiring lines and forms of nature, each artist works on her own take on the way in which these emerge as marks; of the natural, meaningful, the individual, the beautiful and the refective. Opening Friday 18, 6-8pm All welcome Saturday 26, Sunday 27 10.30 - 4.00 Artists At Large Too Our group has been drawing and painting Leichhardt Celebrity Brass Band playing in the rotunda for a number of years, under the tutelage of artist Fiona O’Beirne, who has successfully The Balmain Association Inc Representing Balmain, Birchgrove and Rozelle exhibited her own wok, as well as being an Archibald Prize fnalist. Works range from Our aims are to: The Balmain Association meets on the frst oils, acrylics, watercolour and pencil and •Improve the living, working and Wednesday of each month at 6:00pm in the feature portraits, landscapes and still life. recreational amenities of our area; Watch House, 179 Darling Street Balmain. Details contact Elisabeth Prax on •maintain all features having natural, MEMBERS ARE INVITED TO ATTEND. 0478824678 architectural and or historical value of the The History Room at the Watch House is Opening Friday 6- 8.30pm- all warmly area and keep a permanent collection of open every Saturday 11:30-3 Tuesday 11-1 welcomed. historical interest; Postal: PO Box 57 Balmain 2041 •seek the cooperation of everyone Material from this newsletter is not to be concerned in the realization of the above. reproduced without acknowledgement 8