The Routledge Handbook of Semantics

The Routledge Handbook of Semantics The Routledge Handbook of Semantics provides a broad and state-of-the-art survey of this field, covering semantic research at both word and sentence level. It presents a synoptic view of the most important areas of semantic investigation, including contemporary methodologies and debates, and indicating possible future directions in the field. Written by experts from around the world, the 29 chapters cover key issues and approaches within the following areas: • meaning and conceptualisation • meaning and context • lexical semantics • semantics of specific phenomena • development, change and variation. The Routledge Handbook of Semantics is essential reading for researchers and postgraduate students working in this area. Nick Riemer is a senior lecturer in the English and Linguistics Departments at the University of Sydney, and a member of the Laboratoire d’histoire des théories linguistiques, Université Paris-Diderot. He specializes in semantics and in the history and philosophy of linguistics. Routledge Handbooks in Linguistics Routledge Handbooks in Linguistics provide overviews of a whole subject area or sub-discipline in linguistics, and survey the state of the discipline including emerging and cutting-edge areas. Edited by leading scholars, these volumes include contributions from key academics from around the world and are essential reading for both advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students. The Routledge Handbook of Syntax The Routledge Handbook of the English Edited by Andrew Carnie, Yosuke Sato and Writing System Daniel Siddiqi Edited by Vivian Cook and Des Ryan The Routledge Handbook of Historical The Routledge Handbook of Language Linguistics and Media Edited by Claire Bowern and Edited by Daniel Perrin and Colleen Cotter Bethwyn Evans The Routledge Handbook of The Routledge Handbook of Language Phonological Theory and Culture Edited by S. J. Hannahs and Anna Bosch Edited by Farzad Sharifan The Routledge Handbook of Theoretical The Routledge Handbook of Semantics and Experimental Sign Language Edited by Nick Riemer Research Edited by Annika Hermann, Roland Pfau The Routledge Handbook of Morphology and Josep Quer Edited by Francis Katamba The Routledge Handbook of Linguistic The Routledge Handbook of Linguistics Anthropology Edited by Keith Allan Edited by Nancy Bonvillain The Routledge Handbook of Semantics Edited by Nick Riemer First published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 selection and editorial matter, Nick Riemer; individual chapters, the contributors The right of the editor to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Routledge Handbook of Semantics/Edited by Nick Riemer. pages cm. – (Routledge handbooks in linguistics) Includes index. 1. Semantics–Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Historical semantics–Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Generative semantics–Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Lexicology. I. Riemer, Nick, 1972- P325.R78 2015 401′.43–dc23 2015003748 ISBN: 978-0-415-66173-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-68553-3 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK i.m. Peter Koch Contents List of figures x List of tables xi List of contributors xii Acknowledgements xvi Introduction: Semantics – a theory in search of an object 1 Nick Riemer PART I Foundational issues 11 1 (Descriptive) Externalism in semantics 13 Steven Gross 2 Internalist semantics: meaning, conceptualization and expression 30 Nick Riemer 3 A history of semantics 48 Keith Allan PART II Approaches 69 4 Foundations of formal semantics 71 Jon Gajewski 5 Cognitive semantics 90 Maarten Lemmens 6 Corpus semantics 106 Michael Stubbs vii Contents PART III Meaning and conceptualization 123 7 Categories, prototypes and exemplars 125 James A. Hampton 8 Embodiment, simulation and meaning 142 Benjamin Bergen 9 Linguistic relativity 158 Daniel Casasanto PART IV Meaning and context 175 10 Semantics and pragmatics 177 John Saeed 11 Contextual adjustment of meaning 195 Robyn Carston PART V Lexical semantics 211 12 Lexical decomposition 213 Nick Riemer 13 Sense individuation 233 Dirk Geeraerts 14 Sense relations 248 Petra Storjohann 15 Semantic shift 266 John Newman PART VI Semantics of specific phenomena 281 16 The semantics of nominals 283 Sebastian Löbner 17 Negation and polarity 303 Doris Penka viii Contents 18 Varieties of quantification 320 Anna Szabolcsi 19 Lexical and grammatical aspect 338 Stephen Dickey 20 Tense 354 Ilse Depraetere and Raphael Salkie 21 Modality 370 Ilse Depraetere 22 Event semantics 387 Jean-Pierre Koenig 23 Participant roles 403 Beatrice Primus 24 Compositionality 419 Adele E. Goldberg 25 The semantics of lexical typology 434 Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Ekaterina Rakhilina and Martine Vanhove PART VII Extensions 455 26 Acquisition of meaning 457 Soonja Choi 27 Expressives 473 Ad Foolen 28 Interpretative semantics 491 François Rastier 29 Semantic processing 507 Steven Frisson and Martin J. Pickering Index 525 ix Figures 5.1 Semantic prototype category (radial network) 95 5.2 Extension, schematisation and instantiation in a schematic network 96 5.3 A (simplified) schematic network for kill 96 5.4 A (simplified) schematic network for work one’s X off 102 7.1 A semantic network representation of the meaning of BIRD 126 7.2 A feature representation of the meaning of BIRD 127 12.1 Componential analysis of some English words for marine vessels 217 15.1 The core concepts underlying semantic shift in Cognitive Grammar 270 15.2 Core concepts applied to a semantic shift in fruit 270 15.3 Isolectal map for Russian dux 276 16.1 Operations of the Relation layer 291 16.2 Operations of the levels Unit and Quantity 294 16.3 Operations of determination on the seven layers 300 17.1 Hierarchy of negation and distribution of different classes of NPIs 313 25.1 Semantic maps of EMPTINESS in Mandarin and in Serbian 446 25.2 A three-dimensional plot of cutting and breaking events 447 25.3 Probabilistic semantic maps of the “go”, “come” and “arrive” domain in Sora and Classical Greek in the Gospel according to Mark 448 25.4 “Cold” in Armenian, English, Palula and Kamang 449 x Tables 3.1 A componential table 59 19.1 Extended typology of situation type 339 19.2 PF:IMPF in Classical Arabic (Dahl, 1985: 83) 342 19.3 Figures for four Russian aspectual pairs by tense and aspect 343 19.4 Perfective and imperfective markers in Mandarin Chinese 344 19.5 The Russian system of aspectual pairs 347 19.6 Russian viewpoint aspect and tense 347 19.7 Parallels between nouns and situation type 351 21.1 Classifications of modal meaning 373 21.2 Classification of root possibility meanings based on Depraetere and Reed (2011) 375 24.1 Georgian morphological paradigm based on Gurevich (2006: section 3.2) 423 24.2 English argument structure constructions 424 25.1 Hand vs. arm, foot vs. leg, finger vs. toe in English, Italian, Romanian, Estonian, Japanese and Khalkha Mongolian 435 25.2 Sibling terms in six languages 438 xi Contributors Keith Allan MLitt, PhD (Edinburgh), FAHA, is Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at Monash University and Honorary Associate Professor at the University of Queensland. His research interests focus mainly on aspects of meaning in language, with a secondary interest in the history and philosophy of linguistics. Author of several books and many contributions to scholarly books and journals, he has also edited several books and edits the Australian Journal of Linguistics. Email: [email protected]. Homepage: http://profiles.arts. monash.edu.au/keith-allan. Benjamin Bergen is Professor of Cognitive Science at the University of California, San Diego, where he directs the Language and Cognition Lab. His research addresses meaning-making processes in language production and comprehension, inclu ding how lexical and grammatical knowledge contribute to meaning in both literal and figurative language. Robyn Carston is Professor of Linguistics at University College London and Research Coordinator at the Centre for the Study of Mind in Nature, Oslo. Her main research interests are in pragmatics, semantics, relevance theory, word meaning and figurative language. She has published a monograph, Thoughts and utterances: the pragmatics of explicit communication (Blackwell, 2002), and is currently preparing a collection of papers to be published under the title Pragmatics and semantic content (Oxford University Press). Daniel Casasanto is Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of Chicago, and a founding editor of the journal Language and Cognition (Cambridge University Press). His research explores how linguistic, cultural and bodily experiences shape our brains and minds. Soonja Choi has conducted cross-linguistic studies since the mid-1980s (using both naturalistic and experimental data) comparing acquisition of Korean with other languages on negation, modality, lexicon and, more recently, spatial semantics and motion event expressions. Her primary goal is to understand the nature of interaction between language and cognition from infancy to adulthood in these semantic domains. Ilse Depraetere is Professor of English Linguistics at the University of Lille III. Most of her publications relate to tense, aspect and modality in English. She has written a grammar of English with Chad Langford.

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