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Notes and References

Chapter 1

1. Saint -Simon refers to posItive philosophy, negative principles and positive work at least as early as his Introduction aux travaux scientifiques du xixe siecle, 2 vols, 1807-8; see pp. 97 and 103 of the extracts translated by the editor in K. Taylor (1975). 2. An exception is Halfpenny (1982). See also Cohen (1980). There are well-considered, if undifferentiated, accounts of in the 'Introduction' to Giddens (ed.) (1974); and in Keat & Urry (1975) and Benton (1977). 3. Habermas (1963-71) ch. 7. This chapter was first published in German in 1963. 4. It is particularly regrettable that limitations of space preclude discussion of positivism in the Marxist tradition. For a start on this topic, see Jordan (1967) and Wellmer (1969).

Chapter 2

1. E. Durkheim, The Rules of Sociological Method (French edn, 1895; English edn, 1982) passim. This English edition by S. Lukes, translated by W. D. Hills, provides a superior translation to the 1938 edition by G. E. G. Catlin, translated by S. A. Solovay & J. H. Mueller. As the 1938 edition is so well known, however, comparative page references to it will be given. 2. There is no complete translation of the Cours. I always quote from H. Martineau (ed.), The Positive Philosophy of August Comte, 2 vols (1853). Martineau 'freely translated and condensed' the original and there can be no doubt that M. Clarke's translation for S. Andreski (ed.), The Essential Comte (1974) is superior. Unfortunately, it does not include all the passages I wish to quote and so, rather than confuse by using two translations of the same work, I have always gone back to Martineau. Where possible I also give a cross reference to Andreski. This quotation, for example, is from vol. 2, p. 97; cf. p. 180. Comte, incidentally, approved of Martineau's condensation and had it retranslated into French. The condensation is mainly of Comte's exposition of the natural sciences, and comparison of Martineau's and Clarke's translations of passages quoted here reveals no significant differences of sense. It is also worth noting that Comte wrote to J. S. Mill that 'all the principal conceptions' of the Positive Philosophy are 184 Notes and References

to be found in A on the Positive Spirit (French edn, 1844); see p. iv of E. S. Beesly's Translator's Preface' to the English edn (1903). 3. Marcuse has contrasted Comte and Hegel on this question. See Marcuse (1941, rev. 1954) pt. II, ch. II. 4. The collections of Saint-Simon's writing edited by Markham (1952) and Taylor (1975) have interesting introductions. In addition, see Manuel (1956), and (1962) chs 3 and 4. Durkheim (1895-6) is a classic; and Kumar (1978) ch. 1, is a good recent discussion. 5. Saint-Simon's political parable appeared in L'Organisateur (1819). It is translated in both Markham (1952) pp. 72-5, and Taylor (1975) pp. 194-7. As early as 1802-3, in his Letters from an Inhabitant of Geneva to his Contemporaries, Saint-Simon had presented a 'dream' in which 'All men will work' (Taylor, 1975, p. 80). 6. There is an extract from Saint-Simon's 'Sketch of the New Political System', published in L'Organisateur (1819), in Taylor (1975) pp. 198-206. 7. See Durkheim (1895-6) ch. 11, and Manuel (1956; 1962). Bazard, Enfantin and others formalised Saint-Simonian teaching in a series of public lectures in 1828-9 entitled The Doctrine of Saint-Simon: an Exposition; First Year, 1828-1829. Also, see Lichtheim (1968) ch. 3. 8. Durkheim (1895-6) ch. 6. On Comte, also see Aron (1967) vol. 1, pt. 2; Manuel (1962) ch. 6; the editors' introductions to Andreski (1974) and Thompson (1976); and Evans-Pritchard (1970). 9. Comte's 'Plan of the Scientific Operations Necessary for Reorganizing ' was first published in 1822, and then republished in 1824 with the additional title of 'System of Positive Polity'. For the row over publication, see Manuel (1962) pp. 251-60. 10. On the positivist movement, see Simon (1963) and Charlton (1959; 1963). 11. There is an enormous literature of Durkheim - some of it of very high quality. Lukes (1973) is without doubt the premier commentary, but LaCapra (1972) and Wallwork (1972) are also recommended. Giddens (1978) and Tiryakin (1978) offer excellent introductions. 12. It should always be borne in mind that the text of the lectures has been reconstructed from students' notes. 13. There is an intriguing point of contrast with Spencer here. Spencer argued that each cause has a multiplicity of effects and each effect a multiplicity of causes (cf. Abrams, 1968, pp. 6~76). As a consequence it is futile to try to anticipate the consequences of even the best planned concerted action because even the simplest act will produce more unanticipated than intended results. Spencer's minimisation of the practical value of for positive public or concerted action could not have been congenial to Durkheim, but one can only speculate whether rebuttal of Spencer was one of the factors which moved Durkheim to insist that every effect has but a single cause. 14. The dispute in the German speaking world between the historical Notes and References 185

economists, especially Schmoller, and the neo-classical economists, led by Menger, is discussed in Ch. 3, pp. 58-64. It came to a head in 1883. Durkheim spent the 1885-6 academic year in Germany. See Durkheim (1887). 15. For an excellent discussion of the connections between Durkheim's and political issues, see Giddens (1971). 16. See Gouldner's 'Introduction' to the English edn of Durkheim (1895-6), and Durkheim (1898-1900; 1902). 17. The is discussed in Ch. 4, pp. 109-16. Something of its influence in America is mentioned in Ch. 5, pp. 139-45.

Chapter 3

1. On the economists' , see Schum peter (1954) pt 4, chs 2 and 4; Bi:ihm-Bawerk (1890a and b); and Gide & Rist (1909). It should be remembered that Bi:ihm-Bawerk was a pupil of Menger and that Schumpeter was also a product of the Austrian school; Gide and Rist are more sympathetic to the historical school (as was their compatriot, Durkheim, which they themselves note). 2. On the Verein, also see Mayer (1944) esp. ch. 2. and the references below in n. 16, p. 186. 3. Geisteswissenschaften is notoriously difficult to translate. It originated in the German translation (1863) of 'moral sciences' in Mill (1843). As Geist, i.e. mind or spirit, is peculiarly a human faculty I prefer 'human sciences'. I never use 'cultural sciences' because that is better reserved for Kulturwissenschaften, a term deliberately adopted by Rickert in distinction from Geisteswissenschaften. 4. Students with no of German might like to note the following. German writers in the hermeneutic tradition often use the verb and its derivatives. English language commentators on these writers sometimes leave these words in German. This makes both the words and their referents seem quite unnecessarily mysterious. The German for 'to understand' is verstehen: the infinitive can also be used as a verbal noun - thus Verstehen (all nouns in German are capitalised) means 'understanding'; similarly the present participle can also be used as a verbal adjective - thus verstehende Soziologie literally means 'understanding sociology', but is less awkwardly translated as 'interpretative (or in the, for once, more elegant American, 'interpretive') sociology'. This does raise the problem, however, of the difference, if any, in Weber and others, between verstehende Soziologie and deutende Soziologie; deuten means 'to interpret' or 'to construe'. The problem is discussed below, p.85. 5. On Dilthey, see Platinga, (1980); and Rickman (1979). 6. The term Wirklichkeitswissenschaft is first used in Simmel (1892). 7. Weber, of course, used early editions of Die Grenzen, not late editions of Geschichte und Naturwissenschaft. I have therefore paid 186 Notes and References

close attention to two commentators who discuss Weber in relation to Die Grenzen. See Bruun (1972) esp. ch. 2; and Burger (1976) esp. pt. 1. 8. In addition to Bruun (1972) and Burger (1976), Cahnman (1964) and Goodman (1975) are helpful on the provenance of Weber's methodology. 9. Weber, (1922) vol. I, p. 4. Part I was (re)drafted for publication by Weber himself between 1918 and 1920; part II was written between 1910 and 1918 but Weber still had not revised it (except for the chapter on ) at the time of his death in 1920. The first German edition, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (1922), was quickly super• seded by the revised second edition (1925) edited by Marianne Weber and used by many translators (including Parsons). The fourth, revised, edition (1956) was edited by J. Winckelmann and is the basis of the English edition; a fifth , revised, edition was published by the same editor and firm in 1976. The first complete translation (3 vols, 1968), was edited by G. Roth and C. Wittich and introduced by G. Roth. It is made up of earlier partial translations, corrected and revised where necessary in relation to the fourth German edition. The 1978 publication used here is a two-volume corrected reissue. 10. Compare Weber, ' "" in Social Science and Social Policy' (1904) ch. 2. The first part of this essay was agreed with E. Jaffe and W. Sombart; the second was Weber's responsibility alone. It appeared in the first number of the Archiv fur Sozialwissenschaften und Sozialpolitik to follow the takeover of the editorship by the three men. 11. See Oberschall (1965) pp. 94-9, on Levinstein. For the Verein , see Weber (1908); Oberschall (1965) ch. 6; and Eldridge (1971). 12. Weber (1903-6) p. 194. Runciman (1972) p. 25, thus wrongly accuses Weber of implying that motives are causes without ever saying so explicitly. 13. For a somewhat different approach which stresses the provenance of these concepts, see Turner and Factor (1981). 14. Cahnman (1964) p. 117, for example, refers to the 'fluid boundary lines between "ideal-types" and "individual concepts"'. The boundary is not just fluid - it can be non-existent, i.e. concepts can be both ideal-typical and individual. 15. For some of the personnel involved, see Roth (1976). 16. For accounts in English of what happened, see Dahrendorf (1961); Roth (1971); Ringer (1969) ch. 3. Dahrendorf used the official (pro-Schmoller) of the Verein by Boese (1939). Roth was able to use the greatly superior work by Lindenlaub (1967). 17. Weber (1895) pp. 44-9. See also Weber (1894). 18. On Weber and , see Beetham (1974). Giddens (1972) is a good brief introduction which makes use of ideas from the most important modern German commentary, Mommsen (1959). See also Mommsen (1974). 19. Weber (1917) p. 13. In particular, Weber cites Schmoller, c. 1910 (full Notes and References 187

reference to which is omitted by Shils and Finch in their 1949 edition of Weber). 20. Shils and Finch translate Wertphilosophie here and elsewhere in Weber (1949) as axiology, which makes it sound much more recondite than it is. 21. The science address, Weber (1919b), was given in 1917, and the politics address (1919a) in 1919. 22. This point figured prominently at the Centenary Confer• ence in Heidelberg. See below, pp. 129-30. 23. Weber uses the term Gesinnungsethik. Gerth and Mills (1948) translate it as 'ethic of ultimate ends'; Schlucter, in Roth and Schlucter (1979), prefers 'ethic of single-minded conviction'. I have followed Bruun (1972) in adopting the simple and accurate 'ethic of conviction.'

Chapter 4

1. The Vienna Circle's 'Wissenschaftliche Weltauffasung: Der Wiener Kreis' (1929) ~ translated in (1973). There is no author given on the title page of the original pamphlet. In an editorial note to the translation, Neurath's widow, Marie, says that 'Neurath did the writing, Hahn and Carnap edited the text with him; other members of the Circle were asked for their comments and contributions' (Neurath, 1973, p. 318). 2. The English edition (T. W. Adorno et al. 1976) is a translation of the German edition (1969), plus Frisby's 'Introduction' and Popper's review of the German edition. 3. A great deal has been published in English by and on the Frankfurt School. The following have proved particularly helpful: Marcuse (1941); Horkheimer (1972); Arato & Gebhardt (1978); Held (1980). In addition for Habermas, see especially Habermas (1968; 1963-71); and McCarthy (1978). 4. On the issue of neutral languages, see Ch. 1, pp. 3-4. 5. The idea of constituting objects of scientific in accordance with one's interest goes back at least to Windelband; see Ch. 3, pp. 129-30. 6. On piece-meal , see Popper (1945). 7. The Heidelberg proceedings are published as Stammer (1965).

Chapter 5

1. See Oberschall (ed.) (1972). Cutler (1911) gives a detailed description of a charities and corrections syllabus. 2. I recognise that there were nominalists at Chicago including Small and Thomas and that the realism of Park and Burgess was not always consistent. Qualifications aside, however, one of the interesting characteristics of the social disorganisation is precisely that 188 Notes and References

it is realist. For a controversial discussion of the nominalism/realism issue see Lewis and Smith (1980) ch. 6. 3. See Morrison (1978a and b). On the Columbia Bureau, see Barton (1979). 4. Stouffer, Suchman et al. (1949) pp. 47-8. Ch. 1 on methodology was, in , written by Stouffer alone. 5. For an excellent extended discussion of this issue. see Scott and Shore (1979). Bibliography

In the text each reference is identified by the author's surname and year of first publication (or in some cases the year the work was first written). In the bibliography the identifier year (together with the language, if not English) is given after the author's name. The details of publication which follow are of the edition used in preparing this book; where this was the first edition the year of publication is not repeated.

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Bryant, Christopher G. A. (1975) 'Positivism Reconsidered', Sociological Review, vol. 23, pp. 397-412. --(1983) 'Who Now Reads Parsons?', Sociological Review, vol. 31, pp. 383-95. Bulmer, Martin (1981) 'Quantification and Chicago Social Science in the 1920s; a Neglected Tradition', Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, vol. 17, pp. 312-31. Burger, Thomas (1976) Max Weber's Theory of Concept Formation: History, , and Ideal Types (DurhamlNC: Duke University Press). Cahnman, Werner J. (1964) 'Max Weber and the Methodological Controversy in the Social Sciences', in Werner J. Cahnman & Alvin Boskoff (eds), Sociology and History: Theory and Research (New York: Free Press). Catton, William R. (1968) 'An Assessment of Lundberg's Substantive ', in A. de Grazia, R. Hardy, E. C. Harwood & P. Kurtz (eds) , The Behavioral Sciences: Essays in Honor of George A. Lundberg (Gt Barrington/Mass: Behavioral Research Council). Cavan, Ruth S., Hauser, Philip M., & Stouffer, Samuel A. (1930) 'A Note on the Statistical Treatment of Life-History Material', Social Forces, vol. 9 (193~1) pp. 20~3. Chariton, Donald G. (1959) Positivist Thought in During the Second Empire 1852-1870 (Oxford: OUP). --(1963) Secular Religions in France 1815-70 (Oxford: OUP). Cohen, Percy S. (1980) 'Is Positivism Dead?', Sociological Review, vol. 28, pp. 141-76. Coleman, James S. (1980) 'Paul F. Lazarsfeld: The Substance and Style of His Work', in Robert K. Merton & Matilda White Riley (eds), Sociological Traditions from to Generation: Glimpses of the American Experience (Norwood/NJ: Ablex) , ch. 9. Comte, Auguste (French, 1822) 'Plan of the Scientific Operations Necessary for Reorganizing Society', in System of Positive Polity, qv., vol. 4, General Appendix: Third Part, trans. by Henry Dix Dutton, pp. 527-77. --(1830-42) Cours de philosophie positive, 6 vols, (Paris: Bachelier). --(French, 1844) A Discourse on the Positive Spirit (London: William Reeves, 1903). Preface and translation by Edward S. Beesly. --(French, 1851-4) System of Positive Polity: Treatise on Sociology Instituting the , trans. , 4 vols, (London: Longmans Green). --(French, 1852) The Chatechism of Positive Religion or Summary Exposition of the Universal Religion, trans. Richard Congreve, (London: Longmans Green, 1858). Cutler, James E. (1911) 'Some Suggestions Regarding the Organization of the Department of Sociology in an Urban University', Publications of the American Sociological Society, vol. 5, pp. 101-13. Dahrendorf, Ralf (German, 1961) 'Values and Social Science', in his Essays in the Theory of Society (London: RKP, 1968). ch. 1. --(German, 1962) 'Remarks on the Discussion of the Papers of Karl R. 192 Bibliography

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Abrams, P. 21,184 Benton, T. 183 Adorno, T. W. 116,118-19, Bergmann, G. 110-11 122-3,126-7,150,187 Berelson, B., Lazarsfeld, P. F. and Albert, H. 116, 126, 129-30 McPhee, W. N. 151 Albrow, M. 78 Bernard, L. L. 140 Alexander, J. C. 182 Bhaskar, R. 181 Althusser, L. 172 Bismarck, O. von 59-60,99 American Journal of Blalock, H. 8, 134, 149, 169 Sociology 139,172-3 Blumer, H. 136 American Sociological B6hm-Bawerk, E. von 185 Review 170-3 Boese, F. 186 American Sociological Society/ Boudon, R. 154 Association 136-9, 143, 153 Boutroux, E. 34 Andreski,S. 183-4 Bowley, A. L. 139 Aquinas, T. 176 Brentano, L. 60 Arato, A. and Gebhardt, E. 187 Bruun, H. H. 74-5, 186-7 Archiv fur Sozialwissenschaft und Bryant, C. G. A. 4,133 Sozialpolitik 79-80,98, Buckle, H. T. 65 101-3, 186 Buhler, C. 152 40,176 Bulmer, M. 136 Aron, R. 117, 184 Burger, T. 77,81,92,186 atomism 59,115 Burgess, E. W. 135-6, 187 Avenarius, R. 176 Ayer,A.J. 110,112,115 Cahnman, W. J. 186 Cantril, H. 158 Bacon, F. 15,37 Carnap, R. 110-2, 122, 187 Bain, R. 140 Catlin, G. E. G. 183 Barton, A. H. 188 Catton, W. R. 148 Bauman, Z. 78,178-9 causal adequacy 90-1 Bavarian Revolution 99,114 analysis, explanation 7, 78, 82, Bazard, S.-A. 26-7,184 86-7,89-90,95-6,98,120 Becker, H. S. 136 modelling, theory 134, 168, 171 Beesly, E. S. 184 cause 45,81,180-1,186 Beetham, D. 186 first and final 13, 28-9 Benoit-Smullyan, E. 19 Humean 8,45,56,168,181 Bentham, J. 110 invisible 2-3 Index 207

Cavan, R. S., Hauser, P. M. and ideal-types 78-9,89,91,93-7, Stouffer, S. A. 136 186 Chapin, F. S. 139 individual, historical Chariton, D. G. 184 individuals 5,73,79,82-3, Chicago School 135--6, 139-40, 91-2,97,186 187-8 lay 36-7,40 University 138-9, 158, 168 utopian constructions 68, 78, choice, volition 7, 130, 180 80-2,89,93-4,96,98 moral 6-9,20-1,104,124 conflict theory 117,133,169, Chomsky, N. 172 171-2 Cohen, P. S. 2,183 Cooley, C. H. 134,140,146 Coleman, J. S. 151-2, 154 Copernicus 127 Columbia Bureau of Applied 4,126-7,129 Social Research 149-56, 164, see also Albert, Popper critical theory 109, 121, 123-7, 168, 188 University 117, 136, 138-40, 129,131,137,168,174,178-9 150-1 see also Frankfurt School criticism, critical reflection 14, Comte, A. 3,7,11-12,14-15,17, 20-3,52,124,131,143,153, 19-22,24,27-34,45,52-3, 168, 173-4, 182 55--6,65,110-13,130,137, critique 67-8,117-19,125 145,147,167,179,181-2, of historical reason 67-8 184 of instrumental reason 123-4, Discourse 12-15 130,132 law of the three states 16-17, Kant's 67-8 28 Cutler, J. E. 187 Positive Philosophy 1,15,28, 30,32,55,183 Dahrendorf, R. 60, 102, 126, 186 Positive Polity 31-2,55 decisionism 6, 124 Religion of Humanity 28,31-3, deduction, deductivism 46,59, 54 64,81-2,89,115-16,169 16-17,29 hypothetico-deductive social statics 18-19,29 method 59,115-16,141 see also Martineau Descartes, R. 15 Condorcet, M. 28 Detroit Area Study 162-4 concept formulation 33,36-44, dialectic 19,43, 120, 125, 129, 70-6,78, 127-9, 142, 146, 175 132,180 concepts, types of Dilthey, W. 59,64-71,75,114, basic 3-4, 85 123, 173, 185 categorial and conceptual Dodd, S. C. 147 systems 3-4,43, 146-7 Dollard, J. 158 categories of dual epistemology 14,56 understanding 40-1,43,68, dualism of existential and 121 normative judgements 101, configurations, Gestalten 69-70 103-4,128-30,175 general, generic, class 10,72, offacts and decisions 123, 128 91-3 of facts and values 6,55,107, genetic 91-2 123-4,129,142-3,175-6 208 Index

of theoretical value relations and empirio-criticism 110,179 practical evaluations 73-6, Enfantin, B. P. 27,184 101,124,129-30,175 Engels, F. 26,179 Duhem, P. 110 see also Marx Durkheim, E. 4,6,9,11-14,17, Enlightenment see philosophes 19,22,25,27,32-56,67-8,76, 110 104,106-7,148,164,174,181, 68,133,168 184-5 Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 184 Division of Labor 18,46-8, 53 E vangelisch-So ziale- Elementary Forms 41-3,56 Kongress 110 field of sociology 34-6 laws and types 44-6 Faris, R. E. L. 135 normal and pathological 18, Fay, B. 3 20,33,46-53 Feigl, H. 110 objectivity and concept Feuerbach, L. 110 formation 36-44 Feyerabend, P. 7-8 Rules 3,13,15,19,34,36-41, Frank,P. 110-11 44-8,55-6,183 Frankfurt School, Institute for Suicide 38-40,44-5,49,55 Social Research 109,114, 116-25,132,150,174,177-80, economics 76,91,96-7,102-3, 187 105,114,150,163,175-6 see also Adorno, Habermas, Austrian neo-classical 5, 9, 57, Horkheimer 62-4,78-9,93, 107 (see also Frege, G 110 Menger) Frenkel-Brunswick, E. 118 classical 46,59-61,93 25,52 German historical 5,9,46, Freud, S. 49,117,125,168 57-64,69,76,79-82,94,177, Friedman, M. 176 184-5 (see also Schmoller) Frisby, D. 187 laissez-faire 26,49,59-60,99 functionalism 18-19,45,48,120, positive 62-4,175-6 153, 168-9, 171-2 Edwards, L. 135 Einstein, A. 110 Gaiton, F. 139 Eldridge, J. E. T. 186 Gehlke, C. E. 139 empirical social research 4,84, German Social Democratic Party 127,173,180 (SPD) 58,61,99 in America 3,9-10,109,117, German Sociological Society 84, 119,121-4,133-73,182 98, 102, 116-118, 126, 129, in Germany 9,58,61-2,81,84, 131-2 118,132 Gerth, H. and Mills, C. W. 187 empiricism 14-15,55-6,111,113, Giddens, A. 2-3,5-6,55,175, 119, 121-2, 134, 145, 161, 180, 183-6 182 suppositions of positivism 7-9 abstracted 3, 117,133, 149, Giddings, F. H. 134, 136, 139 151-2,154-7,170-1 Gide, C. and Rist, C. 60, 185 conceptual 3,67,169-70,172 Gillin, J. L. 137, 139 sense-data 37-8,67,121-2,179 Glock, C. Y. 153 systematic 3,168-70 GOdel, K. 110 Index 209

Goffman, E. 136 individualistic conception of Goodman, P. 186 society 9-10,19,133,140-1, Gottl-Ottlilienfeld, F. von 77,84 146,150,154,157,161,172 Goldscheid, R. 102 see also nominalism Gresham's Law 88, 94 induction, 3, 46, 54, Guthrie, G. M. 158 59,64,78,82,89,94,96,108, Guttman, L. 158-9 115-16, 126, 139, 141-2, 145-6, 161, 164, 169, 182 intensive and extensive Habermas, J. 6, 14, 108, 116, infinity 72-3,79-80,82,90-1 123,126-7,130-1,179-80, 183, 187 Jahoda, C. I., Lazarsfeld, P. F. and knowledge constitutive Zeisel, H. G. 150 interests 9,69,125,175 Jaffe, E. 101,186 Hahn, H. 110-11,187 Jay,M. 117,119,125 Hahn-Neurath, O. 110 Jefferson, T. 156 Halfpenny, P. 141,182-3 Jordan, Z. 179-80, 183 Hart, H. L. A. 176 minimalist and maximalist Hauser, P. 158 positivisms 31-2,56 Hegel, G. W. F. 5,24,76,91, Junkers 100 117-18,122,178,184 Held, D. 187 Kant, I. 6,40,49,66-8,101,113, Hempel, C. G. 110, 115, 120, 118,180 141, 144-5 Katz, E. and Lazarsfeld, P. F. Henderson, A. M. 135 151,154 Herberg, W. 164 Keat, R. 120 hermeneutics 9,66-8,75,78-9, and Urry, J. 4,181,183 85,114,125,178-9,185 Keller, A. G. 134 see also ethnomethodology, Kendall, P. and Lazarsfeld, P. F. symbolic , 159 understanding Keynes, J. M. 167 Hildebrand, B. 59 Kish, L. 161-2 Hindess, B. 3 Knapp, G. F. 60 Hinkle, R. 134 Knies, K. G. A. 59,62,76,82,87 and G. J. 140 Kolakowski, L. 146,179 85 rules of positivism 2-7, 9 Hitler, A. 156 Kraft, V. 110 Hobbes, T. 176 Kuhn, T. S. 8,110-11,127,133, Hollingshead, A. B. 152 141, 149 Honigsheim, P. 102 Kumar, K. 19-20,184 Horkheimer, M. 116,118-20, 123, 130, 187 LaCapra, D. 184 Horowitz, I. L. 133, 141--4, 153 law, 65,76,104, Hovland, C. I. et at. 159 176-8 Hughes, E. C. 136 law of gravity 6, 13,27, 122, 174 Hume, D. 66,98,110,113,168, laws, law-like generalisations 8, 180 13,92,125,132,141,146, on cause 8,43,56, 168, 181 168-9,173 210 Index

absolute 44-5,47 Lundberg, G. A. 3-4,134,145-9, causal 65,70,81 176 (deductive) nomological 55, Luther, M. 106 78,89,106,120,125 Lynd, R. S. 138, 152 empirical 62-3,78,81-2, 89-90,96,132,168-9 exact 62-3,78,81-2,89,96,98 McCarthy, T. 131,187 fundamental 27,29,34 McCartney, J. L. 171 historical 6,9,16-18,20-1,29, McCluskey, H. Y. and Zander, A. 32,51,62 156-7 natural 8,13,17,21,32,34,42, McCormick, T. C. and 44,51,66,69,72,76,103,125, Macrory, B. E. 157 176-8 Mach, E. 110,137,179 social 8,9,17-18,20-1,29,32, MacIntyre, A. 2 51 MacIver, R. M. 138 and types 6,33,44-6 McNemar, Q. 158-9 universal 6,8,33,44-6,71, Manuel, F. 184 120,177 Marcuse, H. 119, 123-4, 187 Lazarsfeld, P. F. 117,142,145, Markham, F. 20,23-5,27,184 149-56, 158-9, 169, 171, 182 Marshall, A. 4 on research centres 153-4 Marx,K. 11,32-3,46,52,60,66, Berelson, B. and Gaudet, H. 94,110,117-18,167,179-80 134,149,154-6,162 and Engels, F. 32 Pasanella, A. K. and , Marxist tradition 12, Rosenberg, M. 142 114,125,132,179-85 and Rosenberg, M. 149 Matthews, F. H. 135 and Thielens, Jr, W. 151,153 Mayer,J. P. 185 Leibniz, G. 110 means and ends 47,68,105,123, Lenin, V.1. 179 149,176 Lenski, G. 134, 162-4 Menger,C. 59,62-4,78-9,80, Le Play, F. 22 89,94,96,99,107,110,175-6, Lerner, D. 159 182, 185 Levinson, D. J. 118 Menger, K. 110 Levinstein, A. 84, 186 Menzies, K. 172-3 Levi-Strauss, c. 176 Merton, R. K. 142,152,158,161, Levy-Bruhl, L. 32 168-9,171 Lewis, J. D. and Smith, R. L. 188 Coleman, J. S. and Rossi, P. H. Lichtheim, G. 184 150 and Lazarsfeld, P. K. 142,159, Likert, R. 158 172-3 Lindenlaub, D. 186 middle-range theory 169, Lipsey, R. G. 176 171-3 Littre, M. P. E. 28,32 and Rossi, A. S. (nee Kitt) 161 Locke, J. 15,66, 176 metaphysics 3-5,12,15,17,21-3, Luckmann, T. 178 28-9,55,67,111-15,120-1, Lukacs, G. 117, 131 124,147,174,176,179,181-2 Lukes,S. 5,50,55,152,183-4 Methodenstreit 5,9,57-99,107, Lumsdaine, A. A. 158 109,118,128,174,185 Index 211 methodological individualism 5, 1,11,54,64,68,89,174 54-5,99,107-8,152 operationalism, ~eyer,E. 76,80-2,90 operationalisation 4,147, ~ill, J. S. 19,28,32,65,110,137, 155,167,172-3 183-5 organic conception of society ~ills, C. Wright 3,117,133, 18-20,22,24,27,48,60 143-4, 149, 151-6 ~ises, R. von 110 ~itzman, A. B. 100 Pareto, W. 4 ~ommsen, W. J. 130,186 Park, R. E. 135-6, 140, 187 ~ontesquieu, C. de 45,67 Parsons, T. 3-4,35, 146, 149, ~orrison, D. E. 188 167-9,171 ~ostellar, F. 158 and Shils, E. 147 ~iiller-Lyer, F. C. 110 Peano, G. 110 ~ullins, N. c., with C. J. 168, Pearson, K. 8, 137, 139 171 2-4,54, 119, 146, 180-1 philosophes, Enlightenment 21, Nagel, E. 110, 120, 144 23-4,110-11,124,178 Natkin, ~. 110 philosophy, types natural areas, history 135 of history 10, 32 naturalism 8, 80, 181 oflife 67, 114 evolutionary 134 of science 7,14,145 Nazis, Third Reich 114,117-19, Stoic 176 129-30, 156 of value 104, 187 Neurath,~. 187 physicalism 113-15, 122, 175 Neurath, O. 110-14,122,175, Platinga, T. 69,185 187 176 Newton, I. 15 Poincare, H. 110, 137 Nietzsche, F. 129 policy, practice 8,10,12-14,16, nominalism 4-5, 54-5, 99, 119, 20-1,24,43,58,61-2,74,102, 122,135,140-1,145,187-8 105-8, 125, 130-1, 165-7, see also individualistic 174-7 conception of society policy science 6, 123 Norman, R. 50 see also positive choice, positive polity, pragmatism Oberschall, A., on America 139, 76 187 Pollock, F. 119, 122 on Germany 57,61,84,186 Popper, K. R. 4-5,8,10,111, objectivity 6,12-13,33,35-44, 114-16,120,126-8,141,152, 55,65,73-4,80-2,84,92,105, 182, 187 122,134-5,142,146, on 7,30, 115, 176 175,178 objective possibility 90-1 Popper-Lynkeus, J. 110 observation languages 3-4,121, positive 126, 187 choice 20-1 Odum, H. 139,153 education 21,30-1,53-4,76, Ogburn, W. F. 136-9,141,158 148 212 Index positive cont. research instrumentation 8-10, ethics, science of ethics 6, 29,56,84,118,139-40,143, 20-1,27.30,46-53,56, 145-7,170-3,175 103-4, 113-4 case studies 136, 140 knowledge 16,20-1,26,29,31 experiments 8,29, 146, 160 method 1,29 panel studies 149,154 and natural 174-8 surveys 84, 102, 134, 140-2, and negative 22-3,174-5,177 149,159,161-3,171-2 and normative 174-6 Ricardo, D. 59 philosophy 1,11,19,28.31, Rickert, H. 5,59,70-9,82-4,94, 33,131,175,183 96, 101, 123, 142, 179, 185 polity 11,20-2,25-8,31-2,52, Rickman, H. P. 65-7,185 55-6,104,107-8,123-4, Ringer, F. K. 186 130-1,175 Roscher, W. 59-60,76 religion 27-8,31-3,53-4 Ross, E. A. 134, 140 science 21,30-1,53-4,76,148 Roth, G. 90, 102, 186 positivism, types of and Schluchter, W. 187 British tradition 5,9,19,21 and Wittich, C. 186 Comtean 1,15,145 Runciman, W. G. 77,186 French tradition 5-6, 8-56, Russell, B. 110, 112 104, 107-9, 123-4, 142, 145, Russian Revolution 99, 130 174-5,179-80 instrumental 9-10,109,133--74 legal 176 Saint-Simon, H. de 1,5-6,9, logical 54,109-16,118,126, 11-13,15,17,19,22-8,30-3, 128,175,179,182 53,122,174,179,183 see also Vienna Circle New Christianity 27,54 Positivismusstreit 4,9-10,109, parable of the idlers 24-5, 184 114, 116, 125-32 unity of science 6, 13, 175 pragmatism 41-4,56, 141, 145 and Thierry, A. 23 Prometheus 130 Saint-Simonians 26-7,179,184 protoco~ 112, 115, 121, 128, 179 see also Bazard, Enfantin psychoanalysis 117, 168 Sanford, R. Nevitt 118 psychology 118,150-1 Schad, P. 118 experimental 68 Schaeffle, A. 104 of individual understanding Schelting, A. von 92-3 (Dilthey) 66-7,85 Schleiermacher, F. 66 Schlick, M. 109-10,112-13 Schmoller, G. von 59-60,64,77, quantification see statistics 80,100,102-4,185,187 Quetelet, A. 22,151 SchrOder, K. 110 Quine, W. F. 110 Schumpeter, J. A. 61,185 Schutz, A. 75,78-9,86,127-8, Radakovic, T. 110 179 realism 5,9,12-16,18-19,42, 61,119-20,123,126 55-6,135,181,187-8 Sharp, H. 162 scientific 4,8,54-5,180-1 Shaw, C. R. 135 Reichanbach, H. 110, 115 Shils, E. A. and Finch, H. A. 187 Index 213

Sills, D. 153 et al., American Soldier, 134, Simmel, G. 77,86,185 157-62, 168, 188 Simon, W. M. 184 Guttman, L. et al. 159 Small, A. 134, 137, 187 169,171 Smith, A. 59 quantitative 170-3 Smith, M. Brewster 158 Suchman, E. A. 188 Snizek, W. E. 171 Sumner, W. G. 134 socialism 53, 150 133, academic 61,85,98,104,107 135-6, 168-9 municipal 114 Saint-Simonian 11,32,53 Tarde, G. 22 state 100 Tarski, A. 110 utopian 11, 33 Taylor, C. C. 137 sociocracy and sociolatry 31-2, Taylor, K. 13,15,24-5,27,183-4 147-8 Taylor, S. 54-5,181 sociologism 19 teleology 13,21,29,148 sociology, types of Thomas, D. 182 charities and corrections 134-5 Thomas, W.1. 146,187 founding theory in Thompson, K. 184 America 134-5 Tiryakin, E. 184 interpretive 78-9, 133, 171 Tolstoy, L. 105 natural science of, scientific Treitschke, G. H. von 99 7-8, 102, 134-5, 137-8, 147 Tribe, K. 100 normative 102 Tudor, A. 182 positivist 2-3,9, n, 21, 31-2, Turgot, A. 28 55,110 Turner, S. P. and Factor, R. A. standard American 168-70 186 Sombert, W. 101, 186 Spencer, H. ~7, 9,19,21,34,65, understanding 38,64-76,78,113, 110,134,137,175,184 125, 185 Stalinism 118 Besserverstehen 68 Stammer, O. 187 direct observational 85-8 Stanton, F. N. 158 empathic 68, 80, 113 statistics, quantification 8,10,35, explanatory 85-8 82,84,89, 134,13~0,144-5, ~~~reti~ 7,~,~,n,~, 149-50,154,159-61,170, 89,96,128,185 172-3,175 unified science 111,113-14,120, bi- and multivariate 84, 139, 151 149,171-2 unity of science 6,8, 10,44,114, distributional 171-2 122-3, 175, 181 factor analysis 166 of ~8, inductive 139, 141 29-30,54,115,123,145,175, latent structure analysis 149, 178 152 path analysis 151 value freedom, ethical Stouffer, S. A. 136,149,157, neutrality 6, 10, 58, 102-3, 159, 169 123,138,142-3,145-6,153 214 Index

judgements, evaluation 5-6, , "Ethical Neutrality" , 51,58,74,98,101,104,113, essay 76-7,103,105,187 178 , "Objectivity" , essay 76, relations, relevance 3-4,65, 79-80,82-3,93-4,97-8, 70-6,78,82-3,90,95-6,101, 101-3, 186 124, 130, 142, 175 'Logic of Cultural Sciences' standard of 99-100 essay 76,80-2,90-1 values, types of Weiss, C. H., with Bucuvalas, absolute 128-9 M. J. 134,164-7 ultimate 106,113-14,124 Wellmer, A. 179-80,183 universal 76,83 Wells, R. H. and Picou, J. S. Verein fur Sozialpolitik 57, 60-1, 170-3 77,84-5,98-9,100-4,185-6 10,58-9,70,77, 112,115, 133, 81,98-109,128,174 137-8, 141-2, 145-6, 152, 161, Whitehead, A. N. 10 . 164 Wilhelm II, Kaiser 110 Vienna Circle 8,10,56,109-16, Willer, D. andJ. 3,168-70 128,145,151,175,185,187 Williams, R. 11 Winckelmann, J. 186 Wagner,A. 60,100,104 Windelband, W. 59,68-70,72, Waisman, F. 110 84,187 Wallace, W. L. 171 nomothetic and Wallwork, E. 184 ideographic 69-70 Ward, L. F. 134 Wirth, L. 135 Warner, W. Lloyd 152 Wissenschaften 6, 84, 101 Warshay, L. H. 3,169-71,173 Erfahrungs- 80 Watkins, J. W. N. 5,152 Geistes- 65-6,68-9,71,79, Weber, A. 101 113,120, 123, 185 Weber, Marianne 77,101,186 Kultur- 71,83,123,185 Weber, Max 4-5,35,47,52,58, Natur- 65,68-70, 185 62,68,70,73-4,76-100,105, Sozial- 79-80, 123 117-18,123,129-30,148,164, Wirklichkeits- 69,78,80,97, 177-9, 182; 185-7 185 on cause 7,81,85,87-90,95-6 Wittgenstein, L. 75, 110, 112, 114 on empirical and exact laws and Wolff, K. 34 generalisations 81-2,89-90, Wollheim, R. 176 94,96,98 Wundt, W. 68 on imaginary experiments 88, 90 on science and politics as Young, D. 158 vocations 100,103,105-8, Young, K. 158 130,187 Yule, G. U. 139 on understanding 7,78,85-9, 96 on values 3-4,6, 10,73,78, Zetterberg, H. L. 142 82-3,90,96,101-2,104-5, Zilsel, E. 110 114,128-9,142,175-6 Zorbaugh, H. 135