MUNÍCIPES E ESCABINOS Poder Local E Guerra De Restauração No Brasil Holandês (1630-1654)

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MUNÍCIPES E ESCABINOS Poder Local E Guerra De Restauração No Brasil Holandês (1630-1654) UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL MUNÍCIPES E ESCABINOS Poder local e guerra de restauração no Brasil Holandês (1630-1654) Fernanda Trindade Luciani Dissertação apresentada ao programa de pós- graduação em História Social do Departamento de História, da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Mestre. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Pedro Puntoni São Paulo 2007 Aos meus pais, com amor SUMÁRIO Agradecimentos 3 Resumo 6 Abstract 6 Esclarecimentos Terminológicos 7 INTRODUÇÃO 8 CAPÍTULO 1. IMPÉRIOS ULTRAMARINOS E PODER LOCAL NO SÉCULO XVII 17 1.1. Municipalização do Espaço Político na América Portuguesa. 17 1.2. A República e suas conquistas ultramarinas. 44 CAPÍTULO 2. ESTRUTURA ADMINISTRATIVA NO BRASIL HOLANDÊS 71 2.1. Organização das Capitanias Conquistadas 72 2.2. Dois modelos de administração local 85 CAPÍTULO 3. BRASIL HOLANDÊS: CONFRONTO DE DIFERENTES LÓGICAS DE DOMINAÇÃO COLONIAL 118 3.1. Poderes locais e “açucarocracia” 119 3.2. Guerra de Restauração e os limites do domínio neerlandês 139 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS 160 FONTES E BIBLIOGRAFIA 163 ANEXO. Oficiais camarários no Brasil Holandês 182 Figura 1. As Províncias Unidas dos Países Baixos 48 Figura 2. Estrutura política das Províncias Unidas dos Países Baixos 54 Figura 3. Possessões da VOC e ano da conquista 59 Figura 4. Possessões da WIC e ano da conquista 69 Figura 5. Estrutura Política do Brasil Holandês 84 Figura 6. Câmara de Escabinos e ano de sua criação 98 Gráfico 1. Composição da elite administrativa local – por atividade 143 Gráfico 2. Comparação da composição das câmaras 145 Gráfico 3. Atividade da elite administrativa local – por Capitania 146 Gráfico 4. Atividade da elite administrativa local em Pernambuco 147 Agradecimentos O presente trabalho, resultado de uma pesquisa iniciada ainda na graduação, não teria se concretizado sem a aJuda de tantas pessoas. É claro que não será possível, neste curto espaço, agradecer em particular a cada crítica e sugestão para o seu desenvolvimento, mas tentarei apontar algumas contribuições. Em primeiro lugar sou grata à minha família, que teve que suportar minhas inseguranças, mesmo sem entender ao certo o que estava se passando, e ausências, pois ainda que tão próxima, lendo ou escrevendo no escritório, estava ao mesmo tempo tão distante deles, talvez lá no século XVII. Em especial, devo lembrar meus pais, André e Sônia, que sempre apoiaram meus proJetos e proporcionaram toda minha formação. Uma pesquisa não nasce e se desenvolve sem a aJuda e direção dos mestres. Como agradecer, em apenas um parágrafo, ao meu orientador, Pedro Puntoni, por quem tenho enorme admiração, que me deu a primeira oportunidade na área de pesquisa e que tem me aJudado nesses quase sete anos em que trabalhamos Juntos, lendo meus relatórios desde a Iniciação Científica, auxiliando com bibliografia, tirando minhas dúvidas. Agradeço imensamente sua aJuda, paciência e críticas, pois sem elas este trabalho não teria tomado forma. Outros professores tiveram grande importância para minha formação acadêmica e para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Destaco, aqui, a Professora Vera Ferlini que esteve sempre disposta a me aJudar no que fosse necessário e cuJas orientações no exame de qualificação foram bastante válidas; e o Professor Fernando Novais, cuJas discussões em aulas e observações ao meu trabalho foram de grande relevância para melhorar a construção da pesquisa. Não poderia deixar de agradecer aos professores que me receberam extremamente bem em suas instituições de pesquisa e disponibilizaram seu tempo para me aJudar. Em especial, Nuno Monteiro, meu co-orientador no estágio de pesquisa realizado em Portugal, no Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa, e Marcos Galindo que colocou à disposição toda documentação em formato eletrônico do Laboratório Líber de Tecnologia da Informação da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Meus agradecimentos vão também para meus amigos e companheiros da pós, que de alguma forma me auxiliaram nesse percurso, Ágatha Gatti, Cassiana Gabrielle, Evando Melo, Flávia Cárceres, Gustavo Tuna, Igor Lima, Luís Otávio Tasso, Nelson Cantarino, Pablo Mont Serrath, Tâmis Parron e, em especial, Patrícia Valim, minha querida amiga com a qual tive a sorte de poder compartilhar esses conturbados momentos de final de dissertação. Não poderia deixar de lembrar meus amigos tão especiais da graduação Tatiana Bina, Daniel 5 Monteiro, Fernando Seliprandy, Guilherme de Paula Santos, Renato Prelorentzou e Tárcio Vancin, aos quais sou grata pelos muitos incentivos e por nossas longas conversas. Meus agradecimentos vão ainda a minha ex- professora e agora amiga Cláudia Antinori, a um amigo do Recife, Daniel Breda, que me deu enorme aJuda nessa etapa final da pesquisa, e a uma amiga portuguesa, Maria Manuel Marques (Miúcha), que salvou minha estadia em Lisboa. Agradecimentos especiais vão a Rodrigo Ricupero que abriu as portas de sua casa para que eu consultasse sua biblioteca e que, por diversas vezes, me aJudou tanto com dicas de bibliografia e documentação, como também no encaminhamento de importantes questões no decorrer da pesquisa. Devo agradecer às instituições nas quais pesquisei e fui sempre muito bem recebida. Em Portugal, à Torre do Tombo, à Biblioteca Nacional, ao Arquivo da Biblioteca da AJuda e ao Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino; neste último devo agradecer em especial à aJuda de Jorge Nascimento. No Recife, ao Instituto Arqueológico, Histórico e Geográfico Pernambucano, no qual sou grata particularmente aos sócios Reinaldo Carneiro Leão e Tácito Galvão; e ao Instituto Ricardo Brennand, cuJos funcionários da biblioteca, especialmente Marta, Eglantine e Juliana, receberam-me e aJudaram-me com toda dedicação. Agradeço ainda à Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) pelo apoio financeiro tanto na Iniciação Científica quanto no Mestrado, e à Cátedra Jaime Cortesão pelo apoio institucional ao longo desses anos todos e pelo apoio financeiro para minha pesquisa em Portugal em 2005. Por último, mas em hipótese alguma de menor importância, quero agradecer a João Paulo, uma pessoa muito especial na minha vida, a quem devo imensamente pelo apoio incondicional no decorrer de toda essa traJetória. Obrigada por me acompanhar nas pesquisas, pela aJuda com os mapas e gráficos, pelas conversas e divagações sobre os “meus” escabinos e, principalmente, por tentar entender minhas inseguranças e ansiedades frente aos prazos e relatórios. Resumo Este trabalho investiga as formas de organização do poder local durante os 24 anos em que os neerlandeses dominaram as capitanias do Norte do Estado do Brasil (1630-1654). Como ao longo de tal período não se verifica uma continuidade na administração local, a investigação teve em vista a compreensão da estrutura e da dinâmica política das Câmaras Municipais da legislação portuguesa, que perduraram até o ano de 1637, assim como das Câmaras de Escabinos ( Kamers van Schepenen ), que foram criadas conforme previam as instruções da República das Províncias Unidas, contribuindo, assim, para o estudo das diferentes formas de administração local no Brasil Colônia. Nosso obJetivo mais além, ao abordar como tal transformação no poder local foi sentida pela elite açucareira e pelos moradores das capitanias conquistadas, relacionando esse contexto ao da reação luso-brasileira contra os invasores a partir de 1645, destacando, então, o papel que as Câmaras Municipais exerceram nesse período de guerra de Restauração (1645-1654). Para tanto, nossa pesquisa insere-se em discussões mais amplas e críticas sobre, por um lado, administração e poder no Império Português, sobretudo no que se refere às relações entre os poderes locais coloniais e o poder central da metrópole, e, por outro, a expansão comercial e territorial dos Países Baixos por meio de suas companhias de comércio no século XVII. Partindo da análise do poder local no Brasil Holandês entendemos ser possível pensar os diferentes sistemas de dominação colonial, o português e o neerlandês, que se confrontaram nesse período e território. Abstract This work researches the organizational forms of local government in the 24 years of Dutch domination over the northern Estado do Brasil (1630-1654). As on the course of that period there was no stability in local government, this investigation has in sight an understanding of the structure and political dynamics both of the Portuguese Municipal Councils (Câmaras Municipais ), which lasted until the year 1637, and of the Councils of Schepens ( Kamers van Schepenen or Câmaras de Escabinos ), created according to the instructions established by the Dutch Republic, and thus contributing to the study of the different forms of local government in colonial Brazil. Our aim is to go further by treating how that transformation in local government was felt by sugar aristocracy and by the inhabitants of the dominated captaincies, relating this context to the one of a luso-brazilian reaction against the invaders after 1645, and then attending to the role played by the Municipal Councils in the war of Restoration period (1645-1654). In that, our research falls in a larger and more critical debate about, in one hand, both government and rule in the Portuguese Empire, especially in which refers to the relationship between colonial local government and the central metropolitan government, and in the other, commercial and territorial expansion of the Lower Countries through
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