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Anti^Ka Topografija Vaqevskog Kraja

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Anti^Ka Topografija Vaqevskog Kraja ^LANCI ARTICLES UDK = 904:528.425(497.11) Mirjana Kosti} Narodni muzej Vaqevo ANTI^KA TOPOGRAFIJA VAQEVSKOG KRAJA Apstrakt: U ovom radu bi}e iznet topografski pregled nalazi{ta iz anti~kog perioda, u vaqevskom kraju, do kojih se do{lo arheolo{kim isko- pavawima i sonda‘nim rekognoscirawem. Dat je i kra}i osvrt na arheo- lo{ke podatke o okupaciji ovog prostora za vreme rimske dominacije. Grad Vaqevo, kao sedi{te op{tine i Kolubarskog okruga, obuhvata prostor na kome se dru{tveni ‘ivot odvijao od najra- nijih vremena. Praistorija i anti~ko doba veoma su prisutni na ovom tlu. Stanovnici tih perioda ostavili su za sobom tra- gove svoga postojawa kroz mnoge materijalne ostatke utvr|ewa, nekropola, naseqa, ostava i sli~nih nastambi. U sklopu istra- ‘ivawa, sa ciqem da se utvrdi poreklo geografskih imena, na- stojalo se i utvr|ivawe hronolo{kih granica wihove pojave, o ~emu sama imena pru‘aju osnovne putokaze. Opis fizi~ko-geo- grafskih osobina vaqevskog kraja u najosnovnijim crtama poka- zuje bogatstvo uslova za ‘ivot, pa nije slu~ajno {to se na ovom prostoru jo{ od najstarijih vremena mo‘e pratiti razvoj qud- skih zajednica. Svrha topografskog istra‘ivawa je, da na osnovu odnosa an- ti~kih lokaliteta sa prirodnim okru‘ewem i drugim istovre- menim lokalitetima u okolini, a i nalaza koji poti~u sa loka- liteta navedenih u ovom radu, odredi funkciju lokaliteta, kao i poreklo i status wenih stanovnika1. 1 Ovaj rad predstavqa skra}eni i prilago|eni deo diplomskog rada pod nazivom „Anti~ka topografija vaqevskog kraja” koji je autorka marta 2006. godine odbranila na Katedri za arheologiju Filozofskog fakulte- ta u Beogradu kod prof. Aleksandra Jovanovi}a. 5 Mirjana Kosti} Osnovu za ovaj rad ~ini stru~na literatura koja je pru‘ila dragocene podatke o arheolo{koj istra‘enosti ovog kraja, a pre svega nau~ni radovi u kome su sumirani svi dosad poznati rezul- tati i podaci o anti~kim lokalitetima ovog podru~ja2. U slu~a- ju opisa nalazi{ta, kori{}eni su, kako publikovani, tako i ne publikovani izve{taji3 o iskopavawima u kojima su, po pravi- lu, predstavqeni podaci o polo‘aju lokaliteta, ostacima arhi- tekture i pokretnih nalaza. Pa‘wa je bila i usmerena na izu~avawe toponima i topografskih karata koje su doprinele boqem sagledavawu reqefa, hidrografije i me|usobnoj pozici- ji lokaliteta i nalazi{ta4. Geografski opis vaqevskog kraja Vaqevo, grad u zapadnoj Srbiji, najve}e je mesto u slivu reke Kolubare. Nalazi se u vaqevskoj kotlini, na 185 m nadmorske visine, u podno‘ju tzv. „Vaqevskih planina”. Sa 83 naseqa i preko 95.000 stanovnika, op{tina Vaqevo spada me|u najve}e op{tine u Srbiji. Sam grad broji preko 60.000 stanovnika. Laj- kovac (122 m n. v.) je varo{ica na levoj obali reke Kolubare, koja je udaqena 27 km od Vaqeva. To je i centar istoimene op{tine koja se prostire na blago zatalasanim {umovitim bre‘uqcima i plodnoj dolini Kolubare. Op{tina Mionica (219 m n. v.) le‘i jugoisto~no od Vaqeva, u dolini reke Ribnice, u podno‘ju planina Maqena i Suvobora. Qig (152 m n. v.) se nalazi u doli- ni istoimene reke, desne pritoke Kolubare, udaqen od Vaqeva oko 40 km. Ose~ina (189 m n. v.) le‘i na reci Jadru, ispod plani- ne Vla{i}a. Ubska op{tina (100 m n. v.) le‘i na istoimenoj re- ci u plodnoj tamnavskoj ravnici i na putu Beograd – Vaqevo. Tamnava je naseqena jo{ u praistorijsko doba, a ceo taj kraj je gusto naseqen u vreme Rimqana. 2 @eqko Je‘, Andrej Starovi}, Pregled arheolo{kih lokaliteta i nalazi- {ta u vaqevskom kraju, „Vaqevac” br. 94, Vaqevo 1994, 369-381. 3 Podaci koji su kori{}eni za izradu ovog rada, a preuzeti su iz nepubli- kovanih izve{taja, objavqeni su ovde uz dozvole autora. 4 Pogledati karte: Vaqevo 478-4-2, Pri~evi} 098-2-3, Su{ice 096-4-1, Ogla|enovac 096-1-4, Vaqevo 1 i Vaqevo 2. 6 Anti~ka topografija vaqevskog kraja Vaqevska Podgorina je mikroregija u slivovima reka Obnice i Jablanice (izvori{ni delovi Kolubare), Gradca i Qubostiwe, koja obuhvata i tzv. Vaqevsku kotlinu, po ~ijem obodu se rasprostiru planine: Medvednik, Jablanik, Povlen, Maqen i Suvobor. Toponimi Prou~avawe toponima odre|enih geografskih prostora po- kazuje da hidronimi (nazivi vodenih tokova) imaju najstarija imena koja se najdu‘e ~uvaju5. Uticaj istorijske tradicije na to- ponimiju veoma je zapa‘en u vaqevskoj Podgorini. Kada je re~ o rekama, najvi{e se raspravqalo o poreklu imena reke Kolubara. Istorijat tuma~ewa ovog hidronima po~iwe sa Evlijom ^ele- bijom, da bi svi kasniji tuma~i imena Kolubara jednodu{no ga ubrajali u ona imena reka koje nisu potvr|ena u anti~kim izvo- rima, ali za koja se sa velikom sigurno{}u mo‘e uzeti da poti~e iz predslovenskog supstrata. Uprkos stoletnom trudu doma}ih i stranih stru~waka, poreklo i zna~ewe imena Kolubara, ostaje do danas ne rasvetqeno i sporno. Postoje pretpostavke da je Ko- lubara pre keltske najezde bila istovetna anti~kom imenu Kupe, da bi kasnije Kelti, ta~nije Skordisci prvobitno panon- sko-ilirsko ime Kol-apis prisvojili tako {to su wegov prvi, atributivni deo ostavili neizmewen, a drugi apelativni, pre- veli svojim ambra – reka6. Postoji starije mi{qewe od strane I. Duranova koji hidronim Kolubara svodi na ilirsko Ka- la-bara {to bi zna~ilo „tamna reka”. Jedna od pretpostavki je vezana za stari pesni~ki izraz za zmiju koji glasi „colubra”, a ve- zuje se za vijugavi tok koji reka stvara, i koji je mo‘da usled gla- sovnih promena tokom vremena doveo do kona~nog naziva Kolu- bara. Najstariji pisani pomen hidronima Kolubara poti~e iz 1291. godine, a zabele‘en je u jednom kupoprodajnom ugovoru 5 Marija Isailovi}: Vaqevo i okolne oblasti u sredwem veku,Vaqevo 1989, 22. 6 Aleksandar Loma, Kolubara – jedna imenoslovna pri~a, Revija Kolubara, Vaqevo 1997, 30 (U daqem tekstu: Kolubara...). 7 Mirjana Kosti} robiwe „de Colubara”, sa~uvanom u Historijskom arhivu u Du- brovniku7. Istorijski izvori sadr‘e izvesne indicije da se Ko- lubarom sve do u pozni sredwi vek nazivala jedna mawa reke, Gradac, dok se na samu Kolubaru ranije odnosilo ime Obna, sa- ~uvano do danas kao deminutiv u nazivu wenog izvori{nog kra- ka, Obnice. O poreklu ovog hidronima postoje dva mi{qewa: starije, da je iz ilirskog i novije, da su ovoj reci ime dali Kel- ti. Ovo mi{qewe se zasniva na vi{estruko potvr|enom hidro- nimu Abona koji se javqa na evropskom kontinentu i na britan- skim ostrvima i je tipi~no keltski, a zna~i reka8. Gradac, prva desna pritoka Kolubare izvire izme|u plani- na Povlena i Maqena. Malo daqe nizvodno, sa druge strane klisure, na stenovitoj kosi, ustanovqeni su ostaci kasnoan- ti~kog utvr|ewa. Ime sela Brangovi} i brda na kojem se nalazi tvr|ava Branig, slovenskog su porekla. Ostaci tog utvr|ewa pokazuju da je mo‘da podignuta da kontroli{e put koji je i{ao klisurom Gradca. Hidronim Gradac je slovenskog porekla, i zna~i naziv za tvr|avu. Tako je nastalo i ime reke, {to je vrlo retko da se reka nazove po mestu pored koga te~e, ali i o tome postoji vi{e teorija9. Jablanica, druga sastavnica Kolubare (pored Obnice), dola- zi ispod planine Jablanika, na koju upu}uje poreklo imena reke. Me|utim, pretpostavka, zasnovana na tradiciji, da Kolubara po~iwe na izvoru Gradca10, mogla bi se primeniti analogno i na Jablanicu s obzirom da se u ugarskim poveqama i drugim doku- mentima spomiwe Obnica, a Jablanica ne11. Sa leve strane Kolubara prima reku Rabas koja je prva i naj- du‘a pritoka Kolubare, i za ~ije se poreklo imena smatra da je keltsko, izvedeno mo‘da od „Arbatio”. Za Kladnicu i Tamnavu smatra se da su im imena slovenskog porekla12. 7 Marija Isailovi}, n. d., 31. 8 Aleksandar Loma, Kolubara..., 37. 9 Isto, 34. 10 Isto, 31. 11 Marija Isailovi}, n. d., 32. 12 Isto, 35. 8 Anti~ka topografija vaqevskog kraja Hidronimi pru‘aju podatke o pro{losti stanovnika koji su oko wih ‘iveli, dok geografski nazivi planina, brda i visova, nose uglavnom imena koja su im data zbog wihovih osobina. Naj- ve}im delom su slovenskog porekla, te su tako|e vezani za pagan- sku religiju i legende, kao i istorijsku tradiciju. Postoje broj- ni reqefni oblici koji su u pro{losti bili podlo‘ni prome- nama imena ~e{}e nego {to je to bio slu~aj sa imenima reka. [to se ti~e naziva planina, postoji jedino rasprava o pore- klu imena planina Mawen i Povlen, kao i pojedinim lokalite- tima vezanim za wihove nazive. Po A. Lomi, oronim Povlen, gledaju}i sa jezi~ke ta~ke, mo‘e se bli‘e odrediti u polovinu 4. veka prema nau~noj pretpostav- ci da je Panilinos, iz Prokopijevog popisa kastela Justinijano- vog doba, obnovqen pod slovenskim imenom Povlen. Za oronim Maqen postojalo je nekoliko mi{qewa, od toga da je staro- balkanski relikt, ili mo‘da keltski uticaj jer u tom jeziku „mala” zna~i planina. Lingvisti~kom analizom dolazi se do zakqu~aka da su oba naziva istog porekla i mogu}e je da su na- stala u isto vreme13. Istorijska pro{lost vaqevskog kraja Opis topografskih osobina vaqevskog kraja pokazuje bogat- stvo uslova za ‘ivot i nije slu~ajno {to se na ovom prostoru od praistorijskih vremena mo‘e pratiti razvoj qudskih zajedni- ca. Dosada{wa prou~avawa najstarijih qudskih kultura u pro- stranom podnebqu ovih prostora pokazala su da je ova geograf- ska sredina odigrala jednu od odlu~uju}ih uloga, kako pri formirawu, tako i u toku wihovog daqeg razvoja.
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