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ARS Xylella Fastidiosa Diseases – Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter

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ARS Xylella fastidiosa Diseases – Glassy-winged Sharpshooter STRATEGIC RESEARCH PLAN K. Hackett, E. Civerolo, R. Bennett, D. Stenger November 20, 2006 ARS Xylella fastidiosa Diseases – Glassy-winged Sharpshooter STRATEGIC RESEARCH PLAN K. Hackett, E. Civerolo, R. Bennett, D. Stenger November 20, 2006 Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Pierce’s Disease Researchers: Current: E. Backus, K. Baumgartner, J. Blackmer, J. Buckner, S. Castle, E. Civerolo, J. C. Chen, T. Coudron, P. Cousins, J. de Leon, J. Goolsby, J. Hagler, J. Hartung, T. Henneberry, W. Hunter, D. Kluepfel, J. Legaspi, C. Ledbetter, R. Leopold, H. Lin, G. Logarzo, S. McKamey, S. Naranjo, J. Patt, D. Ramming, N. Schaad, M. Sisterson, D. Stenger, J. Uyemoto, G. Yocum ARS Research Associates: H. Doddapaneni, M. Francis, F. Fritschi, W. Li, M. Sétamou, L. Yang, F. Zeng Past ARS PD Researchers: D. Akey, D. Boyd, M. Glenn, R. Groves, W. Jones, M. McGuire, G. Puterka, F. Ryan, R. Scorza 2 COOPERATION Collaborators: P. Anderson [University of Florida (UF)-Quincy], D. Bartels [USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Mission], M. Blua [University of California (UC)- Riverside], D. Boucias (UF-Gainesville), G. Bruening (UC-Davis), F. Byrne (UC-Riverside), L. Cñas (University of Arizona-Tucson), C.-J. Chang (University of Georgia), A. Chaparro (Nacional Universidad, Colombia), M. Ciomperlik (APHIS), D. Cook (UC-Davis), P. Conner (Coastal Plains Experiment Station, Georgia), H. Costa (UC-Riverside), K. Daane (UC- Berkeley), A. Dandekar (UC-Davis), M. Fatmi (Hassan II University, Agadir, Morocco), M. Gaiani (Facultad de Agricola, Universidad Central de Venezuela), C. Godoy (Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Costa Rica), T. Gradziel (UC-Davis), B. Grafton-Cardwell (UC-Riverside), D. Gray (UF-Apopka), T. Freeman (Electron Microscope Center, North Dakota State University, Fargo), D. Gubler (UC-Davis), G. Gupta (Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, NM), J. Hashim (UC-Cooperative Extension), A. Hicks (University of Colorado), R. Hix [Florida A&M University (FAMU)-Tallahassee], M. Hoddle (UC-Riverside), M. Johnson (UC- Riverside), R. Jones (California Table Grape Commission), H. Kaya (UC-Davis), B. Kirkpatrick (UC-Davis), G. Lacy (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA), I. Lauziere (APHIS-Mission), E. Lopez (Clemson University-Charleston), B. Leite (FAMU), J. Lu (FAMU)-Tallahassee), D. Luvisi [Glassy-winged Sharpshooter (GWSS) Task Force of Kern and Tulare Counties, Project Coordinator], T. Miller (UC-Riverside), R. Mizell (UF-Quincy), D. Morgan [California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA)-Rubidoux], C. Pickett (CDFA- Bakersfield), A. Purcell (UC-Berkeley), R. Rakitov [Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS)], G. M. Raygoza (Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico), G. Simmons (APHIS-Phoenix), D. Takiya (INHS), N. Toscno (UC-Riverside), S. Triapitsyn (UC-Riverside), M. Van Sluys (U. Sao Paolo, Brazil), E. Virla (PROIMI, Tucuman, Argentina), M. A. Walker (UC-Davis), G. Walker (UC- Riverside), L. Wendel (APHIS) Partners/Cooperators: T. Batkin (Citrus Research Board), B. Drake (Drake Enterprises, Temecula, California. Heintz (California Almond Board), P. Poole (Mt. Palomar Vineyards and Winery, Temecula, California), A. Tariq (CDFA), C. Weaver (formerly of Calloway Vineyards and Winery, Temecula, California), R. Wynn (CDFA) Coordination: County Agricultural Commissioners, CDFA, National Invasive Species Council, UC-Cooperative Extension, California Pierce’s Disease (PD)-GWSS Board, UC-Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (DANR) PD-GWSS Grant Program, USDA-APHIS Laboratory Changes: The ARS Phoenix Laboratory has been relocated to Maricopa; however, the term Phoenix has been retained for this document. 3 Table of Contents Page Cooperation 2 Executive Summary 4 Introduction 6 Background of Problem 6 ARS Emergency Response 7 Vision 10 Mission and Goal 10 Coordination and Communication with Customers, Stakeholders, Partners 10 References 11 Research Components/Research Areas 13 I. Xf Systematics, Genomics, Biology, Ecology, Epidemiology 13 II. Vector Systematics, Genomics, Biology, Ecology, Epidemiology, Mass Rearing 22 III. Xf-Vector Interactions 46 IV. Xf-Host Plant Interactions 49 V. Grape Genomics, Genetics, Physiology, and Crop Resistance 53 VI. Disease and Vector Management 64 ARS PD-GWSS Team Contact Information 91 ARS Research Team Biographies 97 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) causes serious diseases in many agronomic, horticultural, and landscape ornamental plants – including Pierce’s disease (PD) of grape, and leaf scorch diseases of almond, peach, plum, pear, and oleander in the United States, and, citrus and coffee in South America. PD, alone, threatens a California wine, table, and raisin grape-dependent industry valued at $45 billion, and almond leaf scorch threatens the $2.5 million almond industry; oleander leaf scorch attacks the main roadside planting, oleander, in California. The Xf strain that causes citrus variegated chlorosis, if it were to be introduced into the United States, would be particularly devastating to citrus production in California and Florida. The recent association of Xf with scorch disease-like symptoms in olive in southern California may also represent a potential risk to olive production. While Xf strains that cause PD (and almond leaf scorch disease) have been vectored in California by several native sharpshooter (leafhopper) species, the introduction of the glassy- winged sharpshooter (GWSS) into southern California in the 1990’s has resulted in epidemics of disease in grape there (Temecula, in Riverside County) and in the lower San Joaquin Valley (Kern County). This is due to the GWSS’s large numbers, behavior of feeding at the base of canes (thus spreading the pathogen beyond prunable wood), and tendency to migrate deep into vineyards from areas where the insect overwinters in citrus and other plants. ARS responded to the PD epidemic by organizing an Emergency PD/GWSS Research Response Team (PD/GWSS Team) that made site visits to areas of the PD epidemic in southern California in 2000, and developed a Strategic Plan of action. Since that time, the ARS effort on xylella diseases and GWSS has expanded greatly, through redirection of resources and personnel (there are currently 30 senior scientists engaged in full- or part-time PD/GWSS research at 12 locations), receipt of additional base-funding, and due to a greatly expanding network of Federal, state, and university collaborations. To coordinate the current research effort, ARS conducted a strategic planning process in 2003 that resulted in the document “ARS Xylella fastidiosa Diseases – Glassy-winged Sharpshooter, Strategic Plan.” The 2006 updated document is submitted herein. ARS has taken the approach of responding in the short-term to solutions that will suppress GWSS populations, as a means of interfering with transmission of Xf and reducing the incidence of xylella diseases. There has been considerable success in this effort (as acknowledged by a Secretary’s Honor Award to the PD/GWSS Team in 2003), brought about through a collaborative effort with our partners and achieved, in part, through our development of kaolin- clay based repellents, and evaluation and demonstration of the effectiveness of foliar and systemic insecticides. Having slowed the epidemic, ARS is now focusing on mid- and long-term research directed toward sustained control of xylella diseases and the sharpshooter. These research efforts include: i) comprehensive studies of the systematics, biology, ecology, epidemiology and genomics of Xf strains and sharpshooter vectors on a variety of crops (particularly, grape and almond) and reservoir hosts; ii) exploration of Xf-vector-plant interactions; and, using this baseline information, iii) evaluation of integrated pest management approaches for mitigating the impact of the Xf-caused diseases. An important component in this 5 effort has been ARS’ support for sequencing, with Brazil, of Xf strains that cause scorch diseases in grape, almond, and oleander. ARS has also supported grape genomics at the University of California, Davis, with the long- term goal of developing resistant varieties of grape, and has developed technology for transforming grape that can be used in elucidating gene function, identifying plant genes responsible for resistance and the disease process, and, primarily, facilitating breeding programs. 6 INTRODUCTION Background of Problem Recent invasions of exotic insect pests into California (e.g., pink hibiscus mealybug, vine mealybug, olive fruit fly, imported fire ant, and Africanized honey bee) highlight the threat of invasive species to agricultural production in the State. One recent introduction, the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), Homalodisca coagulata (Say), is an effective vector of Xylella fastidiosa (Xf), a bacterial pathogen that causes devastating diseases in a wide variety of agronomic and horticultural crops, as well as landscape ornamentals and shade trees (Hopkins & Purcell, 2002; Purcell 1979; Purcell & Hopkins, 1996; Purcell et al., 1979, Purcell et al., 1999). Some of these diseases are emerging as serious, destructive diseases of important crops (e.g., almond, citrus, coffee, grapevines, peaches, plum) in North and/or South America. In addition, a number of other non-crop plant species are hosts for Xf (Purcell et al., 1999). The threat to wine, table, and raisin grapes (>750,000 acres; total economic value >$45B) and almonds (>7,550,000
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  • Progeny Quality of Gonatocerus Ashmeadi (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) Reared on Stored Eggs of Homalodisca Coagulata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

    Progeny Quality of Gonatocerus Ashmeadi (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) Reared on Stored Eggs of Homalodisca Coagulata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

    BIOLOGICAL AND MICROBIAL CONTROL Progeny Quality of Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) Reared on Stored Eggs of Homalodisca coagulata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) 1 2 WEN-LONG CHEN AND ROGER A. LEOPOLD J. Econ. Entomol. 100(3): 685Ð694 (2007) ABSTRACT This study assessed the effects of refrigerated storage on the suitability of eggs of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), as hosts for propagation of the parasitoid Gonatocerus ashmeadi Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Develop- ment of the host eggs was terminated by chilling at 2ЊC for 5 d before storage was initiated at 10ЊC for up to 70 d. Parasitism, adult emergence rate, developmental time, and sex ratio were used to gauge the suitability of the eggs as hosts after storage. In addition to these measures, demographic growth parameters also were used to assess the quality of the wasp progeny through the F2 generation. Host eggs stored 20 d remained fully acceptable to the wasps for attack. Although the parasitism rate decreased with storage time, Ͼ 80% adult parasitoid emergence was realized from eggs stored 30 d. After 70 d storage, adult emergence rate was decreased by 48%, fecundity decreased by 53%, female production by 19%, developmental time was extended 3 d, and female longevity was shortened 5 d. The emergence pattern of F1 but not F2 adults varied with storage time of the parental and grand- parental hosts, respectively. For the F2 generation, emergence rate, development, and sex ratio did not vary with storage time when the F1 parents parasitized fresh host eggs. Demographic parameters Ͼ for the F1 population showed that net reproductive rate was 20 although it decreased signiÞcantly after their parental host eggs were stored for Ͼ 30 d.