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SILICA SOURCE-DEPENDENT SYNTHESIS of FERRIERITE: APPLICATION in Cu2+ REMOVAL from WASTEWATER

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SILICA SOURCE-DEPENDENT SYNTHESIS of FERRIERITE: APPLICATION in Cu2+ REMOVAL from WASTEWATER SILICA SOURCE-DEPENDENT SYNTHESIS OF FERRIERITE: APPLICATION IN Cu2+ REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER by COLLET MASWANGANYI DISSERTATION Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Chemistry in the Faculty of Science and Agriculture (School of Physical and Mineral Sciences) at the University of Limpopo Supervisor: Prof. MP Mokhonoana 2015 i DECLARATION I declare that the dissertation hereby submitted to the University of Limpopo, for the degree of Master of Science in Chemistry has not previously been submitted by me for a degree at this or any other university; that it is my work in design and in execution, and that all material contained herein has been duly acknowledged. _________________ ________________ Maswanganyi, C (Mr) Date i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Malose Peter Mokhonoana for his outstanding guidance, support and encouragement throughout this study. His understanding and supervision is very much appreciated. I would like to thank my wife, my three daughters for support and encouragement and for having faith in me. I am very grateful for the technical assistance provided by Witwatersrand University for the XRD and NH3-TPD analyses. I would also like to thank Dr. Phokoane Betty Ramatsetse from University of Pretoria for SEM analyses. My special thanks go to Mr Muluvhu Brian Muluvhu, Ms Winnie Monama, Mr Khutso Mokami and Mr Nyiko Maurice Chauke for their IT expertise. I would like to thank NRF and University of Limpopo for financial support. I would also like to express my gratitude to all my colleagues of the Department of Chemistry. ii ABBREVIATIONS AAS Atomic absorption spectrometry BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller bmp 1-Benzyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium cation CEPT Chemical-enhanced primary treatment EDA Ethylenediamine ETBE Ethyl tert-butyl ether FCC Fluid catalytic cracking FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy MCL Metal contaminant levels MR Membered ring MTBE Methyl tert-butyl ether NH3-TPD Temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia Qui Quinuclidinium SBU(s) Secondary building unit(s) SDA(s) Structure-directing agent(s) SEM Scanning electron microscopy TAME tert-Amyl methyl ether TCD Thermal conductivity detector TEA Triethylamine TEOS Tetraethyl orthosilicate TMA Tetramethylammonium iii VPT Vapour-phase transport XRD X-ray diffraction WHO World Health Organization iv ABSTRACT This dissertation investigated the properties of ferrierite synthesised using different SiO2 sources under identical conditions. The SiO2 sources used were TEOS, water- glass, Aerosil 200 and Ludox LS-30. The synthesis procedure comprised preparation of a gel with molar composition: 20 Na2O : Al2O3 : 37 pyrrolidine : 66:5 SiO2 : 6:3 H2SO4 : 1460 H2O. This was followed by hydrothermal treatment at 160 oC in a stainless steel autoclave for 72 h. The solid products were characterised by XRD, SEM, NH3-TPD and BET techniques. The ferrierite prepared using sodium silicate was more crystalline than ferrierite zeolites synthesised using Ludox LS-30, Aerosil 200 and tetraethyl orthosilicate as SiO2 sources. An amorphous phase was produced when ferrierite was synthesised using unhydrolysed TEOS as a sole SiO2 source. The physicochemical properties of the materials were not only affected by the nature of the SiO2 source, but also some synthesis manipulations such as acid-hydrolysis and water-glass addition when TEOS was used as a primary silica source. There were improvements in the materials produced when the TEOS was pre-hydrolysed with HCl and also mixed with water-glass in equal proportions. The SEM images of ferrierite materials synthesised using water-glass and Ludox LS- 30 were uniform. The water-glass-based materials were thin sheets, flake-like images and Ludox LS-30-based produced thin-plate-like morphologies. The micrograph of ferrierite synthesised using TEOS as the SiO2 source showed hexagonal-type morphology and aggregates of smaller particles. There were two types of shapes in the ferrierite synthesised using Aerosil 200 as the silica source, namely, octagonal prismatic and hexagonal type morphologies. An equimolar mixture of TEOS and water-glass showed octagonal prismatic shape with triangular faces along certain edges of the material. The NH3-TPD acid site distribution profiles showed two peaks of weak acid strength at low temperatures (≤ 350 oC) for the representative H-ferrierite investigated. The ferrierite materials synthesised using unhydrolysed TEOS and Ludox LS-30 as SiO2 sources, showed NH3 desorption v peaks at higher temperatures (≥ 350 oC). These peaks correspond to ammonia eluted from strong acid sites. The BET surface area of ferrierite synthesised using water-glass was high, while the material synthesised using unhydrolysed TEOS had the lowest surface area. Novel crystal shapes, comprising octagonal prisms with additional triangular phases, were observed in ferrierite samples prepared by the use of TEOS/water-glass mixture as silica source. The zeolitic materials prepared in this study were tested for the efficiency in the removal of Cu2+ from simulated wastewater, using a batch method. The effects of initial pH, initial concentration, contact time and adsorbent dose on Cu2+ adsorption were studied. All the materials showed maximum metal uptake efficiency at pH 5, and this pH was fixed in further studies involving other variables. It was observed that the metal uptake from aqueous solution increased with contact time and adsorbent dose. The Na-form of ferrierite synthesised using water-glass was the poorest Cu2+ adsorbent with respect to the four variables investigated (pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial metal ion concentration). KEY CONCEPTS Acidity, Adsorption, Ferrierite, Morphology, Silica source. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... i ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ v INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ......................................... 1 1.1 General introduction ...................................................................................... 1 1.2 Definition and structural properties of zeolites............................................... 1 1.3 Applications of zeolites .................................................................................. 5 1.3.1 Non-catalytic applications of zeolites ...................................................... 5 1.3.2 Catalytic applications of zeolites ............................................................. 6 1.3.3 Shape-selectivity in zeolites .................................................................... 8 1.4 Zeolite synthesis ......................................................................................... 10 1.5 Research background ................................................................................. 12 1.6 Aim .............................................................................................................. 13 1.7 Objectives ................................................................................................... 13 1.8 Scope of the dissertation................................................................................. 13 1.8 References .................................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................... 22 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 22 2.1 Occurrence of ferrierite ................................................................................... 22 2.2 Structure of ferrierite ....................................................................................... 22 2.3 Synthesis of ferrierite ...................................................................................... 24 2.3.1 Effect of structure-directing agents ........................................................... 24 2.3.2 Influence of the silica source ..................................................................... 28 2.4 Acidity of zeolites (including ferrierite) ............................................................. 30 2.5 Catalysis by ferrierite....................................................................................... 32 2.6 Heavy metals .................................................................................................. 34 2.6.1 The metal contaminant levels of heavy metals ......................................... 35 2.6.2 Methods for the removal of heavy metals ................................................. 35 2.6.3 Adsorbents used for the removal of heavy metals .................................... 37 2.6.4 Adsorption capacities of zeolites ............................................................... 40 2.7 References ...................................................................................................... 41 vii CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................... 50 EXPERIMENTAL .................................................................................................
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